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Cai N, Chen M, Wu L, Feng P, Ye X, Liu Q, Zhu X, Lu C, Zheng Q, Wang Y. Association between physical activity and the prevalence of gout among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and hyperuricemia: a two-center population-based cross-sectional study. Clin Rheumatol 2024:10.1007/s10067-024-07081-5. [PMID: 39060811 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-024-07081-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Diabetes mellitus (DM) and gout cohabitation severely reduces patient life quality while raising financial burden on individual and society. The aim of this study was to elucidate the association between physical activity (PA) and the prevalence of gout among type 2 DM (T2DM) and hyperuricemia (HUA) patients. METHODS In all, we recruited 2291 T2DM patients with HUA. Among them, 448 had gout and 1843 did not. We collected patient data, such as anthropometry, laboratory reports, and medical history, for our analyses. The PA assessment was based on the Chinese version of International PA Questionnaire-short (IPAQ). Moreover, the relationship between PA and gout risk was examined using multivariate logistic regression models. RESULTS Total PA was markedly low among gout patients, relative to controls (p < 0.05). Based on the IPAQ categorical score, 38.2% exhibited "low," 26.8% "moderate," and 35.0% "high" PA among gout patients. In comparison, 12.4% performed "low," 53.8% "moderate," and 33.8% "high" PA among controls. Multivariate analysis revealed that, after adjustment of confounding factors, both low (OR 6.382) and high PA (OR 2.048) had a higher prevalence of gout, as compared to moderate PA. Moreover, we revealed that the male sex, age, HUA duration, serum uric acid, glycated hemoglobin, dyslipidemia history, and drinking status were also independent indicators of the prevalence of gout. Furthermore, stratification analyses revealed results consistent with our prior results. CONCLUSIONS PA intensity was associated with the prevalence of gout among T2DM and HUA patients, and the lowest prevalence was achieved from moderate intensity PA. Key Points • PA intensity was associated with the prevalence of gout among T2DM and HUA patients. • The lowest prevalence of gout was achieved from moderate intensity PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningyu Cai
- Department of Orthopedics, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, 318000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mengdie Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, 318000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lijing Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yuhuan Second People's Hospital, No.77, Environmental Protection Middle Road, Chu Men Town, Yuhuan, 317600, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ping Feng
- Department of Endocrinology, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, 318000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xun Ye
- Department of Endocrinology, Hangzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, 310007, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qiao Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, 318000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xianping Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, 318000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chaoyin Lu
- Department of Endocrinology, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, 318000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qidong Zheng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yuhuan Second People's Hospital, No.77, Environmental Protection Middle Road, Chu Men Town, Yuhuan, 317600, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yiyun Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yuhuan Second People's Hospital, No.77, Environmental Protection Middle Road, Chu Men Town, Yuhuan, 317600, Zhejiang, China.
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Chen M, Wang Y, Feng P, Liang Y, Liu Q, Yang M, Lu C, Shi P, Cheng J, Ji A, Zheng Q. Association between Age at Type 2 Diabetes Onset and Diabetic Retinopathy: A Double-Center Retrospective Study. J Diabetes Res 2023; 2023:5919468. [PMID: 36726740 PMCID: PMC9886461 DOI: 10.1155/2023/5919468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the decreasing age of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) onset, the incidence of diabetic complications is gradually increasing. We evaluated the independent effect of age at diabetes onset on diabetic retinopathy (DR) development. METHODS A total of 7472 patients with T2DM were enrolled in the National Metabolic Management Center from September 2017 to May 2022. Anthropometry data, laboratory reports, and medical history were collected. The independent association of DR with age at diabetes onset was analyzed using multivariable logistic regression models. In addition, a stratified analysis was performed to determine the effect of confounding variables. RESULTS Of the 7472 patients recruited, 1642 (21.98%) had DR. Patients with DR had considerably younger ages of diabetes onset than those without DR (45 (38-53) years vs. 50 (43-57) years, P < 0.001). The proportion of patients with T2DM onset at a younger age was higher in the DR group than that in the non-DR group. Participants were divided into four groups according to their age at diabetes onset, namely, ≥60, <40, 40-49, and 50-59 years. Compared with patients with diabetes onset at age ≥ 60 years, those with diabetes onset at <40 years (odds ratio (OR): 5.56, 95% confidence interval (CI): 3.731-8.285, P < 0.001), 40-49 years (OR: 2.751, 95% CI: 2.047-3.695, P < 0.001), and 50-59 years (OR: 1.606, 95% CI: 1.263-2.042, P < 0.001) were at an increased risk of DR after adjusting for potential confounding factors. Furthermore, stratification analyses demonstrated that young age at diabetes onset is an independent risk factor for DR. CONCLUSIONS Compared with diabetes onset at an older age, diabetes onset at a younger age is associated with a significantly increased DR risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengdie Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Yiyun Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Second People's Hospital of Yuhuan, Yuhuan 317600, China
| | - Ping Feng
- Department of Endocrinology, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Yao Liang
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Second People's Hospital of Yuhuan, Yuhuan 317600, China
| | - Qiao Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Mengyao Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Second People's Hospital of Yuhuan, Yuhuan 317600, China
| | - Chaoyin Lu
- Department of Endocrinology, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Penghua Shi
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Second People's Hospital of Yuhuan, Yuhuan 317600, China
| | - Jian Cheng
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Second People's Hospital of Yuhuan, Yuhuan 317600, China
| | - Anjing Ji
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Second People's Hospital of Yuhuan, Yuhuan 317600, China
| | - Qidong Zheng
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Second People's Hospital of Yuhuan, Yuhuan 317600, China
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New Insights into Adiponectin and Leptin Roles in Chronic Kidney Disease. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10102642. [PMID: 36289903 PMCID: PMC9599100 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10102642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is commonly associated with a high burden of comorbidities and poor clinical outcomes. Malnutrition–inflammation–atherosclerosis syndrome is common in the more severe stages of CKD, suggesting a close interplay for these three comorbid conditions. Both malnutrition and obesity are associated with a disturbed adipokine profile and inflammation, contributing to a higher risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) events. Adiponectin and leptin have important roles in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, and in the inflammatory process. The effects of adiponectin and leptin alterations in CKD, which are usually increased, and their association with the different comorbidities found in CKD, will be focused on to understand their crosstalk with the risk of CVD events. Nonetheless, although adiponectin and leptin contribute to a higher risk of CVD events, further studies are warranted to fully clarify their roles, especially when different comorbidities exist.
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Roy N, Haddad D, Yang W, Rosas SE. Adipokines and coronary artery calcification in incident dialysis participants. Endocrine 2022; 77:272-280. [PMID: 35751773 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-022-03111-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Adipokines have been associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Our aim was to determine if adipokine levels are associated with coronary artery calcification (CAC) as well as all-cause mortality in incident dialysis patients. METHODS In patients new to dialysis, we prospectively investigated the association of adiponectin, leptin and resistin with coronary artery calcification measured by ECG-gated computer tomography. Participants were recruited a median of two months after starting dialysis. RESULTS The mean age was 50.0 (12.6) years and 31.1% were women. About 42% percent had BMI > 30. Higher adiponectin levels were inversely associated with CAC progression as change in Agatston score [-155.1 (-267.9, -42.2), p = 0.008] or change in CAC volumes between scans [-2.8 (-4.9, -0.6), p = 0.01]. Higher leptin levels were associated with CAC progression [110.4 (34.3-186.6), p = 0.005]. Decreased leptin [HR 0.5 (0.3-0.9), p = 0.05] was associated with all-cause mortality in adjusted models. There was no significant association between all-cause mortality and adiponectin [1.4 (0.6-3.4), p = 0.4] or resistin [HR 1.7 (0.5-5.0), p = 0.4]. CONCLUSION High adiponectin protects against CAC progression, but is not associated with increased all-cause mortality. Higher leptin, as well as higher leptin to adiponectin ratio, is associated with CAC progression. Lower leptin levels were associated with all-cause mortality. The association of adipokines and cardiovascular disease in individuals on dialysis is complex and requires further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Roy
- Kidney and Hypertension Unit, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Danny Haddad
- RWJ Barnabas -Jersey City Medical Center, Jersey City, NJ, USA
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sylvia E Rosas
- Kidney and Hypertension Unit, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Przybyciński J, Dziedziejko V, Puchałowicz K, Domański L, Pawlik A. Adiponectin in Chronic Kidney Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249375. [PMID: 33317050 PMCID: PMC7764041 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Adiponectin is the adipokine associated with insulin sensitization, reducing liver gluconeogenesis, and increasing fatty acid oxidation and glucose uptake. Adiponectin is present in the kidneys, mainly in the arterial endothelium and smooth muscle cells, as well as in the capillary endothelium, and might be considered as a marker of many negative factors in chronic kidney disease. The last few years have brought a rising body of evidence that adiponectin is a multipotential protein with anti-inflammatory, metabolic, anti-atherogenic, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) protective actions. Similarly, adiponectin has shown many positive and direct actions in kidney diseases, and among many kidney cells. Data from large cross-sectional and cohort studies showed a positive correlation between serum adiponectin and mortality in chronic kidney disease. This suggests a complex interaction between local adiponectin action, comorbidities, and uremic milieu. In this review we discuss the role of adiponectin in chronic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarosław Przybyciński
- Department of Nephrology, Transplantology and Internal Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (J.P.); (L.D.)
| | - Violetta Dziedziejko
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (V.D.); (K.P.)
| | - Kamila Puchałowicz
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (V.D.); (K.P.)
| | - Leszek Domański
- Department of Nephrology, Transplantology and Internal Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (J.P.); (L.D.)
| | - Andrzej Pawlik
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-91-4661611
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Hyun YY, Kim H, Oh YK, Oh KH, Ahn C, Sung SA, Choi KH, Kim SW, Lee KB. High fibroblast growth factor 23 is associated with coronary calcification in patients with high adiponectin: analysis from the KoreaN cohort study for Outcome in patients With Chronic Kidney Disease (KNOW-CKD) study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2019; 34:123-129. [PMID: 29701806 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfy110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The association between fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) and coronary artery calcification (CAC) was inconclusive. Recently it was shown that adiponectin modulates renal handling of calcium and phosphorus. We hypothesized that adiponectin plays a role in the effect of FGF23 on CAC and explored whether the association between FGF23 and CAC is modified by serum adiponectin level in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. Methods This cross-sectional study analyzed 1435 predialysis CKD patients from the Korean Cohort Study for Outcome in Patients with CKD cohort. Participants were divided into two groups according to their serum adiponectin (upper half and lower half). Each group was further divided into three groups according to their FGF23 levels as follows: low (<5.0 RU/mL), middle (5.0-29.9 RU/mL) and high (≥30.0 RU/mL). The coronary artery calcium score (CACS) was assessed using cardiac computed tomography and CAC was defined as a CACS >100. Results The median CACS did not differ between the low and high adiponectin groups {3.2 [interquartile range (IQR) 0.0-98.1] versus 0.5 [0.0-99.5], P = 0.988}. The CACS ratio comparing high FGF23 to low FGF23 was significantly increased in the high adiponectin group, but not in the low adiponectin group [2.35 (IQR 1.14-4.85) versus 1.10 (0.60-2.03)]. The odds ratio for CAC in the high FGF23 group compared with the low group was 1.97 (IQR 1.10-3.53). The association between FGF23 and CAC was modified significantly by adiponectin level (P for interaction = 0.023). Conclusions High serum FGF23 was associated with CAC in CKD patients with high adiponectin, but not in those with low adiponectin. Further studies are warranted to verify the role of adiponectin in FGF23-related CAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Youl Hyun
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyang Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yun Kyu Oh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kook-Hwan Oh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Curie Ahn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Su Ah Sung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyu Hun Choi
- Depatment of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soo Wan Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Hospital and Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Kyu-Beck Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea
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Szulc P, Amri EZ, Varennes A, Panaia-Ferrari P, Fontas E, Goudable J, Chapurlat R, Breuil V. Positive Association of High Leptin Level and Abdominal Aortic Calcification in Men - The Prospective MINOS Study. Circ J 2018; 82:2954-2961. [PMID: 30282882 DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-18-0517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe abdominal aortic calcification (AAC) points to high cardiovascular risk and leptin stimulates arterial calcification; however, clinical data on their association are scarce. We studied the link between serum leptin and AAC severity and progression, and the effect of smoking and lipid levels, on this association in men. Methods and Results: At baseline, 548 community-dwelling men aged 50-85 years underwent blood collection and lateral lumbar spine radiography. In 448 men, X-ray was repeated after 3 and 7.5 years. AAC was assessed using Kauppila's semiquantitative score. In multivariable models, high leptin was associated with higher odds of severe AAC (odds ratio [OR]=1.71 per SD, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.22-2.40). The odds of severe AAC were the highest in men who had elevated leptin levels and either were ever-smokers (OR=9.22, 95% CI: 3.43-24.78) or had hypertriglyceridemia (vs. men without these characteristics). Higher leptin was associated with greater AAC progression (OR=1.34 per SD, 95% CI: 1.04-1.74). The risk of AAC progression was the highest in men who had elevated leptin levels and either were current smokers or had high low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels (OR=5.91, 95% CI: 2.46-14.16 vs. men without these characteristics). These links remained significant after adjustment for baseline AAC and in subgroups defined according to smoking and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels. CONCLUSIONS In older men, high leptin levels are associated with greater severity and rapid progression of AAC independent of smoking, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol or triglycerides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Szulc
- INSERM UMR1033, University of Lyon, Hospices Civils de Lyon
| | - Ez Zoubir Amri
- CNRS, iBV UMR 7277, Nice Sophia Antipolis University.,INSERM, iBV U1091
| | - Annie Varennes
- Laboratory of Medical Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hospices Civils de Lyon
| | | | - Eric Fontas
- Department of Clinical Research, Cimiez Hospital, Nice University Hospital
| | - Joëlle Goudable
- Department of Public Health, University of Lyon, Hospices Civils de Lyon
| | | | - Véronique Breuil
- Department of Rheumatology, Medical Faculty, Pasteur Hospital, Nice University Hospital, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis
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Machiba Y, Inaba M, Mori K, Kurajoh M, Nishide K, Norimine K, Yamakawa T, Shoji S, Okuno S. Paradoxical positive association of serum adiponectin with all-cause mortality based on body composition in Japanese haemodialysis patients. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14699. [PMID: 30279489 PMCID: PMC6168594 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33011-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously reported a paradoxical association of serum adiponectin with aortic calcification in haemodialysis patients. Because serum adiponectin is a nutritional marker, we examined the association between serum adiponectin and all-cause mortality based on body composition in haemodialysis patients. The trunk and total body fat were determined. The patients were divided into two groups based on serum adiponectin levels. In Kaplan–Meier analysis, the higher adiponectin group showed higher mortality than the lower adiponectin group. Serum adiponectin showed an inverse correlation with the percentage of truncal fat, suggesting serum adiponectin as an inverse marker for adiposity in haemodialysis patients. However, even after adjustment for other factors, multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis identified higher serum adiponectin as an independent factor positively associated with higher mortality in haemodialysis patients. This association held true even when the total fat mass was replaced with the percentage of truncal fat, and when total fat mass and percentage of truncal fat were simultaneously included. Thus, we found a paradoxical association of higher serum adiponectin with higher all-cause mortality in Japanese haemodialysis patients, independent of adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Machiba
- Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masaaki Inaba
- Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan. .,Department of Nephrology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Katsuhito Mori
- Department of Nephrology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masafumi Kurajoh
- Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kozo Nishide
- Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Senji Okuno
- Kidney Center, Shirasagi Hospital, Osaka, Japan
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Bendix EF, Johansen E, Ringgaard T, Wolder M, Starup-Linde J. Diabetes and Abdominal Aortic Calcification-a Systematic Review. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2018; 16:42-57. [PMID: 29380116 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-018-0418-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW A systematic literature review was performed to evaluate diabetes mellitus (DM) as a risk factor of abdominal aortic calcification (AAC), and address factors that might contribute to the development of AAC in DM patients. RECENT FINDINGS DM is an independent risk factor of AAC development. Bone metabolism along with lifestyle factors among DM patients makes them more prone to AAC. Hip and vertebral fractures, high phosphate, smoking, hypertension, and low osteocalcin could make DM patients prone to AAC. Low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL), high low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high total cholesterol/HDL ratio, low bone mineral density (BMD) may be risk factors, but the literature is more ambiguous. Body mass index (BMI) does not appear to increase risk of AAC. High phosphate levels and low osteocalcin levels seem to be biomarkers of AAC in patients with diabetes. However, the association between DM and AAC is complicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Frey Bendix
- Department of Endocrinology, Aalborg University Hospital, Mølleparkvej 4, 9220, Aalborg Øst, Denmark
- Faculty of Health, Aalborg University, Niels Jernes Vej 10, 9220, Aalborg Øst, Denmark
| | - Eskild Johansen
- Department of Endocrinology, Aalborg University Hospital, Mølleparkvej 4, 9220, Aalborg Øst, Denmark
- Faculty of Health, Aalborg University, Niels Jernes Vej 10, 9220, Aalborg Øst, Denmark
| | - Thomas Ringgaard
- Department of Endocrinology, Aalborg University Hospital, Mølleparkvej 4, 9220, Aalborg Øst, Denmark
- Faculty of Health, Aalborg University, Niels Jernes Vej 10, 9220, Aalborg Øst, Denmark
| | - Martin Wolder
- Department of Endocrinology, Aalborg University Hospital, Mølleparkvej 4, 9220, Aalborg Øst, Denmark
- Faculty of Health, Aalborg University, Niels Jernes Vej 10, 9220, Aalborg Øst, Denmark
| | - Jakob Starup-Linde
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Tage Hansens Gade 2, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.
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