1
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Chen Y, Li M, Wu Y. The occurrence and development of induced pluripotent stem cells. Front Genet 2024; 15:1389558. [PMID: 38699229 PMCID: PMC11063328 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2024.1389558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The ectopic expression of four transcription factors, Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM), known as "Yamanaka factors," can reprogram or stimulate the production of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Although OSKM is still the gold standard, there are multiple ways to reprogram cells into iPSCs. In recent years, significant progress has been made in improving the efficiency of this technology. Ten years after the first report was published, human pluripotent stem cells have gradually been applied in clinical settings, including disease modeling, cell therapy, new drug development, and cell derivation. Here, we provide a review of the discovery of iPSCs and their applications in disease and development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Meng Li
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yanqing Wu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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2
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Sanchez Y, Vasquez Callejas MA, Miret NV, Rolandelli G, Costas C, Randi AS, Español A. Hexachlorobenzene as a differential modulator of the conventional and metronomic chemotherapy response in triple negative breast cancer cells. EXPLORATION OF TARGETED ANTI-TUMOR THERAPY 2024; 5:278-295. [PMID: 38745771 PMCID: PMC11090688 DOI: 10.37349/etat.2024.00218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Aim Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is usually treated with high doses of paclitaxel, whose effectiveness may be modulated by the action of environmental contaminants such as hexachlorobenzene. High doses of paclitaxel cause adverse effects such as low cellular selectivity and the generation of resistance to treatment due to an increase in the expression of multidrug resistance proteins (MRPs). These effects can be reduced using a metronomic administration scheme with low doses. This study aimed to investigate whether hexachlorobenzene modulates the response of cells to conventional chemotherapy with paclitaxel or metronomic chemotherapy with paclitaxel plus carbachol, as well as to study the participation of the MRP ATP-binding cassette transporter G2 (ABCG2) in human TNBC MDA-MB231 cells. Methods Cells were treated with hexachlorobenzene alone or in combination with conventional or metronomic chemotherapies. The effects of treatments on cell viability were determined by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay and the nuclear factor kappa B pathway participation was evaluated using a selective inhibitor. ABCG2 expression and its modulation were determined by western blot. Results Results confirmed that paclitaxel reduces MDA-MB231 cell viability in a concentration-dependent manner. Results also showed that both conventional and metronomic chemotherapies reduced cell viability with similar efficacy. Although hexachlorobenzene did not modify cell viability per se, it did reverse the effect induced by the conventional chemotherapy, without affecting the efficacy of the metronomic chemotherapy. Additionally, a differential modulation of ABCG2 expression was determined, mediated by the nuclear factor kappa B pathway, which was directly related to the modulation of cell sensitivity to another cycle of paclitaxel treatment. Conclusions The findings indicate that, in human TNBC MDA-MB231 cells, in the presence of hexachlorobenzene, the metronomic combination of paclitaxel plus carbachol is more effective in affecting the tumor biology than the conventional therapeutic administration scheme of paclitaxel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamila Sanchez
- Center of Pharmacological and Botanical Studies (CEFYBO)-National Council for Science and Technology (CONICET)-University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina
| | - Mariana Abigail Vasquez Callejas
- Center of Pharmacological and Botanical Studies (CEFYBO)-National Council for Science and Technology (CONICET)-University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina
| | - Noelia Victoria Miret
- Laboratory of Biological Effects of Environmental Pollutants, Department of Human Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina
| | - Gabino Rolandelli
- Center of Pharmacological and Botanical Studies (CEFYBO)-National Council for Science and Technology (CONICET)-University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina
| | - Catalina Costas
- Center of Pharmacological and Botanical Studies (CEFYBO)-National Council for Science and Technology (CONICET)-University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina
| | - Andrea Silvana Randi
- Laboratory of Biological Effects of Environmental Pollutants, Department of Human Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina
| | - Alejandro Español
- Center of Pharmacological and Botanical Studies (CEFYBO)-National Council for Science and Technology (CONICET)-University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina
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3
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Khan SU, Fatima K, Aisha S, Malik F. Unveiling the mechanisms and challenges of cancer drug resistance. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:109. [PMID: 38347575 PMCID: PMC10860306 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01302-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer treatment faces many hurdles and resistance is one among them. Anti-cancer treatment strategies are evolving due to innate and acquired resistance capacity, governed by genetic, epigenetic, proteomic, metabolic, or microenvironmental cues that ultimately enable selected cancer cells to survive and progress under unfavorable conditions. Although the mechanism of drug resistance is being widely studied to generate new target-based drugs with better potency than existing ones. However, due to the broader flexibility in acquired drug resistance, advanced therapeutic options with better efficacy need to be explored. Combination therapy is an alternative with a better success rate though the risk of amplified side effects is commonplace. Moreover, recent groundbreaking precision immune therapy is one of the ways to overcome drug resistance and has revolutionized anticancer therapy to a greater extent with the only limitation of being individual-specific and needs further attention. This review will focus on the challenges and strategies opted by cancer cells to withstand the current therapies at the molecular level and also highlights the emerging therapeutic options -like immunological, and stem cell-based options that may prove to have better potential to challenge the existing problem of therapy resistance. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameer Ullah Khan
- Division of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Division of Cancer Pharmacology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Srinagar-190005, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India.
| | - Kaneez Fatima
- Division of Cancer Pharmacology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Srinagar-190005, Jammu and Kashmir, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
| | - Shariqa Aisha
- Division of Cancer Pharmacology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Srinagar-190005, Jammu and Kashmir, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
| | - Fayaz Malik
- Division of Cancer Pharmacology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Srinagar-190005, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India.
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4
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Chatterjee R, Shukla A, Chakrabarti K, Chatterji U. CLEC12A sensitizes differentially responsive breast cancer cells to the anti-cancer effects of artemisinin by repressing autophagy and inflammation. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1242432. [PMID: 38144525 PMCID: PMC10748408 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1242432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Enhanced inflammatory responses promote tumor progression by activating toll-like receptors (TLRs), which in turn are inhibited by C-type lectin like receptors (CTLRs), like CLEC12A. Although the presence of CLEC12A in acute myeloid leukemia is well established, its role in non-hematopoietic tumors is still obscure. In hematopoietic tumors, CLEC12A mostly inhibits TLRs and modulates inflammatory responses via NF-κB signaling. In this study, the fate of tumor progression was determined by modulating CLEC12A using artemisinin (ART), a FDA-approved anti-malarial drug, known for its anti-cancer and immunomodulatory properties with minimal adverse effects on normal cells. Method Effects of ART were primarily determined on hematological factors and primary metastatic organs, such as lungs, kidney and liver in normal and tumor-bearing BALB/c mice. Tumor-bearing mice were treated with different concentrations of ART and expressions of CLEC12A and associated downstream components were determined. CLEC12A was overexpressed in MDA-MB-231 and 4T1 cells, and the effects of ART were analyzed in the overexpressed cells. Silencing TLR4 using vivo morpholino was performed to elucidate its role in tumor progression in response to ART. Finally, CLEC12A modulation by ART was evaluated in the resident cancer stem cell (CSC) population. Results ART did not alter physiology of normal mice, in contrast to tumor-bearing mice, where ART led to tumor regression. In addition, ART reduced expression of CLEC12A. Expectedly, TLR4 expression increased, but surprisingly, that of NF-κB (RelA) and JNK/pJNK decreased, along with reduced inflammation, reduced autophagy and increased apoptosis. All the above observations reverted on overexpression of CLEC12A in MDA-MB-231 and 4T1 cells. Inhibition of TLR4, however, indicated no change in the expressions of CLEC12A, NF-κB, or apoptotic markers. The effect of ART showed a similar trend in the CSC population as in cancer cells. Conclusion This study, for the first time, confirmed a differential role of CLEC12A in non-hematopoietic tumor and cancer stem cells in response to ART. Subsequent interaction and modulation of CLEC12A with ART induced tumor cell death and abrogation of CSCs, confirming a more comprehensive tumor therapy with reduced risk of recurrence. Therefore, ART may be repurposed as an effective drug for cancer treatment in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranodeep Chatterjee
- Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | - Aditya Shukla
- Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | | | - Urmi Chatterji
- Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
- Centre for Research in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
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5
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Yamashita N, Withers H, Morimoto Y, Bhattacharya A, Haratake N, Daimon T, Fushimi A, Nakashoji A, Thorner AR, Isenhart E, Rosario S, Long MD, Kufe D. MUC1-C integrates aerobic glycolysis with suppression of oxidative phosphorylation in triple-negative breast cancer stem cells. iScience 2023; 26:108168. [PMID: 37915591 PMCID: PMC10616323 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of the MUC1-C protein promotes lineage plasticity, epigenetic reprogramming, and the cancer stem cell (CSC) state. The present studies performed on enriched populations of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) CSCs demonstrate that MUC1-C is essential for integrating activation of glycolytic pathway genes with self-renewal and tumorigenicity. MUC1-C further integrates the glycolytic pathway with suppression of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) genes encoding components of mitochondrial Complexes I-V. The repression of mtDNA genes is explained by MUC1-C-mediated (i) downregulation of the mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) required for mtDNA transcription and (ii) induction of the mitochondrial transcription termination factor 3 (mTERF3). In support of pathogenesis that suppresses mitochondrial ROS production, targeting MUC1-C increases (i) mtDNA gene transcription, (ii) superoxide levels, and (iii) loss of self-renewal capacity. These findings and scRNA-seq analysis of CSC subpopulations indicate that MUC1-C regulates self-renewal and redox balance by integrating activation of glycolysis with suppression of oxidative phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nami Yamashita
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Henry Withers
- Department of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Naoki Haratake
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tatsuaki Daimon
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Atsushi Fushimi
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ayako Nakashoji
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aaron R. Thorner
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Emily Isenhart
- Department of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Spencer Rosario
- Department of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Mark D. Long
- Department of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Donald Kufe
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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6
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Pershina AG, Nevskaya KV, Morozov KR, Litviakov NV. Methods for assessing the effect of microRNA on stemness genes. BULLETIN OF SIBERIAN MEDICINE 2023. [DOI: 10.20538/1682-0363-2022-4-170-182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
According to the latest concepts, for micrometastasis to develop into macrometastasis, differentiated cancer cells must revert to a dedifferentiated state. Activation of stemness genes plays a key role in this transition. Suppression of stemness gene expression using microRNAs can become the basis for the development of effective anti-metastatic drugs. This article provides an overview of the existing methods for assessing the effect of microRNAs on stemness genes and cancer cell dedifferentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - N. V. Litviakov
- Siberian State Medical University;
Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center (NRMC), Russian Academy of Sciences
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7
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Jeethy Ram T, Lekshmi A, Darvin P, Rajappan P, Jagathnath Krishna KM, Anoop TM, Augustine P, Mathew AP, Cherian K, Bhargavan RV, Somanathan T, Radhakrishna Pillai M, Santhosh Kumar TR, Sujathan K. Co-expression of galectin-3 and vimentin in triple negative breast cancer cells promotes tumor progression, metastasis and survival. Tumour Biol 2023; 45:31-54. [PMID: 37574746 DOI: 10.3233/tub-230002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lack of druggable targets and complex expression heterogeneity of known targets is common among TNBC subtypes. An enhanced expression of galectin-3 in TNBCs has already been documented. We have observed a tumor progression-dependent galectin-3 expression in TNBCs compared to adjacent epithelium and non TNBCs. OBJECTIVE To unravel the association of galectin- 3 in tumor progression, aggressiveness and drug resistance in TNBC patients. METHODS Galectin-3 expression in 489 breast cancer tissues was correlated with clinicopathological features and the results were validated in cell lines and mouse model by silencing galectin-3 using shRNA and the proteins were profiled by western blot and qRT-PCR. Protein interaction was analyzed by GFP Trap and Mass spectrometry. RESULTS Galectin-3 expression correlated with tumor stage in TNBC and a lower galectin-3 expression was associated with poor patient survival. The positive correlation between galectin-3, vimentin and CD44 expression, pinpoints galectin-3 contribution to epithelial to mesenchymal transition, drug resistance and stemness. Vimentin was found as an interacting partner of galectin-3. Duplexing of galecin-3 and vimentin in patient samples revealed the presence of tumor cells co-expressing both galectin-3 and vimentin. In vitro studies also showed its role in tumor cell survival and metastatic potential, elementary for tumor progression. In vivo studies further confirmed its metastatic potential. CONCLUSIONS Tumor progression dependent expression pattern of galectin 3 was found to indicate prognosis. Co-expression of galectin-3 and vimentin in tumor cells promotes tumor dissemination, survival and its metastatic capability in TNBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Jeethy Ram
- Division of Cancer Research, Regional Cancer Centre, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Asha Lekshmi
- Division of Cancer Research, Regional Cancer Centre, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Pramod Darvin
- Cancer Research, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Prakash Rajappan
- Cancer Research, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | | | - T M Anoop
- Medical Oncology, Regional Cancer Centre, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Paul Augustine
- Surgical Oncology, Regional Cancer Centre, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Arun Peter Mathew
- Surgical Oncology, Regional Cancer Centre, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Kurian Cherian
- Surgical Oncology, Regional Cancer Centre, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Rexeena V Bhargavan
- Surgical Oncology, Regional Cancer Centre, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Thara Somanathan
- Pathology, Regional Cancer Centre, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - M Radhakrishna Pillai
- Cancer Research, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - T R Santhosh Kumar
- Cancer Research, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - K Sujathan
- Division of Cancer Research, Regional Cancer Centre, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
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8
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Mukherjee P, Bagchi A, Banerjee A, Roy H, Bhattacharya A, Biswas A, Chatterji U. PDE4 inhibitor eliminates breast cancer stem cells via noncanonical activation of mTOR. J Cell Biochem 2022; 123:1980-1996. [PMID: 36063486 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Ineffective cancer treatment is implicated in metastasis, recurrence, resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and evasion of immune surveillance. All these failures occur due to the persistence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) even after rigorous therapy, thereby rendering them as essential targets for cancer management. Contrary to the quiescent nature of CSCs, a gene profiler array disclosed that phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K), which is known to be crucial for cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival, was significantly upregulated in CSCs. Since PI3K is modulated by cyclic adenosine 3',5' monophosphate (cAMP), analyses of cAMP regulation revealed that breast CSCs expressed increased levels of phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) in contrast to normal stem cells. In accordance, the effects of rolipram, a PDE4 inhibitor, were evaluated on PI3K regulators and signaling. The efficacy of rolipram was compared with paclitaxel, an anticancer drug that is ineffective in obliterating breast CSCs. Analyses of downstream signaling components revealed a switch between cell survival and death, in response to rolipram, specifically of the CSCs. Rolipram-mediated downregulation of PDE4A levels in breast CSCs led to an increase in cAMP levels and protein kinase A (PKA) expression. Subsequently, PKA-mediated upregulation of phosphatase and tensin homolog antagonized the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and led to cell cycle arrest. Interestingly, direct yet noncanonical activation of mTOR by PKA, circumventing the influence of PI3K and AKT, temporally shifted the fate of CSCs toward apoptosis. Rolipram in combination with paclitaxel indicated synergistic consequences, which effectively obliterated CSCs within a tumor, thereby suggesting combinatorial therapy as a sustainable and effective strategy to abrogate breast CSCs for better patient prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritha Mukherjee
- Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | - Arka Bagchi
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, India
| | - Ananya Banerjee
- Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | - Himansu Roy
- Department of Surgery, Calcutta Medical College, Kolkata, India
| | | | - Arunima Biswas
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, India
| | - Urmi Chatterji
- Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India.,Centre for Research in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
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Haghi B, Saghaeian Jazi M, Khosravi A, Jafari SM, Asadi J. SOX2OT lncRNA Inhibition Suppresses the Stemness Characteristics of Esophageal Tumorspheres. Noncoding RNA 2022; 8:ncrna8060080. [PMID: 36548179 PMCID: PMC9782980 DOI: 10.3390/ncrna8060080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND SOX2OT is a novel cancer associated long non-coding RNA (LncRNA) with higher expression in variable tumor tissues, including esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). It also plays an important function in embryonic neuronal development. Regarding its function in both stemness and carcinogenesis, here, we aimed to investigate its expression and function in tumorspheres of the esophagus using the RNAi method. MATERIAL & METHODS Two esophageal squamous cancer cells (ESCC): KYSE30 and YM1 cells were used for sphere enrichment. Cells were transfected with SOX2OT targeting and control siRNA. The size and the number of spheres were measured using light microscopy. Gene expression of the pluripotency genes was measured by qRT-PCR and docetaxel chemoresistance was assessed by MTS viability assay. RESULTS Our findings showed that ESCC tumorspheres overexpress SOX2OT gene along with other stemness genes (SOX2, OCT4A, and Nanog) compared to their original cancer cells. RNAi experiments indicated that SOX2OT knockdown can suppress the stemness-related gene expression, sphere formation ability (both size and number), and docetaxel resistance as three of the main cancer stem cell characteristics of tumorspheres. CONCLUSION Altogether our results showed the regulatory role of SOX2OT in pluripotency and stemness in ESCC tumorspheres. Our results suggest a potential application of SOX2OT inhibition in combination with docetaxel for ESCC inhibition in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boshra Haghi
- Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan 4934174515, Iran
| | - Marie Saghaeian Jazi
- Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan 4934174515, Iran
- Stem Cell Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan 4934174515, Iran
- Correspondence: (M.S.J.); (J.A.)
| | - Ayyoob Khosravi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan 4934174515, Iran
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Medical Technologies Golestan, University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan 4934174516, Iran
| | - Seyyed Mehdi Jafari
- Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan 4934174515, Iran
| | - Jahanbakhsh Asadi
- Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan 4934174515, Iran
- Correspondence: (M.S.J.); (J.A.)
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Español A, Sanchez Y, Salem A, Obregon J, Sales ME. Nicotinic receptors modulate antitumor therapy response in triple negative breast cancer cells. World J Clin Oncol 2022; 13:505-519. [PMID: 35949430 PMCID: PMC9244968 DOI: 10.5306/wjco.v13.i6.505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Triple negative breast cancer is more aggressive than other breast cancer subtypes and constitutes a public health problem worldwide since it has high morbidity and mortality due to the lack of defined therapeutic targets. Resistance to chemotherapy complicates the course of patients’ treatment. Several authors have highlighted the participation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) in the modulation of conventional chemotherapy treatment in cancers of the airways. However, in breast cancer, less is known about the effect of nAChR activation by nicotine on chemotherapy treatment in smoking patients.
AIM To investigate the effect of nicotine on paclitaxel treatment and the signaling pathways involved in human breast MDA-MB-231 tumor cells.
METHODS Cells were treated with paclitaxel alone or in combination with nicotine, administered for one or three 48-h cycles. The effect of the addition of nicotine (at a concentration similar to that found in passive smokers’ blood) on the treatment with paclitaxel (at a therapeutic concentration) was determined using the 3-(4,5 dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. The signaling mediators involved in this effect were determined using selective inhibitors. We also investigated nAChR expression, and ATP “binding cassette” G2 drug transporter (ABCG2) expression and its modulation by the different treatments with Western blot. The effect of the treatments on apoptosis induction was determined by flow cytometry using annexin-V and 7AAD markers.
RESULTS Our results confirmed that treatment with paclitaxel reduced MDA-MB-231 cell viability in a concentration-dependent manner and that the presence of nicotine reversed the cytotoxic effect induced by paclitaxel by involving the expression of functional α7 and α9 nAChRs in these cells. The action of nicotine on paclitaxel treatment was linked to modulation of the protein kinase C, mitogen-activated protein kinase, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and NF-κB signaling pathways, and to an up-regulation of ABCG2 protein expression. We also detected that nicotine significantly reduced the increase in cell apoptosis induced by paclitaxel treatment. Moreover, the presence of nicotine reduced the efficacy of paclitaxel treatment administered in three cycles to MDA-MB-231 tumor cells.
CONCLUSION Our findings point to nAChRs as responsible for the decrease in the chemotherapeutic effect of paclitaxel in triple negative tumors. Thus, nAChRs should be considered as targets in smoking patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Español
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology and Tumor Biology, CEFYBO CONICET University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina
| | - Yamila Sanchez
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology and Tumor Biology, CEFYBO CONICET University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina
| | - Agustina Salem
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology and Tumor Biology, CEFYBO CONICET University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina
| | - Jaqueline Obregon
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology and Tumor Biology, CEFYBO CONICET University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina
| | - Maria Elena Sales
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology and Tumor Biology, CEFYBO CONICET University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina
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11
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Fukuoka M, Ichikawa Y, Osako T, Fujita T, Baba S, Takeuchi K, Tsunoda N, Ebata T, Ueno T, Ohno S, Saitoh N. The ELEANOR non-coding RNA expression contributes to cancer dormancy and predicts late recurrence of ER-positive breast cancer. Cancer Sci 2022; 113:2336-2351. [PMID: 35415910 PMCID: PMC9277265 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The recurrence risk of estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer remains high for a long period of time, unlike the other types of cancer. The late recurrence reflects the ability of cancer cells to remain dormant through various events, including cancer stemness acquisition, but the detailed mechanism is unknown. ESR1 locus enhancing and activating non-coding RNAs (ELEANORS) are a cluster of nuclear non-coding RNAs originally identified in a recurrent breast cancer cell model. Although their functions as chromatin regulators in vitro are well characterized, their roles in vivo remain elusive. In this study, we evaluated the clinicopathological features of ELEANORS, using primary and corresponding metastatic breast cancer tissues. The ELEANOR expression was restricted to ER-positive cases and well-correlated with the ER and progesterone receptor expression levels, especially at the metastatic sites. ELEANORS were detected in both primary and metastatic tumors (32% and 29%, respectively), and frequently in postmenopausal cases. Interestingly, after surgery, patients with ELEANOR-positive primary tumors exhibited increased relapse rates after, but not within, 5 years. Multivariate analysis showed that ELEANORS are independent recurrence risk factor. Consistently, analyses with cell lines, mouse xenografts and patient tissues revealed that ELEANORS upregulate a breast cancer stemness gene, CD44, and maintain the cancer stem cell population, which may facilitate tumor dormancy. Our findings highlight a new role of nuclear long non-coding RNAs and their clinical potential as predictive biomarkers and therapeutic targets for late recurrence of ER-positive breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Fukuoka
- Division of Cancer Biology, The Cancer Institute of JFCR, Tokyo, 135-8550, Japan.,Division of Surgical Oncology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Yuichi Ichikawa
- Division of Cancer Biology, The Cancer Institute of JFCR, Tokyo, 135-8550, Japan
| | - Tomo Osako
- Division of Pathology, The Cancer Institute of JFCR.,Department of Pathology, The Cancer Institute Hospital of JFCR
| | - Tomoko Fujita
- Division of Cancer Biology, The Cancer Institute of JFCR, Tokyo, 135-8550, Japan
| | - Satoko Baba
- Division of Pathology, The Cancer Institute of JFCR.,Department of Pathology, The Cancer Institute Hospital of JFCR.,Pathology Project for Molecular Targets, Cancer Institute
| | - Kengo Takeuchi
- Division of Pathology, The Cancer Institute of JFCR.,Department of Pathology, The Cancer Institute Hospital of JFCR.,Pathology Project for Molecular Targets, Cancer Institute
| | - Nobuyuki Tsunoda
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Tomoki Ebata
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Takayuki Ueno
- Breast Oncology Center, The Cancer Institute Hospital of JFCR
| | - Shinji Ohno
- Breast Oncology Center, The Cancer Institute Hospital of JFCR
| | - Noriko Saitoh
- Division of Cancer Biology, The Cancer Institute of JFCR, Tokyo, 135-8550, Japan
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12
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Saha T, Lukong KE. Breast Cancer Stem-Like Cells in Drug Resistance: A Review of Mechanisms and Novel Therapeutic Strategies to Overcome Drug Resistance. Front Oncol 2022; 12:856974. [PMID: 35392236 PMCID: PMC8979779 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.856974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most frequent type of malignancy in women worldwide, and drug resistance to the available systemic therapies remains a major challenge. At the molecular level, breast cancer is heterogeneous, where the cancer-initiating stem-like cells (bCSCs) comprise a small yet distinct population of cells within the tumor microenvironment (TME) that can differentiate into cells of multiple lineages, displaying varying degrees of cellular differentiation, enhanced metastatic potential, invasiveness, and resistance to radio- and chemotherapy. Based on the expression of estrogen and progesterone hormone receptors, expression of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), and/or BRCA mutations, the breast cancer molecular subtypes are identified as TNBC, HER2 enriched, luminal A, and luminal B. Management of breast cancer primarily involves resection of the tumor, followed by radiotherapy, and systemic therapies including endocrine therapies for hormone-responsive breast cancers; HER2-targeted therapy for HER2-enriched breast cancers; chemotherapy and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors for TNBC, and the recent development of immunotherapy. However, the complex crosstalk between the malignant cells and stromal cells in the breast TME, rewiring of the many different signaling networks, and bCSC-mediated processes, all contribute to overall drug resistance in breast cancer. However, strategically targeting bCSCs to reverse chemoresistance and increase drug sensitivity is an underexplored stream in breast cancer research. The recent identification of dysregulated miRNAs/ncRNAs/mRNAs signatures in bCSCs and their crosstalk with many cellular signaling pathways has uncovered promising molecular leads to be used as potential therapeutic targets in drug-resistant situations. Moreover, therapies that can induce alternate forms of regulated cell death including ferroptosis, pyroptosis, and immunotherapy; drugs targeting bCSC metabolism; and nanoparticle therapy are the upcoming approaches to target the bCSCs overcome drug resistance. Thus, individualizing treatment strategies will eliminate the minimal residual disease, resulting in better pathological and complete response in drug-resistant scenarios. This review summarizes basic understanding of breast cancer subtypes, concept of bCSCs, molecular basis of drug resistance, dysregulated miRNAs/ncRNAs patterns in bCSCs, and future perspective of developing anticancer therapeutics to address breast cancer drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taniya Saha
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Kiven Erique Lukong
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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13
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Massa A, Peraldo-Neia C, Vita F, Varamo C, Basiricò M, Raggi C, Bernabei P, Erriquez J, Sarotto I, Leone F, Marchiò S, Cavalloni G, Aglietta M. Paclitaxel Restores Sensitivity to Chemotherapy in Preclinical Models of Multidrug-Resistant Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma. Front Oncol 2022; 12:771418. [PMID: 35251961 PMCID: PMC8891641 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.771418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The treatment of unresectable cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is limited by the development of resistance to conventional first-line chemotherapy based on gemcitabine (GEM). In addition, a prior treatment with GEM frequently induces cross-resistance to other drugs employed in the second-line. Paclitaxel (PTX) is now emerging as an alternative option for the management of advanced/metastatic CCA. In the present work, we evaluate the antitumor activity of PTX in preclinical models of multidrug-resistant intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA). In vitro, PTX decreases tumor cell viability by affecting the cell cycle and inducing apoptosis and impairs the stem cell compartment. In vivo, a therapeutic regimen containing albumin-bound nanoparticle (Nab)-PTX overcomes drug resistance resulting in delayed tumor growth, impaired organization of the tumor vasculature, and reduced glucose uptake. Together, our results provide a rationale to consider PTX-based regimens in patients with iCCA who became refractory to conventional therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria Massa
- Medical Oncology, Candiolo Cancer Institute, Fondazione del Piemonte per l'Oncologia (FPO)-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Torino, Italy
- Division of Oncology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
- *Correspondence: Annamaria Massa,
| | | | - Francesca Vita
- Division of Oncology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Chiara Varamo
- Division of Oncology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Marco Basiricò
- Medical Oncology, Candiolo Cancer Institute, Fondazione del Piemonte per l'Oncologia (FPO)-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Torino, Italy
- Division of Oncology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Chiara Raggi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Firenze, Firenze, Italy
| | - Paola Bernabei
- Flow Cytometry Center, Candiolo Cancer Institute, Fondazione del Piemonte per l'Oncologia (FPO)-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Torino, Italy
| | - Jessica Erriquez
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, Fondazione del Piemonte per l'Oncologia (FPO)-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Torino, Italy
| | - Ivana Sarotto
- Unit of Pathology, Candiolo Cancer Institute, Fondazione del Piemonte per l'Oncologia (FPO)-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Torino, Italy
| | - Francesco Leone
- Department of Oncology, Azienda Sanitaria Locale (ASL) Biella (BI), Nuovo Ospedale degli Infermi, Biella, Italy
| | - Serena Marchiò
- Division of Oncology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, Fondazione del Piemonte per l'Oncologia (FPO)-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Torino, Italy
| | - Giuliana Cavalloni
- Medical Oncology, Candiolo Cancer Institute, Fondazione del Piemonte per l'Oncologia (FPO)-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Torino, Italy
| | - Massimo Aglietta
- Medical Oncology, Candiolo Cancer Institute, Fondazione del Piemonte per l'Oncologia (FPO)-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Torino, Italy
- Division of Oncology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
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14
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Dey A, Kundu M, Das S, Jena BC, Mandal M. Understanding the function and regulation of Sox2 for its therapeutic potential in breast cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2022; 1877:188692. [PMID: 35122882 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2022.188692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sox family of transcriptional factors play essential functions in development and are implicated in multiple clinical disorders, including cancer. Sox2 being their most prominent member and performing a critical role in reprogramming differentiated adult cells to an embryonic phenotype is frequently upregulated in multiple cancers. High Sox2 levels are detected in breast tumor tissues and correlate with a worse prognosis. In addition, Sox2 expression is connected with resistance to conventional anticancer therapy. Together, it can be said that inhibiting Sox2 expression can reduce the malignant features associated with breast cancer, including invasion, migration, proliferation, stemness, and chemoresistance. This review highlights the critical roles played by the Sox gene family members in initiating or suppressing breast tumor development, while primarily focusing on Sox2 and its role in breast tumor initiation, maintenance, and progression, elucidates the probable mechanisms that control its activity, and puts forward potential therapeutic strategies to inhibit its expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Dey
- Cancer Biology Lab, School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur (IIT Kharagpur), Kharagpur, West Bengal, India..
| | - Moumita Kundu
- Cancer Biology Lab, School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur (IIT Kharagpur), Kharagpur, West Bengal, India..
| | - Subhayan Das
- Cancer Biology Lab, School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur (IIT Kharagpur), Kharagpur, West Bengal, India..
| | - Bikash Chandra Jena
- Cancer Biology Lab, School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur (IIT Kharagpur), Kharagpur, West Bengal, India..
| | - Mahitosh Mandal
- Cancer Biology Lab, School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur (IIT Kharagpur), Kharagpur, West Bengal, India..
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15
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Gu S, Xu J, Teng W, Huang X, Mei H, Chen X, Nie G, Cui Z, Liu X, Zhang Y, Wang K. Local delivery of biocompatible lentinan/chitosan composite for prolonged inhibition of postoperative breast cancer recurrence. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 194:233-245. [PMID: 34871653 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.11.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Postsurgical localized chemotherapy for breast cancer recurrence (BCR) still faces many problems which dampen researchers' enthusiasm and discounted prognosis. Simple strategies with controllable toxicities are expected to address these hurdles. Lentinan (LNT) has excellent biocompatibility and notable antitumor activity but rather low bioavailability after intravenous or oral administration. Here, a sponge-like LNT/chitosan composite (LNT/CS sponge) was prepared for efficient local delivery to prevent postoperative BCR. The obtained sponges exhibit uniform porosity and sustained release of LNT in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, the sponges were implanted and showed significant reduction of postsurgical recurrence and suppression of long-term tumor regrowth with favorable biocompatibility in a subcutaneous postsurgical recurrence mouse model. Subsequent studies revealed that LNT can restrain the stemness of breast cancer cells, which may account for the long-term inhibition of tumor relapse. Therefore, LNT/CS sponge has a great potential as a promising alternative for postsurgical BCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saisai Gu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Nature Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, Tongji Medical College of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030 Wuhan, China
| | - Jingya Xu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Nature Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, Tongji Medical College of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030 Wuhan, China
| | - Wangtianzi Teng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Nature Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, Tongji Medical College of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030 Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030 Wuhan, China; Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Precision Medicine for Critical Illness, 430030 Wuhan, China
| | - Hao Mei
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030 Wuhan, China; Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Precision Medicine for Critical Illness, 430030 Wuhan, China
| | - Xinting Chen
- Hwa Mei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Science, 315010 Ningbo, China
| | - Gang Nie
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Nature Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, Tongji Medical College of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030 Wuhan, China
| | - Zheng Cui
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030 Wuhan, China; Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Precision Medicine for Critical Illness, 430030 Wuhan, China
| | - Xiqiu Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Nature Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, Tongji Medical College of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030 Wuhan, China.
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030 Wuhan, China; Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Precision Medicine for Critical Illness, 430030 Wuhan, China.
| | - Kaiping Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Nature Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, Tongji Medical College of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030 Wuhan, China.
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16
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Editing SOX Genes by CRISPR-Cas: Current Insights and Future Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111321. [PMID: 34768751 PMCID: PMC8583549 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) and its associated proteins (Cas) is an adaptive immune system in archaea and most bacteria. By repurposing these systems for use in eukaryote cells, a substantial revolution has arisen in the genome engineering field. In recent years, CRISPR-Cas technology was rapidly developed and different types of DNA or RNA sequence editors, gene activator or repressor, and epigenome modulators established. The versatility and feasibility of CRISPR-Cas technology has introduced this system as the most suitable tool for discovering and studying the mechanism of specific genes and also for generating appropriate cell and animal models. SOX genes play crucial roles in development processes and stemness. To elucidate the exact roles of SOX factors and their partners in tissue hemostasis and cell regeneration, generating appropriate in vitro and in vivo models is crucial. In line with these premises, CRISPR-Cas technology is a promising tool for studying different family members of SOX transcription factors. In this review, we aim to highlight the importance of CRISPR-Cas and summarize the applications of this novel, promising technology in studying and decoding the function of different members of the SOX gene family.
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17
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Rabionet M, Polonio-Alcalá E, Relat J, Yeste M, Sims-Mourtada J, Kloxin AM, Planas M, Feliu L, Ciurana J, Puig T. Fatty acid synthase as a feasible biomarker for triple negative breast cancer stem cell subpopulation cultured on electrospun scaffolds. Mater Today Bio 2021; 12:100155. [PMID: 34841239 PMCID: PMC8606546 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2021.100155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
There is no targeted therapy for triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), which presents an aggressive profile and poor prognosis. Recent studies noticed the feasibility of breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs), a small population responsible for tumor initiation and relapse, to become a novel target for TNBC treatments. However, new cell culture supports need to be standardized since traditional two-dimensional (2D) surfaces do not maintain the stemness state of cells. Hence, three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds represent an alternative to study in vitro cell behavior without inducing cell differentiation. In this work, electrospun polycaprolactone scaffolds were used to enrich BCSC subpopulation of MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468 TNBC cells, confirmed by the upregulation of several stemness markers and the existence of an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition within 3D culture. Moreover, 3D-cultured cells displayed a shift from MAPK to PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathways, accompanied by an enhanced EGFR and HER2 activation, especially at early cell culture times. Lastly, the fatty acid synthase (FASN), a lipogenic enzyme overexpressed in several carcinomas, was found to be hyperactivated in stemness-enriched samples. Its pharmacological inhibition led to stemness diminishment, overcoming the BCSC expansion achieved in 3D culture. Therefore, FASN may represent a novel target for BCSC niche in TNBC samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Rabionet
- New Therapeutic Targets Laboratory (TargetsLab) - Oncology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Girona, Emili Grahit 77, 17003, Girona, Spain
- Product, Process and Production Engineering Research Group (GREP), Department of Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Construction, University of Girona, Maria Aurèlia Capmany 61, 17003, Girona, Spain
| | - Emma Polonio-Alcalá
- New Therapeutic Targets Laboratory (TargetsLab) - Oncology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Girona, Emili Grahit 77, 17003, Girona, Spain
- Product, Process and Production Engineering Research Group (GREP), Department of Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Construction, University of Girona, Maria Aurèlia Capmany 61, 17003, Girona, Spain
| | - Joana Relat
- Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Food and Nutrition Torribera Campus, University of Barcelona, Prat de la Riba 171, 08921, Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety of the University of Barcelona (INSA-UB), E-08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBER-OBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marc Yeste
- Biotechnology of Animal and Human Reproduction (TechnoSperm), Department of Biology, Institute of Food and Agricultural Technology, University of Girona, Pic de Peguera 15, 17003, Girona, Spain
| | - Jennifer Sims-Mourtada
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Helen F Graham Cancer Center and Research Institute, Christiana Care Health Services, Inc, Newark, DE, USA
| | - April M. Kloxin
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Marta Planas
- LIPPSO, Department of Chemistry, University of Girona, Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003, Girona, Spain
| | - Lidia Feliu
- LIPPSO, Department of Chemistry, University of Girona, Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003, Girona, Spain
| | - Joaquim Ciurana
- Product, Process and Production Engineering Research Group (GREP), Department of Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Construction, University of Girona, Maria Aurèlia Capmany 61, 17003, Girona, Spain
| | - Teresa Puig
- New Therapeutic Targets Laboratory (TargetsLab) - Oncology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Girona, Emili Grahit 77, 17003, Girona, Spain
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18
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Dan VM, Raveendran RS, Baby S. Resistance to Intervention: Paclitaxel in Breast Cancer. Mini Rev Med Chem 2021; 21:1237-1268. [PMID: 33319669 DOI: 10.2174/1389557520999201214234421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer stands as the most prevalent cancer in women globally, and contributes to the highest percentage of mortality due to cancer-related deaths in women. Paclitaxel (PTX) is heavily relied on as a frontline chemotherapy drug in breast cancer treatment, especially in advanced metastatic cancer. Generation of resistance to PTX often derails clinical management and adversely affects patient outcomes. Understanding the molecular mechanism of PTX resistance is necessary to device methods to aid in overcoming the resistance. Recent studies exploring the mechanism of development of PTX resistance have led to unveiling of a range novel therapeutic targets. PTX resistance pathways that involve major regulatory proteins/RNAs like RNF8/Twist/ROR1, TLR, ErbB3/ErbB2, BRCA1- IRIS, MENA, LIN9, MiRNA, FoxM1 and IRAK1 have expanded the complexity of resistance mechanisms, and brought newer insights into the development of drug targets. These resistance-related targets can be dealt with synthetic/natural therapeutics in combination with PTX. The present review encompasses the recent understanding of PTX resistance mechanisms in breast cancer and possible therapeutic combinations to overcome resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipin Mohan Dan
- Microbiology Division, Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute, Pacha-Palode 695562, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Reji Saradha Raveendran
- Microbiology Division, Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute, Pacha-Palode 695562, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Sabulal Baby
- Phytochemistry and Phytopharmacology Division, Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute, Pacha-Palode 695562, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
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19
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Wang H, Zhang H, Zhu Y, Wu Z, Cui C, Cai F. Anticancer Mechanisms of Salinomycin in Breast Cancer and Its Clinical Applications. Front Oncol 2021; 11:654428. [PMID: 34381705 PMCID: PMC8350729 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.654428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the most frequent cancer among women worldwide and is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in women. Cancer cells with stem cell-like features and tumor-initiating potential contribute to drug resistance, tumor recurrence, and metastasis. To achieve better clinical outcomes, it is crucial to eradicate both bulk BC cells and breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs). Salinomycin, a monocarboxylic polyether antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces albus, can precisely kill cancer stem cells (CSCs), particularly BCSCs, by various mechanisms, including apoptosis, autophagy, and necrosis. There is increasing evidence that salinomycin can inhibit cell proliferation, invasion, and migration in BC and reverse the immune-inhibitory microenvironment to prevent tumor growth and metastasis. Therefore, salinomycin is a promising therapeutic drug for BC. In this review, we summarize established mechanisms by which salinomycin protects against BC and discuss its future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongyi Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Yangpu Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yihao Zhu
- Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhonghang Wu
- Department of Scientific Research, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunhong Cui
- Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Department of Scientific Research, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Fengfeng Cai
- Department of Breast Surgery, Yangpu Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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20
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Ghosh S, Talukdar PD, Bhattacharjee A, Giri S, Bhattacharyya NP, Chatterji U. JunD accentuates arecoline-induced disruption of tight junctions and promotes epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition by association with NEAT1 lncRNA. Oncotarget 2021; 12:1520-1539. [PMID: 34316331 PMCID: PMC8310672 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.28026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck cancers are highly prevalent in south-east Asia, primarily due to betel nut chewing. Arecoline, the primary alkaloid is highly carcinogenic; however its role in promoting tumorigenesis by disrupting junctional complexes and increasing risk of metastasis is not well delineated. Subsequently, the effects of low and high concentrations of arecoline on the stability of tight junctions and EMT induction were studied. A microarray analysis confirmed involvement of a MAPK component, JunD, in regulating tight junction-associated genes, specifically ZO-1. Results established that although arecoline-induced phosphorylation of JunD downregulated expression of ZO-1, JunD itself was modulated by the lncRNA-NEAT1 in presence of arecoline. Increased NEAT1 in tissues of HNSCC patients significantly correlated with poor disease prognosis. Here we show that NEAT1-JunD complex interacted with ZO-1 promoter in the nuclear compartment, downregulated expression of ZO-1 and destabilized tight junction assembly. Consequently, silencing NEAT1 in arecoline-exposed cells not only downregulated the expression of JunD and stabilized expression of ZO-1, but also reduced expression of the EMT markers, Slug and Snail, indicating its direct regulatory role in arecoline-mediated TJ disruption and disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subarna Ghosh
- Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata 700019, West Bengal, India
| | - Priyanka Dey Talukdar
- Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata 700019, West Bengal, India
| | | | - Sarbani Giri
- Department of Life Sciences, Assam University, Silchar 788011, Assam, India
| | | | - Urmi Chatterji
- Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata 700019, West Bengal, India.,Centre for Research in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata 700098, West Bengal, India
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21
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Balaji S, Kim U, Muthukkaruppan V, Vanniarajan A. Emerging role of tumor microenvironment derived exosomes in therapeutic resistance and metastasis through epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Life Sci 2021; 280:119750. [PMID: 34171378 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) constitutes multiple cell types including cancerous and non-cancerous cells. The intercellular communication between these cells through TME derived exosomes may either enhance or suppress the tumorigenic processes. The tumor-derived exosomes could convert an anti-tumor environment into a pro-tumor environment by inducing the differentiation of stromal cells into tumor-associated cells. The exosomes from tumor-associated stromal cells reciprocally trigger epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in tumor cells, which impose therapeutic resistance and metastasis. It is well known that these exosomes contain the signals of EMT, but how these signals execute chemoresistance and metastasis in tumors remains elusive. Understanding the significance and molecular signatures of exosomes transmitting EMT signals would aid in developing appropriate methods of inhibiting them. In this review, we focus on molecular signatures of exosomes that shuttle between cancer cells and their stromal populations in TME to explicate their impact on therapeutic resistance and metastasis through EMT. Especially Wnt signaling is found to be involved in multiple ways of exosomal transport and hence we decipher the biomolecules of Wnt signaling trafficked through exosomes and their potential in serving as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sekaran Balaji
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Aravind Medical Research Foundation, Madurai, Tamil Nadu 625 020, India
| | - Usha Kim
- Department of Orbit, Oculoplasty and Ocular Oncology, Aravind Eye Hospital, Madurai, Tamil Nadu 625 020, India
| | - Veerappan Muthukkaruppan
- Department of Immunology and Stem Cell Biology, Aravind Medical Research Foundation, Madurai, Tamil Nadu 625 020, India
| | - Ayyasamy Vanniarajan
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Aravind Medical Research Foundation, Madurai, Tamil Nadu 625 020, India.
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22
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Rajarajan D, Kaur B, Penta D, Natesh J, Meeran SM. miR-145-5p as a predictive biomarker for breast cancer stemness by computational clinical investigation. Comput Biol Med 2021; 135:104601. [PMID: 34186326 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2021.104601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast tumors enriched with breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs), play a crucial role in metastasis and tumor relapse. Hence, targeting BCSCs may lead to efficacious breast cancer therapy. BCSCs have a unique expression of stemness markers, including Nanog, POU5F1, SOX2, and CD44, which play a vital role in cancer stem cell properties. However, the regulation of microRNAs (miRNAs)-mediated cancer stem cell marker expressions is largely unclear. METHODS MIENTURNET was used to predict miRNA-target interactions. miR-TV, UALCAN and GEPIA databases were used to analyze the expression of miR-145-5p and SOX2. Survival analysis was obtained by cBioportal, KM plotter and Breast Cancer Gene-Expression Miner. RNAComposer was used to perform miRNA-mRNA duplex prediction. In vitro mRNA and miRNA analysis was performed by qRT-PCR. RESULTS It was observed that miR-145-5p was the common miRNA targeting stemness markers. miR-145-5p expression was found to be lower in breast cancer patients compared to healthy subjects. Based on survival analysis, low expression of miR-145-5p and high expression of SOX2 led to a poor overall survival rate in breast cancer patients. Pathway enrichment analysis indicated that SOX2 was highly enriched with transcription factors. Moreover, SOX2 expression level was also upregulated in axillary metastatic lymph nodules. Further, in vitro ectopic expression of miR-145-5p by its mimic downregulated the SOX2 expression compared to the control mimic. Overall, SOX2 was a direct target for miR-145-5p as per the binding and minimal-free energy. CONCLUSIONS In this study, miR-145-5p targeting SOX2 was identified as a potential predictive biomarker for breast cancer stemness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dheeran Rajarajan
- Department of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, 570020, Karnataka, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002, India
| | - Bhavjot Kaur
- Department of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, 570020, Karnataka, India
| | - Dhanamjai Penta
- Department of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, 570020, Karnataka, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002, India
| | - Jagadish Natesh
- Department of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, 570020, Karnataka, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002, India
| | - Syed Musthapa Meeran
- Department of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, 570020, Karnataka, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002, India.
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23
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Vimentin Promotes the Aggressiveness of Triple Negative Breast Cancer Cells Surviving Chemotherapeutic Treatment. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061504. [PMID: 34203746 PMCID: PMC8232646 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tremendous data have been accumulated in the effort to understand chemoresistance of triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). However, modifications in cancer cells surviving combined and sequential treatment still remain poorly described. In order to mimic clinical neoadjuvant treatment, we first treated MDA-MB-231 and SUM159-PT TNBC cell lines with epirubicin and cyclophosphamide for 2 days, and then with paclitaxel for another 2 days. After 4 days of recovery, persistent cells surviving the treatment were characterized at both cellular and molecular level. Persistent cells exhibited increased growth and were more invasive in vitro and in zebrafish model. Persistent cells were enriched for vimentinhigh sub-population, vimentin knockdown using siRNA approach decreased the invasive and sphere forming capacities as well as Akt phosphorylation in persistent cells, indicating that vimentin is involved in chemotherapeutic treatment-induced enhancement of TNBC aggressiveness. Interestingly, ectopic vimentin overexpression in native cells increased cell invasion and sphere formation as well as Akt phosphorylation. Furthermore, vimentin overexpression alone rendered the native cells resistant to the drugs, while vimentin knockdown rendered them more sensitive to the drugs. Together, our data suggest that vimentin could be considered as a new targetable player in the ever-elusive status of drug resistance and recurrence of TNBC.
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24
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Koh MZ, Ho WY, Yeap SK, Ali NM, Boo L, Alitheen NB. Regulation of Cellular and Cancer Stem Cell-Related Putative Gene Expression of Parental and CD44 +CD24 - Sorted MDA-MB-231 Cells by Cisplatin. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14050391. [PMID: 33919109 PMCID: PMC8143088 DOI: 10.3390/ph14050391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive breast cancer subtype that promotes a higher risk of metastasis and cancer reoccurrence. Cisplatin is one of the potential anticancer drugs for treating TNBC. However, the occurrence of cisplatin resistance still remains one of the challenges in fully eradicating TNBC. The presence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) has been proposed as one of the factors contributing to the development of cisplatin resistance. In this study, we aimed to characterize the cellular properties and reveal the corresponding putative target genes involved in cisplatin resistance associated with CSCs using the TNBC cell line (MDA-MB-231). CSC-like cells were isolated from parental cells and the therapeutic effect of cisplatin on CSC-like cells was compared to that of the parental cells via cell characterization bioassays. A PCR array was then conducted to study the expression of cellular mRNA for each subpopulation. As compared to treated parental cells, treated CSCs displayed lower events of late apoptosis/necrosis and G2/M phase cell arrest, with higher mammosphere formation capacity. Furthermore, a distinct set of putative target genes correlated to the Hedgehog pathway and angiogenesis were dysregulated solely in CSC-like cells after cisplatin treatment, which were closely related to the regulation of chemoresistance and self-renewability in breast cancer. In summary, both cellular and gene expression studies suggest the attenuated cytotoxicity of cisplatin in CSC-like cells as compared to parental cells. Understanding the role of dysregulated putative target genes induced by cisplatin in CSCs may aid in the potential development of therapeutic targets for cisplatin-resistant breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- May Zie Koh
- Faculty of Sciences and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih 43500, Malaysia;
| | - Wan Yong Ho
- Faculty of Sciences and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih 43500, Malaysia;
- Correspondence: (W.Y.H.); (S.K.Y.)
| | - Swee Keong Yeap
- China-ASEAN College of Marine Sciences, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang 43900, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (W.Y.H.); (S.K.Y.)
| | - Norlaily Mohd Ali
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Cheras 43000, Malaysia; (N.M.A.); (L.B.)
| | - Lily Boo
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Cheras 43000, Malaysia; (N.M.A.); (L.B.)
| | - Noorjahan Banu Alitheen
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
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25
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Mamun MA, Mannoor K, Cao J, Qadri F, Song X. SOX2 in cancer stemness: tumor malignancy and therapeutic potentials. J Mol Cell Biol 2021; 12:85-98. [PMID: 30517668 PMCID: PMC7109607 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjy080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Revised: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs), a minor subpopulation of tumor bulks with self-renewal and seeding capacity to generate new tumors, posit a significant challenge to develop effective and long-lasting anti-cancer therapies. The emergence of drug resistance appears upon failure of chemo-/radiation therapy to eradicate the CSCs, thereby leading to CSC-mediated clinical relapse. Accumulating evidence suggests that transcription factor SOX2, a master regulator of embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells, drives cancer stemness, fuels tumor initiation, and contributes to tumor aggressiveness through major drug resistance mechanisms like epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, ATP-binding cassette drug transporters, anti-apoptotic and/or pro-survival signaling, lineage plasticity, and evasion of immune surveillance. Gaining a better insight and comprehensive interrogation into the mechanistic basis of SOX2-mediated generation of CSCs and treatment failure might therefore lead to new therapeutic targets involving CSC-specific anti-cancer strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahfuz Al Mamun
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Kaiissar Mannoor
- Oncology Laboratory, Institute for Developing Science & Health Initiatives (ideSHi), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Jun Cao
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Firdausi Qadri
- Oncology Laboratory, Institute for Developing Science & Health Initiatives (ideSHi), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Xiaoyuan Song
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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26
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Zheng Q, Zhang M, Zhou F, Zhang L, Meng X. The Breast Cancer Stem Cells Traits and Drug Resistance. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:599965. [PMID: 33584277 PMCID: PMC7876385 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.599965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance is a major challenge in breast cancer (BC) treatment at present. Accumulating studies indicate that breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) are responsible for the BC drugs resistance, causing relapse and metastasis in BC patients. Thus, BCSCs elimination could reverse drug resistance and improve drug efficacy to benefit BC patients. Consequently, mastering the knowledge on the proliferation, resistance mechanisms, and separation of BCSCs in BC therapy is extremely helpful for BCSCs-targeted therapeutic strategies. Herein, we summarize the principal BCSCs surface markers and signaling pathways, and list the BCSCs-related drug resistance mechanisms in chemotherapy (CT), endocrine therapy (ET), and targeted therapy (TT), and display therapeutic strategies for targeting BCSCs to reverse drug resistance in BC. Even more importantly, more attention should be paid to studies on BCSC-targeted strategies to overcome the drug resistant dilemma of clinical therapies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghui Zheng
- Department of Breast Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mengdi Zhang
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fangfang Zhou
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Long Zhang
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuli Meng
- Department of Breast Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, China
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27
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Truchot Y, Dagher E, Abadie J, Nguyen F. Unfavorable Prognostic Effects of the Stem Cell Pluripotency Factor Sox2 in Feline Invasive Mammary Carcinomas. Front Vet Sci 2021; 7:622019. [PMID: 33553286 PMCID: PMC7862120 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.622019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Sex-determining Region Y (SRY)-box transcription factor-2 (Sox2) belongs to the "Yamanaka's factors," necessary and sufficient to convert somatic cells into pluripotent stem cells. In breast cancers, Sox2 expression has been associated with poor prognosis, and resistance to therapy. The aims of this study were to determine the frequency of Sox2 positivity in feline invasive mammary carcinomas (FMCs), its relationships with other clinical-pathologic variables, and with patient outcomes. Materials and Methods: This study relies on a previously described retrospective cohort of 180 FMCs, diagnosed in female cats treated by mastectomy alone, with 2-year follow-up. Sox2 (clone SP76), Estrogen Receptor alpha (ER), Progesterone Receptor (PR), Ki-67, Human Epidermal growth factor Receptor 2 (HER2), Androgen Receptor (AR), Bcl-2, Forkhead box protein A1 (FOXA1), basal markers and FoxP3-positive regulatory T cells (Tregs) were detected by automated immunohistochemistry. Sox2 expression was quantitated as an index (percentage of neoplastic cells demonstrating a positive nuclear signal). The FMCs were considered Sox2-positive at threshold >42%. Results: Sox2 was not expressed in the normal mammary gland or in mammary hyperplasia without atypia, but was occasionally detected in atypical hyperplasia. In FMCs, the mean Sox2 index was 38 ± 30%, and 79/180 FMCs (44%) were Sox2-positive. Sox2 expression was associated with older age at diagnosis, lymphovascular invasion, high Ki-67 proliferation indexes, low PR and FOXA1 expression, and increased numbers of tumor-associated Tregs, but was not significantly associated with the clinical stage, histological types, and histological grade. By multivariate survival analysis, Sox2 was associated with poor cancer-specific survival (Hazard Ratio = 1.48, 95% confidence interval 1.04-2.11, p = 0.0292), independently of the pathologic tumor size, pathologic nodal stage, distant metastasis, and AR expression. A rare subgroup of FMCs characterized by an AR+Sox2-phenotype (19/180 cases, 11%) was associated with very favorable outcomes. Conclusion: Sox2 expression was associated with poor cancer-specific survival of female cats with invasive mammary carcinomas, as previously reported in human breast cancer, but was more commonly expressed in cats than reported in breast cancers. Sox2 showed complementarity with AR in FMC prognostication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohan Truchot
- AMaROC (Animal Cancers, Models for Research in Comparative Oncology), Oniris, Nantes Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Nantes, France
| | - Elie Dagher
- AMaROC (Animal Cancers, Models for Research in Comparative Oncology), Oniris, Nantes Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Nantes, France
| | - Jérôme Abadie
- AMaROC (Animal Cancers, Models for Research in Comparative Oncology), Oniris, Nantes Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Nantes, France.,Université de Nantes, Inserm, CRCINA, Nantes, France
| | - Frédérique Nguyen
- AMaROC (Animal Cancers, Models for Research in Comparative Oncology), Oniris, Nantes Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Nantes, France.,Université de Nantes, Inserm, CRCINA, Nantes, France.,Integrated Center for Oncology Nantes/Angers, Nantes, France
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28
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Shan NL, Shin Y, Yang G, Furmanski P, Suh N. Breast cancer stem cells: A review of their characteristics and the agents that affect them. Mol Carcinog 2021; 60:73-100. [PMID: 33428807 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The evolving concept that cancer stem cells (CSCs) are the driving element in cancer development, evolution and heterogeneity, has overridden the previous model of a tumor consisting of cells all with similar sequentially acquired mutations and a similar potential for renewal, invasion and metastasis. This paradigm shift has focused attention on therapeutically targeting CSCs directly as a means of eradicating the disease. In breast cancers, CSCs can be identified by cell surface markers and are characterized by their ability to self-renew and differentiate, resist chemotherapy and radiation, and initiate new tumors upon serial transplantation in xenografted mice. These functional properties of CSCs are regulated by both intracellular and extracellular factors including pluripotency-related transcription factors, intracellular signaling pathways and external stimuli. Several classes of natural products and synthesized compounds have been studied to target these regulatory elements and force CSCs to lose stemness and/or terminally differentiate and thereby achieve a therapeutic effect. However, realization of an effective treatment for breast cancers, focused on the biological effects of these agents on breast CSCs, their functions and signaling, has not yet been achieved. In this review, we delineate the intrinsic and extrinsic factors identified to date that control or promote stemness in breast CSCs and provide a comprehensive compilation of potential agents that have been studied to target breast CSCs, transcription factors and stemness-related signaling. Our aim is to stimulate further study of these agents that could become the basis for their use as stand-alone treatments or components of combination therapies effective against breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naing L Shan
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Yoosub Shin
- Yonsei University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ge Yang
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Philip Furmanski
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.,Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Nanjoo Suh
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.,Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
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29
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Propagation and Maintenance of Cancer Stem Cells: A Major Influence of the Long Non-Coding RNA H19. Cells 2020; 9:cells9122613. [PMID: 33291403 PMCID: PMC7762009 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) represent a rare population of tumor cells that exhibit stem cell properties with the abilities of self-renewal and differentiation. These cells are now widely accepted to be responsible for tumor initiation, development, resistance to conventional therapies, and recurrence. Thus, a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in the control of CSCs is essential to improve patient management in terms of diagnostics and therapies. CSCs are regulated by signals of the tumor microenvironment as well as intrinsic genetic and epigenetic modulators. H19, the first identified lncRNA is involved in the development and progression of many different cancer types. Recently, H19 has been demonstrated to be implicated in the regulation of CSCs in different types of cancers. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the role and mechanisms of action of H19 in the regulation of CSCs. We summarize how H19 may regulate CSC division and cancer cell reprogramming, thus affecting metastasis and drug resistance. We also discuss the potential clinical implications of H19.
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30
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Carcinoma-Associated Fibroblasts Promote Growth of Sox2-Expressing Breast Cancer Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12113435. [PMID: 33228022 PMCID: PMC7699386 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The tumor microenvironment has a strong impact on the behavior of tumor cells. One major cell type residing in the tumor microenvironment is the carcinoma-associated fibroblast (CAF). We were interested in the effect of CAFs on Sox2 (sex determining region Y (SRY)-box 2), which not only is an essential embryonal stem cell transcription factor, but also plays a role in cancer stem cell activity. We found that long-term exposure of ERα-positive breast cancer cells to the cocktail of CAF-secreted factors strongly increased Sox2 expression involving tumor-related proteins and signaling pathways. However, Sox2 was not only present in those tumor cells that express stem cell markers, but was equally abundant in other tumor cells. By being widely expressed, Sox2 may have functions in non-stem cells. In fact, Sox2 was found to regulate ERα expression, to act anti-apoptotically, to promote cellular growth and to protect cells against the anti-estrogen fulvestrant. Abstract CAFs (Carcinoma-associated fibroblasts) play an important role in cancer progression. For instance, they promote resistance to anti-estrogens, such as fulvestrant. Here, we show that, in ERα-positive breast cancer cell lines, the cocktail of factors secreted by CAFs (CAF-CM) induce the expression of the embryonal stem cell transcription factor Sox2 (sex determining region Y (SRY)-box 2). Long-term exposure to CAF-CM was able to give rise to very high Sox2 levels both in the absence and presence of fulvestrant. IL-6 (interleukin-6), a major component of CAF-CM, failed to raise Sox2 expression. In MCF-7 sublines established in the presence of CAF-CM, almost all cells showed Sox2 expression, whereas long-term treatment of T47D cells with CAF-CM resulted in a ~60-fold increase in the proportions of two distinct populations of Sox2 high and low expresser cells. Exposure of BT474 cells to CAF-CM raised the fraction of Sox2 high expresser cells by ~3-fold. Cell sorting based on CD44 and CD24 expression or ALDH (aldehyde dehydrogenase) activity revealed that most Sox2 high expresser cells were not CD44hi/CD24lo- or ALDH-positive cells suggesting that they were not CSCs (cancer stem cells), though CD44 played a role in Sox2 expression. Functionally, Sox2 was found to protect CAF-CM-treated cells against apoptosis and to allow higher growth activity in the presence of fulvestrant. Mechanistically, the key drivers of Sox2 expression was found to be STAT3 (Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3), Bcl-3 (B-cell lymphoma 3) and the PI3K (Phosphoinositide 3-kinase)/AKT pathway, whose activities/expression can all be upregulated by CAF-CM. These data suggest that CAF-CM induces Sox2 expression in non-CSCs by activating proteins involved in growth control and drug resistance, leading to higher protection against apoptosis.
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31
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Balaji S, Santhi R, Kim U, Muthukkaruppan V, Priya CG, Vanniarajan A. Cancer Stem Cells with Overexpression of Neuronal Markers Enhance Chemoresistance and Invasion in Retinoblastoma. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2020; 20:710-719. [PMID: 32364077 DOI: 10.2174/1568009620666200504112711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retinoblastoma is a sight and life-threatening embryonal tumor in children. Though chemotherapy is the main mode of therapy, evolving resistance remains a major obstacle in treatment success. The presence of cancer stem cells (CSC) is frequently reported to be responsible for chemoresistance in multiple tumors. OBJECTIVE Our study aims to identify the molecular factors that facilitate the chemoresistance through cancer stem cells in retinoblastoma. METHODS We developed etoposide and carboplatin resistant retinoblastoma (Y79) cell lines by stepwise drug increment treatment, validated with MTT and TUNEL assays. Colony forming and invasive ability were studied by soft-agar colony forming and transwell assays, respectively. Similar analysis in non-responsive retinoblastoma tumors were carried out by histopathology. Finally, expression of CSC/neuronal markers and ABC transporters were examined by quantitative PCR and protein expression of neuronal stem cell markers was confirmed by Western blot. RESULTS Larger colony size of resistant cells in soft-agar assay provided evidence for increased selfrenewability. Histopathology in non-responsive tumors showed poorly differentiated cells predominantly. Besides, both resistant cell lines and non-responsive tumors showed increased invasion with higher expression of neuronal stem cell markers - SOX2, NANOG, OCT4 and ABC transporters - ABCB1 and ABCC3. Increased self-renewal ability and invasion along with overexpression of stemness markers in resistant cells and tumors provide evidence for stemness driving chemoresistance and invasion in retinoblastoma. CONCLUSION We have demonstrated Neuronal stem cell/CSC markers that facilitate the maintenance of cancer stem cells. Developing therapies targeting these factors will help in overcoming resistance and improving retinoblastoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sekaran Balaji
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Aravind Medical Research Foundation, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, 625 020, India
| | - Radhakrishnan Santhi
- Department of Pathology, Aravind Eye Hospital, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, 625 020, India
| | - Usha Kim
- Department of Orbit, Oculoplasty and Ocular Oncology, Aravind Eye Hospital, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, 625 020, India
| | - Veerappan Muthukkaruppan
- Department of Immunology and Stem Cell Biology, Aravind Medical Research Foundation, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, 625 020, India
| | - Chidambaranathan G Priya
- Department of Immunology and Stem Cell Biology, Aravind Medical Research Foundation, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, 625 020, India
| | - Ayyasamy Vanniarajan
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Aravind Medical Research Foundation, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, 625 020, India
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32
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Samuel SM, Varghese E, Koklesová L, Líšková A, Kubatka P, Büsselberg D. Counteracting Chemoresistance with Metformin in Breast Cancers: Targeting Cancer Stem Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2482. [PMID: 32883003 PMCID: PMC7565921 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12092482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the leaps and bounds in achieving success in the management and treatment of breast cancers through surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, breast cancer remains the most frequently occurring cancer in women and the most common cause of cancer-related deaths among women. Systemic therapeutic approaches, such as chemotherapy, although beneficial in treating and curing breast cancer subjects with localized breast tumors, tend to fail in metastatic cases of the disease due to (a) an acquired resistance to the chemotherapeutic drug and (b) the development of intrinsic resistance to therapy. The existence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) plays a crucial role in both acquired and intrinsic chemoresistance. CSCs are less abundant than terminally differentiated cancer cells and confer chemoresistance through a unique altered metabolism and capability to evade the immune response system. Furthermore, CSCs possess active DNA repair systems, transporters that support multidrug resistance (MDR), advanced detoxification processes, and the ability to self-renew and differentiate into tumor progenitor cells, thereby supporting cancer invasion, metastasis, and recurrence/relapse. Hence, current research is focusing on targeting CSCs to overcome resistance and improve the efficacy of the treatment and management of breast cancer. Studies revealed that metformin (1, 1-dimethylbiguanide), a widely used anti-hyperglycemic agent, sensitizes tumor response to various chemotherapeutic drugs. Metformin selectively targets CSCs and improves the hypoxic microenvironment, suppresses the tumor metastasis and inflammation, as well as regulates the metabolic programming, induces apoptosis, and reverses epithelial-mesenchymal transition and MDR. Here, we discuss cancer (breast cancer) and chemoresistance, the molecular mechanisms of chemoresistance in breast cancers, and metformin as a chemo-sensitizing/re-sensitizing agent, with a particular focus on breast CSCs as a critical contributing factor to acquired and intrinsic chemoresistance. The review outlines the prospects and directions for a better understanding and re-purposing of metformin as an anti-cancer/chemo-sensitizing drug in the treatment of breast cancer. It intends to provide a rationale for the use of metformin as a combinatory therapy in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samson Mathews Samuel
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha 24144, Qatar;
| | - Elizabeth Varghese
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha 24144, Qatar;
| | - Lenka Koklesová
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia; (L.K.); (A.L.)
| | - Alena Líšková
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia; (L.K.); (A.L.)
| | - Peter Kubatka
- Department of Medical Biology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia;
| | - Dietrich Büsselberg
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha 24144, Qatar;
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Wang T, Yang Y, Wang Z, Zhang X, Li D, Wei J. A SNP of miR-146a is involved in bladder cancer relapse by affecting the function of bladder cancer stem cells via the miR-146a signallings. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:8545-8556. [PMID: 32596945 PMCID: PMC7412697 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
MiR‐146a‐5p in urine samples was recently reported to be possibly used as a prognostic marker for bladder cancer (BC). Interestingly, YAP1 and COX2 were both demonstrated to function as stem cell regulators in BC. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to establish the molecular mechanism underlying the role of miR‐146a, YAP1 and COX2 in BC relapse. We also studied the possibility of using the C > G genotype of miR‐146a rs2910164 SNP as an indicator of BC relapse. A total of 170 BC patients were assigned into different groups based on their genotypes of rs2910164 SNP. Kaplan‐Meier survival curves were plotted to compare the recurrence‐free rate among these groups. Real‐time PCR, Western Blot, bioinformatic analysis, luciferase assay and IHC assay were conducted to study the role of rs2910164 SNP in the progression of BC. Accordingly, GC/CC‐genotyped patients presented a higher risk of recurrence when compared with GG‐genotyped patients, while the expression of BC regulators was influenced by the presence of rs2910164. COX2 mRNA and YAP1 mRNA were, respectively, validated as direct target genes of miR‐146a, and the expression of YAP1 and COX2 mRNA/protein was both suppressed by miR‐146a precursors. The expression of ALDH1A1 mRNA/protein was inhibited upon the down‐regulation of YAP1, while the expression of let7 and SOX2 mRNA/protein was inhibited upon the down‐regulation of COX2. In conclusion, two signalling pathways, miR‐146a/YAP1/ALDH1A1 and miR‐146a/COX2/PGE2/let7/SOX2, were modulated by miR‐146a. As an SNP regulating the expression of miR‐146a, the rs2910164 G > C SNP could be utilized as a biomarker for BC relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianen Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yanfeng Yang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhiyong Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xuechong Zhang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Dongsheng Li
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jinxing Wei
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Yuan H, Guo H, Luan X, He M, Li F, Burnett J, Truchan N, Sun D. Albumin Nanoparticle of Paclitaxel (Abraxane) Decreases while Taxol Increases Breast Cancer Stem Cells in Treatment of Triple Negative Breast Cancer. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:2275-2286. [PMID: 32485107 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b01221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) has a high rate of metastasis, which is associated with breast cancer stem-like cells (CSCs). Although Taxol (micelle formulation of paclitaxel) is the first line chemotherapy to treat TNBC, it increases CSCs in residual tumors. Abraxane, albumin nanoparticle of paclitaxel, showed lower plasma concentration compared to Taxol in both human and animal models, but it is not clear why Abraxane showed superior efficacy to Taxol in treatment of metastatic breast cancer in humans. In this study, we intend to investigate if Abraxane eliminates CSCs for its better efficacy. The results showed that Abraxane showed similar cytotoxicity in SUM149 cells in comparison with Taxol. Although Abraxane showed 3- to 5-fold lower blood drug concentration compared to Taxol, it achieved similar tumor drug concentration and 10-fold higher tumor/plasma ratio in SUM149 xenograft NOD/SCID mouse model. In addition, Abraxane and Taxol showed similar efficacy to shrink the tumor size in orthotopic breast cancer NOD/SCID mouse model. However, Abraxane decreased breast CSCs frequency by 3- to 9-fold, while Taxol increased breast CSCs frequency in an orthotopic breast cancer NOD/SCID mouse model. Furthermore, Abraxane increased 3- to 15-fold intracellular uptake in both ALDH+ CSCs and differentiated ALDH- cells in comparison with Taxol, which provides a mechanism for Abraxane's superior efficacy to eliminate CSCs in comparison with Taxol. Our data suggest albumin nanoparticle Abraxane may have a broad implication to enhance drug's efficacy by eliminating breast cancer stem cells for treatment of metastatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hebao Yuan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, North Campus Research Complex, Building 520, 1600 Huron Parkway, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Hongwei Guo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, North Campus Research Complex, Building 520, 1600 Huron Parkway, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Xin Luan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, North Campus Research Complex, Building 520, 1600 Huron Parkway, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Miao He
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, North Campus Research Complex, Building 520, 1600 Huron Parkway, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, North Campus Research Complex, Building 520, 1600 Huron Parkway, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Joseph Burnett
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, North Campus Research Complex, Building 520, 1600 Huron Parkway, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Nathan Truchan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, North Campus Research Complex, Building 520, 1600 Huron Parkway, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Duxin Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, North Campus Research Complex, Building 520, 1600 Huron Parkway, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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35
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Velázquez-Quesada I, Ruiz-Moreno AJ, Casique-Aguirre D, Aguirre-Alvarado C, Cortés-Mendoza F, de la Fuente-Granada M, García-Pérez C, Pérez-Tapia SM, González-Arenas A, Segura-Cabrera A, Velasco-Velázquez MA. Pranlukast Antagonizes CD49f and Reduces Stemness in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2020; 14:1799-1811. [PMID: 32494122 PMCID: PMC7229803 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s247730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Cancer stem cells (CSCs) drive the initiation, maintenance, and therapy response of breast tumors. CD49f is expressed in breast CSCs and functions in the maintenance of stemness. Thus, blockade of CD49f is a potential therapeutic approach for targeting breast CSCs. In the present study, we aimed to repurpose drugs as CD49f antagonists. Materials and Methods We performed consensus molecular docking using a subdomain of CD49f that is critical for heterodimerization and a collection of pharmochemicals clinically tested. Molecular dynamics simulations were employed to further characterize drug-target binding. Using MDA-MB-231 cells, we evaluated the effects of potential CD49f antagonists on 1) cell adhesion to laminin; 2) mammosphere formation; and 3) cell viability. We analyzed the effects of the drug with better CSC-selectivity on the activation of CD49f-downstream signaling by Western blot (WB) and co-immunoprecipitation. Expressions of the stem cell markers CD44 and SOX2 were analyzed by flow cytometry and WB, respectively. Transactivation of SOX2 promoter was evaluated by luciferase reporter assays. Changes in the number of CSCs were assessed by limiting-dilution xenotransplantation. Results Pranlukast, a drug used to treat asthma, bound to CD49f in silico and inhibited the adhesion of CD49f+ MDA-MB-231 cells to laminin, indicating that it antagonizes CD49f-containing integrins. Molecular dynamics analysis showed that pranlukast binding induces conformational changes in CD49f that affect its interaction with β1-integrin subunit and constrained the conformational dynamics of the heterodimer. Pranlukast decreased the clonogenicity of breast cancer cells on mammosphere formation assay but had no impact on the viability of bulk tumor cells. Brief exposure of MDA-MB-231 cells to pranlukast altered CD49f-dependent signaling, reducing focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) activation. Further, pranlukast-treated cells showed decreased CD44 and SOX2 expression, SOX2 promoter transactivation, and in vivo tumorigenicity, supporting that this drug reduces the frequency of CSC. Conclusion Our results support the function of pranlukast as a CD49f antagonist that reduces the CSC population in triple-negative breast cancer cells. The pharmacokinetics and toxicology of this drug have already been established, rendering a potential adjuvant therapy for breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés Velázquez-Quesada
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.,Research and Development in Bioprocess Unit, National School of Biological Sciences, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Angel J Ruiz-Moreno
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.,Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.,Department of Drug Design, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen (RUG), Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Diana Casique-Aguirre
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Charmina Aguirre-Alvarado
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Fabiola Cortés-Mendoza
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.,Graduate Program in Biochemical Sciences, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Marisol de la Fuente-Granada
- Department of Genomic Medicine and Environmental Toxicology, Institute for Biomedical Research, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carlos García-Pérez
- Center for Genomic Biotechnology, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Reynosa, Tamaulipas, Mexico
| | - Sonia M Pérez-Tapia
- Research and Development in Bioprocess Unit, National School of Biological Sciences, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico.,National Laboratory for Specialized Services of Investigation, Development and Innovation (I+D+i) for Pharma Chemicals and Biotechnological Products, LANSEIDI-FarBiotec-CONACyT, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Aliesha González-Arenas
- Department of Genomic Medicine and Environmental Toxicology, Institute for Biomedical Research, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Aldo Segura-Cabrera
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Marco A Velasco-Velázquez
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.,Peripherical Unit for Research in Translational Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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36
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Si X, Gao Z, Xu F, Zheng Y. SOX2 upregulates side population cells and enhances their chemoresistant ability by transactivating ABCC1 expression contributing to intrinsic resistance to paclitaxel in melanoma. Mol Carcinog 2019; 59:257-264. [PMID: 31883360 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Paclitaxel is the last choice for the treatment of advanced melanoma as a second-line chemotherapeutic agent, but there are still many cases of intrinsic resistance to paclitaxel in melanoma and the reasons that cause paclitaxel resistance remain unclear. Here, we identified that high expression of SRY-box transcription factor 2 (SOX2) and high ratio of side population (SP) cells reduced the sensitivity to paclitaxel in melanoma cells. The knockout and the induction of SOX2 completely depleted and significantly upregulated the ratios of melanoma SP cells, respectively. These data suggest that SOX2, a pluripotent transcription factor for inducing cancer stem cells in melanoma, is also sufficient and necessary for the induction of melanoma SP cells. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) subfamily C member 1 (ABCC1) is one of ABC transporters which causes SP cells to be resistance to chemotherapeutic agents by efficiently pumping drugs out of cells. The knockout and the induction of ABCC1 significantly increased and decreased the sensitivity of melanoma cells to paclitaxel. High expression of ABCC1 was identified in melanoma cell lines with high expression of SOX2 and in their SP cells. SOX2 was identified to induce ABCC1 transcription. Taken together, SOX2 upregulates SP cells and enhances their chemoresistant ability by increasing ABCC1 expression, which contributes to intrinsic resistance to paclitaxel in melanoma. Our findings will lead to new insights into melanoma biology and therapy resistance, and eventually to new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiang Si
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Zhengjun Gao
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Feihua Xu
- Department of Labor and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yawen Zheng
- Department of Ophthalmonogy, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
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37
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Lieb WS, Lungu C, Tamas R, Berreth H, Rathert P, Storz P, Olayioye MA, Hausser A. The GEF-H1/PKD3 signaling pathway promotes the maintenance of triple-negative breast cancer stem cells. Int J Cancer 2019; 146:3423-3434. [PMID: 31745977 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinase D3 (PKD3) is upregulated in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) and associated with cell proliferation and metastasis development but its precise pro-oncogenic function is unknown. Here we show that PKD3 is required for the maintenance of the TNBC stem cell population. The depletion of PKD3 in MDA-MB-231 cells reduced the cancer stem cell frequency in vitro and tumor initiation potential in vivo. We further provide evidence that the RhoGEF GEF-H1 is upstream of PKD3 activation in TNBC stem cells. Most importantly, pharmacological PKD inhibition in combination with paclitaxel synergistically decreased oncosphere and colony formation efficiency in vitro and tumor recurrence in vivo. Based on our results we propose that targeting the GEF-H1/PKD3 signaling pathway in combination with chemotherapy might provide an effective therapeutic option for TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang S Lieb
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology and Stuttgart Research Center Systems Biology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Cristiana Lungu
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology and Stuttgart Research Center Systems Biology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Raluca Tamas
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology and Stuttgart Research Center Systems Biology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Hannah Berreth
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology and Stuttgart Research Center Systems Biology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Philipp Rathert
- Biochemistry Department, Institute of Biochemistry and Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Peter Storz
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Monilola A Olayioye
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology and Stuttgart Research Center Systems Biology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Angelika Hausser
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology and Stuttgart Research Center Systems Biology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
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38
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Sridharan S, Howard CM, Tilley AMC, Subramaniyan B, Tiwari AK, Ruch RJ, Raman D. Novel and Alternative Targets Against Breast Cancer Stemness to Combat Chemoresistance. Front Oncol 2019; 9:1003. [PMID: 31681564 PMCID: PMC6805781 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) play a vital role in tumor progression and metastasis. They are heterogeneous and inherently radio- and chemoresistant. They have the ability to self-renew and differentiate into non-BCSCs. These determinants of BCSCs including the plasticity between the mesenchymal and epithelial phenotypes often leads to minimal residual disease (MRD), tumor relapse, and therapy failure. By studying the resistance mechanisms in BCSCs, a combinatorial therapy can be formulated to co-target BCSCs and bulk tumor cells. This review addresses breast cancer stemness and molecular underpinnings of how the cancer stemness can lead to pharmacological resistance. This might occur through rewiring of signaling pathways and modulated expression of various targets that support survival and self-renewal, clonogenicity, and multi-lineage differentiation into heterogeneous bulk tumor cells following chemotherapy. We explore emerging novel and alternative molecular targets against BC stemness and chemoresistance involving survival, drug efflux, metabolism, proliferation, cell migration, invasion, and metastasis. Strategic targeting of such vulnerabilities in BCSCs may overcome the chemoresistance and increase the longevity of the metastatic breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangita Sridharan
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Cory M. Howard
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, United States
| | | | | | - Amit K. Tiwari
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Randall J. Ruch
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Dayanidhi Raman
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, United States
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Breast Cancer Stem Cells as Drivers of Tumor Chemoresistance, Dormancy and Relapse: New Challenges and Therapeutic Opportunities. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11101569. [PMID: 31619007 PMCID: PMC6826533 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11101569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most frequent cancer among women worldwide. Therapeutic strategies to prevent or treat metastatic disease are still inadequate although great progress has been made in treating early-stage breast cancer. Cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) that are endowed with high plasticity and self-renewal properties have been shown to play a key role in breast cancer development, progression, and metastasis. A subpopulation of CSCs that combines tumor-initiating capacity and a dormant/quiescent/slow cycling status is present throughout the clinical history of breast cancer patients. Dormant/quiescent/slow cycling CSCs are a key component of tumor heterogeneity and they are responsible for chemoresistance, tumor migration, and metastatic dormancy, defined as the ability of CSCs to survive in target organs and generate metastasis up to two decades after diagnosis. Understanding the strategies that are used by CSCs to resist conventional and targeted therapies, to interact with their niche, to escape immune surveillance, and finally to awaken from dormancy is of key importance to prevent and treat metastatic cancer. This review summarizes the current understanding of mechanisms involved in CSCs chemoresistance, dissemination, and metastasis in breast cancer, with a particular focus on dormant cells. Finally, we discuss how advancements in the detection, molecular understanding, and targeting of dormant CSCs will likely open new therapeutic avenues for breast cancer treatment.
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40
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Metz EP, Wilder PJ, Dong J, Datta K, Rizzino A. Elevating SOX2 in prostate tumor cells upregulates expression of neuroendocrine genes, but does not reduce the inhibitory effects of enzalutamide. J Cell Physiol 2019; 235:3731-3740. [PMID: 31587305 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the leading causes of cancer deaths in men. In this cancer, the stem cell transcription factor SOX2 increases during tumor progression, especially as the cancer progresses to the highly aggressive neuroendocrine-like phenotype. Other studies have shown that knockdown of RB1 and TP53 increases the expression of neuroendocrine markers, decreases the sensitivity to enzalutamide, and increases the expression of SOX2. Importantly, knockdown of SOX2 in the context of RB1 and TP53 depletion restored sensitivity to enzalutamide and reduced the expression of neuroendocrine markers. In this study, we examined whether elevating SOX2 is not only necessary, but also sufficient on its own to promote the expression of neuroendocrine markers and confer enzalutamide resistance. For this purpose, we engineered LNCaP cells for inducible overexpression of SOX2 (i-SOX2-LNCaP). As shown previously for other tumor cell types, inducible elevation of SOX2 in i-SOX2-LNCaP inhibited cell proliferation. SOX2 elevation also increased the expression of several neuroendocrine markers, including several neuropeptides and synaptophysin. However, SOX2 elevation did not decrease the sensitivity of i-SOX2-LNCaP cells to enzalutamide, which indicates that elevating SOX2 on its own is not sufficient to confer enzalutamide resistance. Furthermore, knocking down SOX2 in C4-2B cells, a derivative of LNCaP cells which is far less sensitive to enzalutamide and which expresses much higher levels of SOX2 than LNCaP cells, did not alter the growth response to this antiandrogen. Thus, our studies indicate that NE marker expression can increase independently of the sensitivity to enzalutamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan P Metz
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Phillip J Wilder
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Jixin Dong
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Kaustubh Datta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Angie Rizzino
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
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41
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Novak D, Hüser L, Elton JJ, Umansky V, Altevogt P, Utikal J. SOX2 in development and cancer biology. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 67:74-82. [PMID: 31412296 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor SOX2 is essential for embryonic development and plays a crucial role in maintaining the stemness of embryonic cells and various adult stem cell populations. On the other hand, dysregulation of SOX2 expression is associated with a multitude of cancer types and it has been shown that SOX2 positively affects cancer cell traits such as the capacity to proliferate, migrate, invade and metastasize. Moreover, there is growing evidence that SOX2 mediates resistance towards established cancer therapies and that it is expressed in cancer stem cells. These findings indicate that studying the role of SOX2 in the context of cancer progression could lead to the development of new therapeutic options. In this review, the current knowledge about the role of SOX2 in development, maintenance of stemness, cancer progression and the resistance towards cancer therapies is summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Novak
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Laura Hüser
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jonathan J Elton
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Viktor Umansky
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Peter Altevogt
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jochen Utikal
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.
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Dastidar DG, Das A, Datta S, Ghosh S, Pal M, Thakur NS, Banerjee UC, Chakrabarti G. Paclitaxel-encapsulated core–shell nanoparticle of cetyl alcohol for active targeted delivery through oral route. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2019; 14:2121-2150. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2018-0419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Paclitaxel (PTX) has no clinically available oral formulations. Cetyl alcohol is metabolized by alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase that are overexpressed in cancer cells. So, PTX-encapsulated core–shell nanoparticle of cetyl alcohol (PaxSLN) could target the cancer cells through oral route. Materials & methods: PaxSLN was synthesized using microemulsion template. Efficiency of PaxSLN was evaluated by ALDEFLUOR™, multicellular tumor spheroid formation inhibition assays and CT26 colorectal carcinoma animal model. Pharmacokinetics and biodistribution studies were done in Sprague Dawley rats. Results: PTX was encapsulated at the core of approximately 78 nm PaxSLN. PaxSLN targeted aldehyde dehydrogenase overexpressing cells. Its oral bioavailability was approximately 95% and chemotherapeutic efficacy was better than Taxol® and nab-PTX. Conclusion: A novel oral nanoformulation of PTX was developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debabrata G Dastidar
- Department of Biotechnology & Dr BC Guha Centre for Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700 019, West Bengal, India
| | - Amlan Das
- Department of Biotechnology & Dr BC Guha Centre for Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700 019, West Bengal, India
| | - Satabdi Datta
- Department of Biotechnology & Dr BC Guha Centre for Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700 019, West Bengal, India
| | - Suvranil Ghosh
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Centenary Campus, Bose Institute, P-1/12 CIT Scheme VII-M, Kolkata 700 054, West Bengal, India
| | - Mahadeb Pal
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Centenary Campus, Bose Institute, P-1/12 CIT Scheme VII-M, Kolkata 700 054, West Bengal, India
| | - Neeraj S Thakur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER), Sector 67, SAS Nagar, Punjab 160 062, India
| | - Uttam C Banerjee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER), Sector 67, SAS Nagar, Punjab 160 062, India
| | - Gopal Chakrabarti
- Department of Biotechnology & Dr BC Guha Centre for Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700 019, West Bengal, India
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43
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Andey T, Bora-Singhal N, Chellappan SP, Singh M. Cationic lipoplexes for treatment of cancer stem cell-derived murine lung tumors. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2019; 18:31-43. [PMID: 30831275 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Side population (SP) cells with stem-like properties, also known as cancer stem cells (CSC) have been recognized as drivers of the resistance phenotype in many cancers. Central to the characteristic stem-like phenotype of CSCs in cancer is the activity of the SOX2 transcription factor whose upregulation has been associated with enrichment of many oncogenes. This study outlines the fabrication of a lipoplex of SOX2 small interfering RNA (CL-siSOX2) for targeted treatment of SOX2-enriched, CSC-derived orthotopic and xenograft lung tumors in CB-17 SCID mice. CL-siSOX2 induced tumor contraction in cisplatin-naïve and cisplatin-treated groups by 85% and 94% respectively. Reduction in tumor weight and volume following treatment with CL-siSOX2 was associated with reduced protein expression of SOX2 and markers of tumor initiation, inflammation, invasion and metastasis in mice tumor xenografts. In addition, histological staining of lung tumor sections showed reduction in SOX2 expression was associated with inhibition markers of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terrick Andey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences University, 19 Foster Street, Worcester, MA 01608, USA
| | - Namrata Bora-Singhal
- Department of Tumor Biology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 USF Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Srikumar P Chellappan
- Department of Tumor Biology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 USF Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Mandip Singh
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA.
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Das A, Narayanam MK, Paul S, Mukhnerjee P, Ghosh S, Dastidar DG, Chakrabarty S, Ganguli A, Basu B, Pal M, Chatterji U, Banerjee SK, Karmakar P, Kumar D, Chakrabarti G. A novel triazole, NMK-T-057, induces autophagic cell death in breast cancer cells by inhibiting γ-secretase-mediated activation of Notch signaling. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:6733-6750. [PMID: 30824542 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.007671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Notch signaling is reported to be deregulated in several malignancies, including breast, and the enzyme γ-secretase plays an important role in the activation and nuclear translocation of Notch intracellular domain (NICD). Hence, pharmacological inhibition of γ-secretase might lead to the subsequent inhibition of Notch signaling in cancer cells. In search of novel γ-secretase inhibitors (GSIs), we screened a series of triazole-based compounds for their potential to bind γ-secretase and observed that 3-(3'4',5'-trimethoxyphenyl)-5-(N-methyl-3'-indolyl)-1,2,4-triazole compound (also known as NMK-T-057) can bind to γ-secretase complex. Very interestingly, NMK-T-057 was found to inhibit proliferation, colony-forming ability, and motility in various breast cancer (BC) cells such as MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-468, 4T1 (triple-negative cells), and MCF-7 (estrogen receptor (ER)/progesterone receptor (PR)-positive cell line) with negligible cytotoxicity against noncancerous cells (MCF-10A and peripheral blood mononuclear cells). Furthermore, significant induction of apoptosis and inhibition of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and stemness were also observed in NMK-T-057-treated BC cells. The in silico study revealing the affinity of NMK-T-057 toward γ-secretase was further validated by a fluorescence-based γ-secretase activity assay, which confirmed inhibition of γ-secretase activity in NMK-T-057-treated BC cells. Interestingly, it was observed that NMK-T-057 induced significant autophagic responses in BC cells, which led to apoptosis. Moreover, NMK-T-057 was found to inhibit tumor progression in a 4T1-BALB/c mouse model. Hence, it may be concluded that NMK-T-057 could be a potential drug candidate against BC that can trigger autophagy-mediated cell death by inhibiting γ-secretase-mediated activation of Notch signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amlan Das
- From the Department of Biotechnology and Dr. B. C. Guha Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology and .,Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Ravangla, South Sikkim 737139, India
| | - Maruthi Kumar Narayanam
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India.,Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology and Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, and
| | - Santanu Paul
- From the Department of Biotechnology and Dr. B. C. Guha Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology and
| | - Pritha Mukhnerjee
- Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700019, West Bengal, India
| | - Suvranil Ghosh
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12, CIT Road, Scheme VIIM, Kankurgachi, Kolkata 700054, West Bengal, India
| | - Debabrata Ghosh Dastidar
- From the Department of Biotechnology and Dr. B. C. Guha Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology and.,Division of Pharmaceutics, Guru Nanak Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, 157/F Nilgunj Road, Panihati, Kolkata 700114, West Bengal, India
| | - Subhendu Chakrabarty
- From the Department of Biotechnology and Dr. B. C. Guha Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology and
| | - Arnab Ganguli
- From the Department of Biotechnology and Dr. B. C. Guha Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology and
| | - Biswarup Basu
- Department of Experimental Hematology and Neuroendocrinology, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, 37 Shyama Prasad Mukherjee Road, Kolkata 700026, West Bengal, India
| | - Mahadeb Pal
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12, CIT Road, Scheme VIIM, Kankurgachi, Kolkata 700054, West Bengal, India
| | - Urmi Chatterji
- Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700019, West Bengal, India
| | - Sushanta K Banerjee
- Cancer Research Unit, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, Missouri 64128.,Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Pathology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160
| | - Parimal Karmakar
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Jadavpur University, 188 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, Western Bengal, India
| | - Dalip Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India,
| | - Gopal Chakrabarti
- From the Department of Biotechnology and Dr. B. C. Guha Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology and
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45
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New Insights into the Interplay between Non-Coding RNAs and RNA-Binding Protein HnRNPK in Regulating Cellular Functions. Cells 2019; 8:cells8010062. [PMID: 30658384 PMCID: PMC6357021 DOI: 10.3390/cells8010062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The emerging data indicates that non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) epresent more than the “junk sequences” of the genome. Both miRNAs and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are involved in fundamental biological processes, and their deregulation may lead to oncogenesis and other diseases. As an important RNA-binding protein (RBP), heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K (hnRNPK) is known to regulate gene expression through the RNA-binding domain involved in various pathways, such as transcription, splicing, and translation. HnRNPK is a highly conserved gene that is abundantly expressed in mammalian cells. The interaction of hnRNPK and ncRNAs defines the novel way through which ncRNAs affect the expression of protein-coding genes and form autoregulatory feedback loops. This review summarizes the interactions of hnRNPK and ncRNAs in regulating gene expression at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels or by changing the genomic structure, highlighting their involvement in carcinogenesis, glucose metabolism, stem cell differentiation, virus infection and other cellular functions. Drawing connections between such discoveries might provide novel targets to control the biological outputs of cells in response to different stimuli.
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46
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Sridharan S, Howard CM, Tilley AMC, Subramaniyan B, Tiwari AK, Ruch RJ, Raman D. Novel and Alternative Targets Against Breast Cancer Stemness to Combat Chemoresistance. Front Oncol 2019. [PMID: 31681564 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01003.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) play a vital role in tumor progression and metastasis. They are heterogeneous and inherently radio- and chemoresistant. They have the ability to self-renew and differentiate into non-BCSCs. These determinants of BCSCs including the plasticity between the mesenchymal and epithelial phenotypes often leads to minimal residual disease (MRD), tumor relapse, and therapy failure. By studying the resistance mechanisms in BCSCs, a combinatorial therapy can be formulated to co-target BCSCs and bulk tumor cells. This review addresses breast cancer stemness and molecular underpinnings of how the cancer stemness can lead to pharmacological resistance. This might occur through rewiring of signaling pathways and modulated expression of various targets that support survival and self-renewal, clonogenicity, and multi-lineage differentiation into heterogeneous bulk tumor cells following chemotherapy. We explore emerging novel and alternative molecular targets against BC stemness and chemoresistance involving survival, drug efflux, metabolism, proliferation, cell migration, invasion, and metastasis. Strategic targeting of such vulnerabilities in BCSCs may overcome the chemoresistance and increase the longevity of the metastatic breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangita Sridharan
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Cory M Howard
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Augustus M C Tilley
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, United States
| | | | - Amit K Tiwari
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Randall J Ruch
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Dayanidhi Raman
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, United States
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Das S, Mukherjee P, Chatterjee R, Jamal Z, Chatterji U. Enhancing Chemosensitivity of Breast Cancer Stem Cells by Downregulating SOX2 and ABCG2 Using Wedelolactone-encapsulated Nanoparticles. Mol Cancer Ther 2018; 18:680-692. [PMID: 30587555 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-18-0409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A major caveat in the treatment of breast cancer is disease recurrence after therapeutic regime at both local and distal sites. Tumor relapse is attributed to the persistence of chemoresistant cancer stem cells (CSC), which need to be obliterated along with conventional chemotherapy. Wedelolactone, a naturally occurring coumestan, demonstrates anticancer effects in different cancer cells, although with several limitations, and is mostly ineffective against CSCs. To enhance its biological activity in cancer cells and additionally target the CSCs, wedelolactone-encapsulated PLGA nanoparticles (nWdl) were formulated. Initial results indicated that nanoformulation of wedelolactone not only increased its uptake in breast cancer cells and the CSC population, it enhanced drug retention and sustained release within the cells. Enhanced drug retention was achieved by downregulation of SOX2 and ABCG2, both of which contribute to drug resistance of the CSCs. In addition, nWdl prevented epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, suppressed cell migration and invasion, and reduced the percentage of breast cancer stem cells (BCSC) in MDA-MB-231 cells. When administered in combination with paclitaxel, which is known to be ineffective against BCSCs, nWdl sensitized the cells to the effects of paclitaxel and reduced the percentage of ALDH+ BCSCs and mammospheres. Furthermore, nWdl suppressed growth of solid tumors in mice and also reduced CD44+/CD24-/low population. Taken together, our data imply that nWdl decreased metastatic potential of BCSCs, enhanced chemosensitivity through coordinated regulation of pluripotent and efflux genes, and thereby provides an insight into effective drug delivery specifically for obliterating BCSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreemanti Das
- Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | - Pritha Mukherjee
- Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | - Ranodeep Chatterjee
- Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | - Zarqua Jamal
- Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | - Urmi Chatterji
- Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India.
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48
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Andreucci E, Pietrobono S, Peppicelli S, Ruzzolini J, Bianchini F, Biagioni A, Stecca B, Calorini L. SOX2 as a novel contributor of oxidative metabolism in melanoma cells. Cell Commun Signal 2018; 16:87. [PMID: 30466459 PMCID: PMC6249961 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-018-0297-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deregulated metabolism is a hallmark of cancer and recent evidence underlines that targeting tumor energetics may improve therapy response and patient outcome. Despite the general attitude of cancer cells to exploit the glycolytic pathway even in the presence of oxygen (aerobic glycolysis or "Warburg effect"), tumor metabolism is extremely plastic, and such ability to switch from glycolysis to oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) allows cancer cells to survive under hostile microenvironments. Recently, OxPhos has been related with malignant progression, chemo-resistance and metastasis. OxPhos is induced under extracellular acidosis, a well-known characteristic of most solid tumors, included melanoma. METHODS To evaluate whether SOX2 modulation is correlated with metabolic changes under standard or acidic conditions, SOX2 was silenced and overexpressed in several melanoma cell lines. To demonstrate that SOX2 directly represses HIF1A expression we used chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and luciferase assay. RESULTS In A375-M6 melanoma cells, extracellular acidosis increases SOX2 expression, that sustains the oxidative cancer metabolism exploited under acidic conditions. By studying non-acidic SSM2c and 501-Mel melanoma cells (high- and very low-SOX2 expressing cells, respectively), we confirmed the metabolic role of SOX2, attributing SOX2-driven OxPhos reprogramming to HIF1α pathway disruption. CONCLUSIONS SOX2 contributes to the acquisition of an aggressive oxidative tumor phenotype, endowed with enhanced drug resistance and metastatic ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Andreucci
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", Section of Experimental Pathology and Oncology, University of Florence, Viale G.B. Morgagni, 50, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Silvia Pietrobono
- Core Research Laboratory, Institute for Cancer Research and Prevention (ISPRO), Florence, Italy
| | - Silvia Peppicelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", Section of Experimental Pathology and Oncology, University of Florence, Viale G.B. Morgagni, 50, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Jessica Ruzzolini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", Section of Experimental Pathology and Oncology, University of Florence, Viale G.B. Morgagni, 50, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Francesca Bianchini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", Section of Experimental Pathology and Oncology, University of Florence, Viale G.B. Morgagni, 50, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessio Biagioni
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", Section of Experimental Pathology and Oncology, University of Florence, Viale G.B. Morgagni, 50, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Barbara Stecca
- Core Research Laboratory, Institute for Cancer Research and Prevention (ISPRO), Florence, Italy
| | - Lido Calorini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", Section of Experimental Pathology and Oncology, University of Florence, Viale G.B. Morgagni, 50, 50134, Florence, Italy. .,Center of Excellence for Research, Transfer and High Education DenoTHE University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
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49
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Chen X, Xie R, Gu P, Huang M, Han J, Dong W, Xie W, Wang B, He W, Zhong G, Chen Z, Huang J, Lin T. Long Noncoding RNA LBCS Inhibits Self-Renewal and Chemoresistance of Bladder Cancer Stem Cells through Epigenetic Silencing of SOX2. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 25:1389-1403. [PMID: 30397178 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-1656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Chemoresistance and tumor relapse are the leading cause of deaths in bladder cancer patients. Bladder cancer stem cells (BCSCs) have been reported to contribute to these pathologic properties. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying their self-renewal and chemoresistance remain largely unknown. In the current study, a novel lncRNA termed Low expressed in Bladder Cancer Stem cells (lnc-LBCS) has been identified and explored in BCSCs. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Firstly, we establish BCSCs model and explore the BCSCs-associated lncRNAs by transcriptome microarray. The expression and clinical features of lnc-LBCS are analyzed in three independent large-scale cohorts. The functional role and mechanism of lnc-LBCS are further investigated by gain- and loss-of-function assays in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS Lnc-LBCS is significantly downregulated in BCSCs and cancer tissues, and correlates with tumor grade, chemotherapy response, and prognosis. Moreover, lnc-LBCS markedly inhibits self-renewal, chemoresistance, and tumor initiation of BCSCs both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, lnc-LBCS directly binds to heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K (hnRNPK) and enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), and serves as a scaffold to induce the formation of this complex to repress SRY-box 2 (SOX2) transcription via mediating histone H3 lysine 27 tri-methylation. SOX2 is essential for self-renewal and chemoresistance of BCSCs, and correlates with the clinical severity and prognosis of bladder cancer patients. CONCLUSIONS As a novel regulator, lnc-LBCS plays an important tumor-suppressor role in BCSCs' self-renewal and chemoresistance, contributing to weak tumorigenesis and enhanced chemosensitivity. The lnc-LBCS-hnRNPK-EZH2-SOX2 regulatory axis may represent a therapeutic target for clinical intervention in chemoresistant bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Chen
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruihui Xie
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peng Gu
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming Huang
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinli Han
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen Dong
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weibin Xie
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wang He
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guangzheng Zhong
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ziyue Chen
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Huang
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Tianxin Lin
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China. .,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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50
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Notch and Wnt Dysregulation and Its Relevance for Breast Cancer and Tumor Initiation. Biomedicines 2018; 6:biomedicines6040101. [PMID: 30388742 PMCID: PMC6315509 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines6040101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer deaths among women in the world. Treatment has been improved and, in combination with early detection, this has resulted in reduced mortality rates. Further improvement in therapy development is however warranted. This will be particularly important for certain sub-classes of breast cancer, such as triple-negative breast cancer, where currently no specific therapies are available. An important therapy development focus emerges from the notion that dysregulation of two major signaling pathways, Notch and Wnt signaling, are major drivers for breast cancer development. In this review, we discuss recent insights into the Notch and Wnt signaling pathways and into how they act synergistically both in normal development and cancer. We also discuss how dysregulation of the two pathways contributes to breast cancer and strategies to develop novel breast cancer therapies starting from a Notch and Wnt dysregulation perspective.
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