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Deloria AJ, Haider S, Dietrich B, Kunihs V, Oberhofer S, Knofler M, Leitgeb R, Liu M, Drexler W, Haindl R. Ultra-High-Resolution 3D Optical Coherence Tomography Reveals Inner Structures of Human Placenta-Derived Trophoblast Organoids. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2021; 68:2368-2376. [PMID: 33201804 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2020.3038466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE 3D optical coherence tomography (OCT) is used for analyses of human placenta organoids in situ without sample preparation. METHODS The trophoblast organoids analyzed were derived from primary human trophoblast. In this study a custom made ultra-high-resolution spectral domain OCT system with uniform spatial and axial resolution of 2.48 μm in organoid tissue was used. The obtained OCT results align to differentiation status tested via quantitative polymerase chain reaction, Western blot analyses, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence of histological sections. RESULTS 3D OCT enables a more detailed placenta organoid monitoring compared to brightfield microscopy. Inner architecture with light scattering "bridges" surrounding cavities were visualized and quantified in situ for the first time. The formation of these bridges and cavities is congruent to differentiated trophoblast organoids having developed syncytiotrophoblasts. CONCLUSION Using 3D OCT in living placenta organoids is a fast tool to assess the differentiation status and resolve internal structures in situ, which is not possible with standard live cell imaging modality. SIGNIFICANCE Only recently human placenta-derived organoids were established, allowing to have a highly reproducible and stable in vitro model to investigate not only developmental but also physiological and pathophysiological processes during early pregnancy. To our knowledge, this work is the first to analyze living human placenta organoids using 3D OCT. Thereby, the rapid and especially non-endpoint OCT qualitative analyses align to the differentiation stage of organoids, which will aid future advancement in this field.
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Shao W, Kilic K, Yin W, Wirak G, Qin X, Feng H, Boas D, Gabel CV, Yi J. Wide field-of-view volumetric imaging by a mesoscopic scanning oblique plane microscopy with switchable objective lenses. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2021; 11:983-997. [PMID: 33654671 PMCID: PMC7829172 DOI: 10.21037/qims-20-806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conventional light sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM), or selective plane illumination microscopy (SPIM), enables high-resolution 3D imaging over a large volume by using two orthogonally aligned objective lenses to decouple excitation and emission. The recent development of oblique plane microscopy (OPM) simplifies LSFM design with only one single objective lens, by using off-axis excitation and remote focusing. However, most reports on OPM have a limited microscopic field of view (FOV), typically within 1×1 mm2. Our goal is to overcome the limitation with a new variant of OPM to achieve a mesoscopic FOV. METHODS We implemented an optical design of mesoscopic scanning OPM to allow the use of low numerical aperture (NA) objective lenses. The angle of the intermediate image before the remote focusing system was increased by a demagnification under Scheimpflug condition such that the light collecting efficiency in the remote focusing system was significantly improved. A telescope composed of cylindrical lenses was used to correct the distorted image caused by the demagnification design. We characterized the 3D resolutions and imaging volume by imaging fluorescent microspheres, and demonstrated the volumetric imaging on intact whole zebrafish larvae, mouse cortex, and multiple Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). RESULTS We demonstrate a mesoscopic FOV up to ~6×5×0.6 mm3 volumetric imaging, the largest reported FOV by OPM so far. The angle of the intermediate image plane is independent of the magnification as long as the size of the pupil aperture of the objectives is the same. As a result, the system is highly versatile, allowing simple switching between different objective lenses with low (10×, NA 0.3) and median NA (20×, NA 0.5). Detailed microvasculature in zebrafish larvae, mouse cortex, and neurons in C. elegans are clearly visualized in 3D. CONCLUSIONS The proposed mesoscopic scanning OPM allows using low NA objectives such that centimeter-level FOV volumetric imaging can be achieved. With the extended FOV, simple sample mounting protocol, and the versatility of changeable FOVs/resolutions, our system will be ready for the varieties of applications requiring in vivo volumetric imaging over large length scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Shao
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kivilcim Kilic
- Neurophotonics Center, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wenqing Yin
- Renal Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gregory Wirak
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xiaodan Qin
- Departments of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics and Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hui Feng
- Departments of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics and Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David Boas
- Neurophotonics Center, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Ji Yi
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Neurophotonics Center, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Electric and Computer Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
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Shao W, Song W, Yi J. Is oblique scanning laser ophthalmoscope applicable to human ocular optics? A feasibility study using an eye model for volumetric imaging. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2020; 13:e201960174. [PMID: 32101361 PMCID: PMC7278210 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201960174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Oblique scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (oSLO) is a novel imaging modality to provide volumetric retinal imaging without depth sectioning over a large field of view (FOV). It has been successfully demonstrated in vivo in rodent eyes for volumetric fluorescein angiography (vFA). However, engineering oSLO for human retinal imaging is challenging because of the low numerical aperture (NA) of human ocular optics. To overcome this challenge, we implement optical designs to (a) increase the angle of the intermediate image under Scheimpflug condition, and (b) expand the magnification in the depth dimension with cylindrical lens to enable sufficient sampling density. In addition, we adopt a scanning-and-descaning strategy, resulting in a compact oSLO system. We experimentally show that the current setup can achieve a FOV of ~3 × 6 × 0.8 mm3 , and the transverse and axial resolutions of 7 and 41 μm, respectively. This feasibility study serves an important step for future in vivo human retinal imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Shao
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Weiye Song
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ji Yi
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Electric and Computer Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
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Voleti V, Patel KB, Li W, Perez Campos C, Bharadwaj S, Yu H, Ford C, Casper MJ, Yan RW, Liang W, Wen C, Kimura KD, Targoff KL, Hillman EMC. Real-time volumetric microscopy of in vivo dynamics and large-scale samples with SCAPE 2.0. Nat Methods 2019; 16:1054-1062. [PMID: 31562489 PMCID: PMC6885017 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-019-0579-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The limited per-pixel bandwidth of most microscopy methods requires compromises between field of view, sampling density and imaging speed. This limitation constrains studies involving complex motion or fast cellular signaling, and presents a major bottleneck for high-throughput structural imaging. Here, we combine high-speed intensified camera technology with a versatile, reconfigurable and dramatically improved Swept, Confocally Aligned Planar Excitation (SCAPE) microscope design that can achieve high-resolution volumetric imaging at over 300 volumes per second and over 1.2 GHz pixel rates. We demonstrate near-isotropic sampling in freely moving Caenorhabditis elegans, and analyze real-time blood flow and calcium dynamics in the beating zebrafish heart. The same system also permits high-throughput structural imaging of mounted, intact, cleared and expanded samples. SCAPE 2.0's significantly lower photodamage compared to point-scanning techniques is also confirmed. Our results demonstrate that SCAPE 2.0 is a powerful, yet accessible imaging platform for myriad emerging high-speed dynamic and high-throughput volumetric microscopy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkatakaushik Voleti
- Laboratory for Functional Optical Imaging, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kripa B Patel
- Laboratory for Functional Optical Imaging, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Wenze Li
- Laboratory for Functional Optical Imaging, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Citlali Perez Campos
- Laboratory for Functional Optical Imaging, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Srinidhi Bharadwaj
- Laboratory for Functional Optical Imaging, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hang Yu
- Laboratory for Functional Optical Imaging, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Caitlin Ford
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Malte J Casper
- Laboratory for Functional Optical Imaging, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Richard Wenwei Yan
- Laboratory for Functional Optical Imaging, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Wenxuan Liang
- Laboratory for Functional Optical Imaging, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chentao Wen
- Graduate School of Natural Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Koutarou D Kimura
- Graduate School of Natural Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
- Center for Advanced Intelligence Project, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kimara L Targoff
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elizabeth M C Hillman
- Laboratory for Functional Optical Imaging, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center and New York-Presbyterian Hospital New York, New York, NY, USA.
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Song W, Zhou L, Yi J. Volumetric fluorescein angiography (vFA) by oblique scanning laser ophthalmoscopy in mouse retina at 200 B-scans per second. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 10:4907-4918. [PMID: 31565534 PMCID: PMC6757486 DOI: 10.1364/boe.10.004907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Oblique scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (oSLO) is a recently developed technique to provide three-dimensional volumetric fluorescence imaging in retinas over a large field of view, without the need for depth sectioning. In this study, we present volumetric fluorescein angiography (vFA) at 200 B-scans per second in mouse retina in vivo by oSLO. By using a low-cost industrial CMOS camera, imaging speed was improved to 2 volumes per second, ∼10 times more than our previous results. Enabled by the volumetric imaging, we visualized hemodynamics at single capillary level in a depth-dependent manner, and provided methods to quantify capillary hematocrit, absolute capillary blood flow speed, and detection of capillary flow stagnancy and stalling at different vascular layers. The quantitative metrics for capillary hemodynamics enhanced by volumetric imaging can offer valuable insight into vision science and retinal pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiye Song
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston MA 02118, USA
| | - Libo Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston MA 02118, USA
| | - Ji Yi
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston MA 02118, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston MA 02118, USA
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Zhang L, Song W, Shao D, Zhang S, Desai M, Ness S, Roy S, Yi J. Volumetric fluorescence retinal imaging in vivo over a 30-degree field of view by oblique scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (oSLO). BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 9:25-40. [PMID: 29359085 PMCID: PMC5772579 DOI: 10.1364/boe.9.000025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
While fluorescent contrast is widely used in ophthalmology, three-dimensional (3D) fluorescence retinal imaging over a large field of view (FOV) has been challenging. In this paper, we describe a novel oblique scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (oSLO) technique that provides 3D volumetric fluorescence retinal imaging with only one raster scan. The technique utilizes scanned oblique illumination and angled detection to obtain fluorescent cross-sectional images, analogous to optical coherence tomography (OCT) line scans (or B-scans). By breaking the coaxial optical alignment used in conventional retinal imaging modalities, depth resolution is drastically improved. To demonstrate the capability of oSLO, we have performed in vivo volumetric fluorescein angiography (FA) of the rat retina with ~25μm depth resolution and over a 30° FOV. Using depth segmentation, oSLO can obtain high contrast images of the microvasculature down to single capillaries in 3D. The multi-modal nature of oSLO also allows for seamless combination with simultaneous OCT angiography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston MA, 02118, USA
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Weiye Song
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston MA, 02118, USA
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Di Shao
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston MA, 02118, USA
| | - Sui Zhang
- Danna-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston MA, 02215, USA
| | - Manishi Desai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston MA, 02118, USA
| | - Steven Ness
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston MA, 02118, USA
| | - Sayon Roy
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston MA, 02118, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston MA, 02118, USA
| | - Ji Yi
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston MA, 02118, USA
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
- Boston University Photonics Center, Boston MA, 02215, USA
- These authors contributed equally to this work
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