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Zhang Y, Osetsky YN, Weber WJ. Tunable Chemical Disorder in Concentrated Alloys: Defect Physics and Radiation Performance. Chem Rev 2021; 122:789-829. [PMID: 34694124 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The development of advanced structural alloys with performance meeting the requirements of extreme environments in nuclear reactors has been long pursued. In the long history of alloy development, the search for metallic alloys with improved radiation tolerance or increased structural strength has relied on either incorporating alloying elements at low concentrations to synthesize so-called dilute alloys or incorporating nanoscale features to mitigate defects. In contrast to traditional approaches, recent success in synthesizing multicomponent concentrated solid-solution alloys (CSAs), including medium-entropy and high-entropy alloys, has vastly expanded the compositional space for new alloy discovery. Their wide variety of elemental diversity enables tunable chemical disorder and sets CSAs apart from traditional dilute alloys. The tunable electronic structure critically lowers the effectiveness of energy dissipation via the electronic subsystem. The tunable chemical complexity also modifies the scattering mechanisms in the atomic subsystem that control energy transport through phonons. The level of chemical disorder depends substantively on the specific alloying elements, rather than the number of alloying elements, as the disorder does not monotonically increase with a higher number of alloying elements. To go beyond our knowledge based on conventional alloys and take advantage of property enhancement by tuning chemical disorder, this review highlights synergistic effects involving valence electrons and atomic-level and nanoscale inhomogeneity in CSAs composed of multiple transition metals. Understanding of the energy dissipation pathways, deformation tolerance, and structural stability of CSAs can proceed by exploiting the equilibrium and non-equilibrium defect processes at the electronic and atomic levels, with or without microstructural inhomogeneities at multiple length scales. Knowledge of tunable chemical disorder in CSAs may advance the understanding of the substantial modifications in element-specific alloy properties that effectively mitigate radiation damage and control a material's response in extreme environments, as well as overcome strength-ductility trade-offs and provide overarching design strategies for structural alloys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanwen Zhang
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Yuri N Osetsky
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - William J Weber
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
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2
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Huang X, Lv C, Chu H. Anomalous shape effect of nanosized helium bubble on the elastic field in irradiated tungsten. Sci Rep 2021; 11:830. [PMID: 33436907 PMCID: PMC7803971 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80167-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bubble pressure and elastic response in helium-irradiated tungsten are systematically investigated in this study. An anomalous shape effect is found that the radial normal stress and mean stress distributions around a nanosized void or bubble are far from the spherical symmetry, which is ascribed to polyhedral geometry characteristic of the nanosized bubble and physical mechanism transition from crystal surfaces dominated to the surface ledges and triple junctions dominated. Molecular simulation shows that Young–Laplace equation is not suitable for directly predicting equilibrium pressure for nanosized bubble in crystals. Consequently, a new criterion of average radial normal stress of spherical shell is proposed to polish the concept of equilibrium pressure of helium bubbles. Moreover, the dependences of bubble size, temperature and helium/vacancy ratio (He/Vac ratio) on the bubble pressure are all documented, which may provide an insight into the understanding of mechanical properties of helium-irradiated tungsten.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlong Huang
- School of Mechanics and Engineering Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.,Shanghai Institute of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Energy Engineering Mechanics, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Chenyangtao Lv
- School of Mechanics and Engineering Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.,Shanghai Institute of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Energy Engineering Mechanics, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Haijian Chu
- School of Mechanics and Engineering Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China. .,Shanghai Institute of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China. .,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Energy Engineering Mechanics, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.
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3
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Dubosq R, Gault B, Hatzoglou C, Schweinar K, Vurpillot F, Rogowitz A, Rantitsch G, Schneider DA. Analysis of nanoscale fluid inclusions in geomaterials by atom probe tomography: Experiments and numerical simulations. Ultramicroscopy 2020; 218:113092. [PMID: 32799006 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2020.113092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The spatial correlation between defects in crystalline materials and trace element segregation plays a fundamental role in determining the physical and mechanical properties of a material, which is particularly important in naturally deformed materials. Herein, we combine electron backscatter diffraction, electron channelling contrast imaging, scanning transmission electron microscopy and atom probe tomography on a naturally occurring metal sulphide in an attempt to document mechanisms of element segregation in a brittle-dominated deformation regime. Within APT reconstructions, features with a high point density comprising O-rich discs stacked over As-rich spherules are observed. The combined microscopy data allow us to interpret these as nanoscale fluid inclusions. Our observations are confirmed by simulated APT experiments of core-shell particles with a core exhibiting a very low evaporation field and the shell emulating a segregated layer at the inclusion interface. Our data has significant trans-disciplinary implications to the geosciences, the material sciences, and analytical microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Dubosq
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.
| | - B Gault
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Materials, Royal School of Mines, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - C Hatzoglou
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, Groupe de Physique des Matériaux, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - K Schweinar
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - F Vurpillot
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, Groupe de Physique des Matériaux, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - A Rogowitz
- Department of Geodynamics and Sedimentology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - G Rantitsch
- Department of Geology and Economic Geology, University of Leoben, Leoben, Austria
| | - D A Schneider
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
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Noble MW, Tonks MR, Fitzgerald SP. Turing Instability in the Solid State: Void Lattices in Irradiated Metals. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 124:167401. [PMID: 32383894 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.167401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Turing (or double-diffusive) instabilities describe pattern formation in reaction-diffusion systems, and were proposed in 1952 as a potential mechanism behind pattern formation in nature, such as leopard spots and zebra stripes. Because the mechanism requires the reacting species to have significantly different diffusion rates, only a few liquid phase chemical reaction systems exhibiting the phenomenon have been discovered. In solids the situation is markedly different, since species such as impurities or other defects typically have mobilities ∝exp(-E/k_{B}T), where E is the migration barrier and T is the temperature. This often leads to mobilities differing by several orders of magnitude. Here, we use a simple, minimal model to show that an important class of emergent patterns in solids, namely void superlattices in irradiated metals, could also be explained by the Turing mechanism. Analytical results are confirmed by phase field simulations. The model (Cahn-Hilliard equations for interstitial and vacancy concentrations, coupled by generation and annihilation terms) is generic, and the mechanism could also be responsible for the patterns and structure observed in many solid state systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Noble
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - M R Tonks
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, 549 Gale Lemerand Drive, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
| | - S P Fitzgerald
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
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Yao G, Chen HY, Fu MQ, Luo LM, Zan X, Xu Q, Tokunaga K, Zhu XY, Wu YC. Deuterium irradiation resistance and relevant mechanism in W–ZrC/Sc2O3 composites prepared by spark plasma sintering. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR ENERGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pnucene.2019.103215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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6
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Sprouster DJ, Sun C, Zhang Y, Chodankar SN, Gan J, Ecker LE. Irradiation-Dependent Helium Gas Bubble Superlattice in Tungsten. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2277. [PMID: 30783166 PMCID: PMC6381115 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39053-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The implantation of noble gas atoms into metals at high gas concentrations can lead to the self-organization of nanobubbles into superlattices with symmetry similar to the metal host matrix. Here, we examine the influence of implantation parameters on the formation and structure of helium gas bubble superlattices within a tungsten host matrix to uncover mechanistic insight into the formation process. The determination of the size and symmetry of the gas bubbles was performed using a combination of small angle x-ray scattering and transmission electron microscopy. The former was demonstrated to be particularly useful in determining size and structure of the gas bubble superlattice as a function of irradiation conditions. Prior to the formation of a superlattice, we observe a persistent substructure characterized by inter-bubble spacings similar to those observable when the gas bubble superlattice has formed with very large ordering parameters. As the implantation fluence increases, the inter-bubble ordering parameter decreases, indicating improved ordering, until a superlattice is formed. Multiple implantation-specific differences were observed, including a temperature-dependent superlattice parameter that increases with increasing temperature and a flux-dependent superlattice parameter that decreases with increasing flux. The trends quantified here are in excellent agreement with our recent theoretical predictions for gas bubble superlattice formation and highlight that superlattice formation is strongly dependent on the diffusion of vacancy and implanted He atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Sprouster
- Nuclear Science and Technology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, United States.
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, United States.
| | - C Sun
- Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, ID, 83415, United States
| | - Y Zhang
- Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, ID, 83415, United States
| | - S N Chodankar
- National Synchrotron Light Source-II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, United States
| | - J Gan
- Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, ID, 83415, United States
| | - L E Ecker
- Nuclear Science and Technology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, United States
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7
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Characterisation of helium ion irradiated bulk tungsten: A comparison with the in-situ TEM technique. FUSION ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2018.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Aradi E, Lewis-Fell J, Harrison RW, Greaves G, Mir AH, Donnelly SE, Hinks JA. Enhanced Radiation Tolerance of Tungsten Nanoparticles to He Ion Irradiation. NANOMATERIALS 2018; 8:nano8121052. [PMID: 30558254 PMCID: PMC6316147 DOI: 10.3390/nano8121052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Materials exposed to plasmas in magnetic confinement nuclear reactors will accumulate radiation-induced defects and energetically implanted gas atoms (from the plasma and transmutations), of which insoluble helium (He) is likely to be the most problematic. The large surface-area-to-volume ratio exhibited by nanoporous materials provides an unsaturable sink with the potential to continuously remove both point defects and He. This property enhances the possibilities for these materials to be tailored for high radiation-damage resistance. In order to explore the potential effect of this on the individual ligaments of nanoporous materials, we present results on the response of tungsten (W) nanoparticles (NPs) to 15 keV He ion irradiation. Tungsten foils and various sizes of NPs were ion irradiated concurrently and imaged in-situ via transmission electron microscopy at 750 °C. Helium bubbles were not observed in NPs with diameters less than 20 nm but did form in larger NPs and the foils. No dislocation loops or black spot damage were observed in any NPs up to 100 nm in diameter but were found to accumulate in the W foils. These results indicate that a nanoporous material, particularly one made up of ligaments with characteristic dimensions of 30 nm or less, is likely to exhibit significant resistance to He accumulation and structural damage and, therefore, be highly tolerant to radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Aradi
- School of Computing and Engineering, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK.
| | - J Lewis-Fell
- School of Computing and Engineering, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK.
| | - R W Harrison
- School of Computing and Engineering, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK.
- School of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, University of Manchester, Sackville Street, Manchester M1 3NJ, UK.
| | - G Greaves
- School of Computing and Engineering, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK.
| | - A H Mir
- School of Computing and Engineering, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK.
| | - S E Donnelly
- School of Computing and Engineering, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK.
| | - J A Hinks
- School of Computing and Engineering, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK.
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