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Sever B, Otsuka M, Fujita M, Ciftci H. A Review of FDA-Approved Anti-HIV-1 Drugs, Anti-Gag Compounds, and Potential Strategies for HIV-1 Eradication. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3659. [PMID: 38612471 PMCID: PMC11012182 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is an enormous global health threat stemming from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) infection. Up to now, the tremendous advances in combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) have shifted HIV-1 infection from a fatal illness into a manageable chronic disorder. However, the presence of latent reservoirs, the multifaceted nature of HIV-1, drug resistance, severe off-target effects, poor adherence, and high cost restrict the efficacy of current cART targeting the distinct stages of the virus life cycle. Therefore, there is an unmet need for the discovery of new therapeutics that not only bypass the limitations of the current therapy but also protect the body's health at the same time. The main goal for complete HIV-1 eradication is purging latently infected cells from patients' bodies. A potential strategy called "lock-in and apoptosis" targets the budding phase of the life cycle of the virus and leads to susceptibility to apoptosis of HIV-1 infected cells for the elimination of HIV-1 reservoirs and, ultimately, for complete eradication. The current work intends to present the main advantages and disadvantages of United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved anti-HIV-1 drugs as well as plausible strategies for the design and development of more anti-HIV-1 compounds with better potency, favorable pharmacokinetic profiles, and improved safety issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belgin Sever
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskisehir 26470, Türkiye;
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan;
| | - Masami Otsuka
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan;
- Department of Drug Discovery, Science Farm Ltd., Kumamoto 862-0976, Japan
| | - Mikako Fujita
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan;
| | - Halilibrahim Ciftci
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan;
- Department of Drug Discovery, Science Farm Ltd., Kumamoto 862-0976, Japan
- Department of Bioengineering Sciences, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir 35620, Türkiye
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2
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Tateishi H, Chinen T, Fukuda R, Radwan MO, Shimagaki K, Koga R, Masuda T, Okamoto Y, Sakamoto A, Misumi S, Otsuka M, Fujita M, Anraku K. HIV-1 Gag MA domain binds to cardiolipin in a binding mode distinct from virus assemble mediator PI(4,5)P 2. Chem Biol Drug Des 2024; 103:e14401. [PMID: 37985015 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Gag protein is responsible for facilitating HIV-1 virion assembly and budding. Our study demonstrates that cardiolipin (CL), a component found in the inner mitochondrial membrane, exhibits the highest binding affinity to the N-terminal MA domain of the HIV-1 Gag protein within the lipid group of host cells. To assess this binding interaction, we synthesized short acyl chain derivatives of CL and employed surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analysis to determine the dissociation constants (Kd) for CL and the MA domain. Simultaneously, we examined the Kd of D-myo-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2 ) derivatives, known to play a crucial role in virion formation. Among all the derivatives, Tetra-C7 -CL exhibited the lowest Kd value (Kd = 30.8 ± 6.9 μM) for MA binding on the CL analog-immobilized sensorchip, indicating a higher affinity. Similarly, the Kd value of Di-C7 -PIP2 (Kd = 36.6 ± 4.7 μM) was the lowest on the PI(4,5)P2 analog-immobilized sensorchip. Thus, Tetra-C7 -CL binds to the MA domain using a distinct binding mode while displaying a comparable binding affinity to Di-C7 -PIP2. This discovery holds significant implications for comprehending the virological importance of CL-MA domain binding, such as its subcellular distribution, including mitochondrial translocation, and involvement in viral particle formation in concert with PI(4,5)P2 . Furthermore, this study has the potential to contribute to the development of drugs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Tateishi
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Takuma Chinen
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Ryota Fukuda
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Mohamed O Radwan
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- Chemistry of Natural Compounds Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Kazunori Shimagaki
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Ryoko Koga
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Takashi Masuda
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yoshinari Okamoto
- Department of Instrumental Analysis, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Arisa Sakamoto
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- Department of Medical Technology, Kumamoto Health Science University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Shogo Misumi
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Health Sciences, Global Center for Natural Resources Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Masami Otsuka
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- Science Farm Ltd., Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Mikako Fujita
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kensaku Anraku
- Department of Medical Technology, Kumamoto Health Science University, Kumamoto, Japan
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Shida W, Tahara Y, Morikawa S, Monde K, Koga R, Ohsugi T, Otsuka M, Ikemoto A, Tateishi H, Ikeda T, Fujita M. The unique activity of saponin: Induction of cytotoxicity in HTLV-1 infected cells. Bioorg Med Chem 2023; 91:117408. [PMID: 37453188 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2023.117408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Infection with the retrovirus human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) sometimes causes diseases that are difficult to cure. To find anti-HTLV-1 natural compounds, we opted to screen using the HTLV-1-infected T-cell line, MT-2. Based on our results, an extract of the pulp/seeds of Akebia quinata Decaisne fruit killed MT-2 cells but did not affect the Jurkat cell line that was not infected with virus. To determine the active ingredients, seven saponins with one-six sugar moieties were isolated from A. quinata seeds, and their activities against the two cell lines were examined. Both cell lines were killed in a similar manner by Akebia saponins A and B. Further, Akebia saponins D, E, PK and G did not exhibit cytotoxicity. Akebia saponin C had a similar activity to the extract found in the screening. This compound was found to enhance Gag aggregation, induce the abnormal cleavage of Gag, suppress virion release, and preferentially kill HTLV-1 infected cells; however, their relationship remains elusive. Our findings may lead to the development of new therapies for infectious diseases based on the removal of whole-virus-infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Shida
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Yurika Tahara
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Saki Morikawa
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Monde
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Ryoko Koga
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Takeo Ohsugi
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno-Gakuen University, 582 Bunkyodai-midorimachi, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Masami Otsuka
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan; Department of Drug Discovery, Science Farm Ltd., 1-7-30 Kuhonji, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Kumamoto 862-0976, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ikemoto
- Division of Regional Studies and Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Education and Human Studies, Akita University, 1-1 Tegatagakuen-machi, Akita, Akita 010-8502, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tateishi
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Ikeda
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, 4-22-1 Ikeda, Nishi-ku, Kumamoto, Kumamoto 860-0082, Japan.
| | - Mikako Fujita
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan.
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Chvatal-Medina M, Lopez-Guzman C, Diaz FJ, Gallego S, Rugeles MT, Taborda NA. Molecular mechanisms by which the HIV-1 latent reservoir is established and therapeutic strategies for its elimination. Arch Virol 2023; 168:218. [PMID: 37530901 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-023-05800-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reservoir, composed of cells harboring the latent, integrated virus, is not eliminated by antiretroviral therapy. It therefore represents a significant barrier to curing the infection. The biology of HIV-1 reservoirs, the mechanisms of their persistence, and effective strategies for their eradication are not entirely understood. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms by which HIV-1 reservoirs develop, the cells and compartments where the latent virus resides, and advancements in curative therapeutic strategies. We first introduce statistics and relevant data on HIV-1 infection, aspects of pathogenesis, the role of antiretroviral therapy, and the general features of the latent HIV reservoir. Then, the article is built on three main pillars: The molecular mechanisms related to latency, the different strategies for targeting the reservoir to obtain a cure, and the current progress in immunotherapy to counteract said reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateo Chvatal-Medina
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Carolina Lopez-Guzman
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Francisco J Diaz
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Salomon Gallego
- Grupo de Investigaciones Biomédicas Uniremington, Programa de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Corporación Universitaria Remington, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Maria T Rugeles
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Natalia A Taborda
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.
- Grupo de Investigaciones Biomédicas Uniremington, Programa de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Corporación Universitaria Remington, Medellín, Colombia.
- Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Campus Medellin, Envigado, Colombia.
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5
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Identification of New L-Heptanoylphosphatidyl Inositol Pentakisphosphate Derivatives Targeting the Interaction with HIV-1 Gag by Molecular Modelling Studies. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15101255. [PMID: 36297367 PMCID: PMC9610595 DOI: 10.3390/ph15101255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The HIV-1 Gag protein binds to the host cell membrane and assembles into immature particles. Then, in the course of immature virion budding, activated protease cleaves Gag into its main components: MA, CA, NC, and p6 proteins. The highly basic residues of MA predominantly interact with the acidic head of phosphatidyl-inositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2) inserted into the membrane. Our research group developed L-Heptanoylphosphatidyl Inositol Pentakisphosphate (L-HIPPO) and previously confirmed that this compound bound to the MA more strongly than PI(4,5)P2 and inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6) did. Therefore, herein we rationally designed eight new L-HIPPO derivatives based on the fact that the most changeable parts of L-HIPPO were two acyl chains. After that, we employed molecular docking for eight compounds via Maestro software using high-resolution crystal structures of MA in complex with IP6 (PDB IDs: 7E1I, 7E1J, and 7E1K), which were recently elucidated by our research group. The most promising docking scores were obtained with benzene-inserted compounds. Thus, we generated a library containing 213 new aromatic group-inserted L-HIPPO derivatives and performed the same molecular docking procedure. According to the results, we determined the nine new L-HIPPO derivatives most effectively binding to the MA with the most favorable scoring functions and pharmacokinetic properties for further exploration.
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Evaluation of anti-glioma effects of benzothiazoles as efficient apoptosis inducers and DNA cleaving agents. Mol Cell Biochem 2022; 478:1099-1108. [PMID: 36219355 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-022-04580-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Glioma is the fast-growing, aggressive, and prevalent brain cancer with a great level of morbidity and mortality. Current therapy is usually found insufficient for glioma treatment. In the course of our research attempting to identify effective anti-glioma agents, three benzothiazole derivatives (1-3) were examined on U251 glioma cells. Among these derivatives, compound 3 was found to have the strongest cytotoxic effect on glioma cells with an IC50 value of 9.84 ± 0.64 μM in reference to cisplatin (IC50 = 8.41 ± 1.27 μM). Further mechanism of anti-glioma effects of compound 3 was characterized by the determination of its apoptotic effects in glioma cells and DNA cleaving capacity. Compound 3 caused a significant apoptotic death of U251 cell line. Besides, this compound cleaved DNA with FeSO4, H2O2 and ascorbic acid system. Molecular docking results also showed that compound 3 possessed a significant binding potential to DNA via important π-π stacking interaction with DG-16. Some pharmacokinetic determinants of compound 3 complied with standard limits making it as an efficient bioavailable anti-glioma drug candidate for upcoming exploration.
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Ulusoy NG, Emirdağ S, Sözer E, Radwan MO, Çiftçi H, Aksel M, Bölükbaşı SŞ, Özmen A, Yaylı N, Karayıldırım T, Alankuş Ö, Tateishi H, Otsuka M, Fujita M, Sever B. Design, semi-synthesis and examination of new gypsogenin derivatives against leukemia via Abl tyrosine kinase inhibition and apoptosis induction. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 222:1487-1499. [PMID: 36195231 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.09.257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is characterized by Philadelphia translocation arising from Bcr-Abl fusion gene, which encodes abnormal oncoprotein showing tyrosine kinase (TK) function. Certain mutations in kinase domain, off-target effects and resistance problems of current TK inhibitors require the discovery of novel Abl TK inhibitors. For this purpose, herein, we synthesized new gypsogenin derivatives (6a-l) and evaluated their anticancer effects towards CML cells along with healthy cell line and different leukemic cells. Among these compounds, compound 6l was found as the most active anti-leukemic agent against K562 CML cells compared to imatinib exerting less cytotoxicity towards PBMCs (healthy). This compound also revealed significant anti-leukemic effects against Jurkat cell line. Besides, compound 6l enhanced apoptosis in CML cells with 52.4 % when compared with imatinib (61.8 %) and inhibited Abl TK significantly with an IC50 value of 13.04 ± 2.48 μM in a large panel of kinases accentuating Abl TK-mediated apoptosis of compound 6l in CML cells. Molecular docking outcomes showed that compound 6l formed mainly crucial interactions in the ATP-binding cleft of Abl TK similar to that of imatinib. Ultimately, in silico pharmacokinetic evaluation of compound 6l indicated that this compound was endowed with anti-leukemic drug candidate features.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- Imatinib Mesylate/pharmacology
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/genetics
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/metabolism
- Molecular Docking Simulation
- Benzamides/pharmacology
- Pyrimidines/pharmacology
- Piperazines
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/metabolism
- Apoptosis
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/chemistry
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Affiliation(s)
- Nafia Gökçe Ulusoy
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ege University, Izmir 35040, Turkey
| | - Safiye Emirdağ
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ege University, Izmir 35040, Turkey.
| | - Ece Sözer
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ege University, Izmir 35040, Turkey
| | - Mohamed O Radwan
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan; Chemistry of Natural Compounds Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, 12622 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Halilibrahim Çiftçi
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan; Department of Drug Discovery, Science Farm Ltd., 1-7-30-805 Kuhonji, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0976, Japan; Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koc University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - Mehran Aksel
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Adnan Menderes University, Aydin 09010, Turkey
| | - Serap Şahin Bölükbaşı
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University, Afyon, Turkey
| | - Ali Özmen
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Adnan Menderes University, Aydin 09010, Turkey
| | - Nurettin Yaylı
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon 61080, Turkey
| | - Tamer Karayıldırım
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ege University, Izmir 35040, Turkey
| | - Özgen Alankuş
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ege University, Izmir 35040, Turkey
| | - Hiroshi Tateishi
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Masami Otsuka
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan; Department of Drug Discovery, Science Farm Ltd., 1-7-30-805 Kuhonji, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0976, Japan
| | - Mikako Fujita
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Belgin Sever
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskisehir 26470, Turkey.
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In Vitro and In Silico Study of Analogs of Plant Product Plastoquinone to Be Effective in Colorectal Cancer Treatment. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27030693. [PMID: 35163957 PMCID: PMC8839215 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Plants have paved the way for the attainment of molecules with a wide-range of biological activities. However, plant products occasionally show low biological activities and/or poor pharmacokinetic properties. In that case, development of their derivatives as drugs from the plant world has been actively performed. As plant products, plastoquinones (PQs) have been of high importance in anticancer drug design and discovery; we have previously evaluated and reported the potential cytotoxic effects of a series of PQ analogs. Among these analogs, PQ2, PQ3 and PQ10 were selected for National Cancer Institute (NCI) for in vitro screening of anticancer activity against a wide range of cancer cell lines. The apparent superior anticancer potency of PQ2 on the HCT-116 colorectal cancer cell line than that of PQ3 and PQ10 compared to other tested cell lines has encouraged us to perform further mechanistic studies to enlighten the mode of anti-colorectal cancer action of PQ2. For this purpose, its apoptotic effects on the HCT-116 cell line, DNA binding capacity and several crucial pharmacokinetic properties were investigated. Initially, MTT assay was conducted for PQ2 at different concentrations against HCT-116 cells. Results indicated that PQ2 exhibited significant cytotoxicity in HCT-116 cells with an IC50 value of 4.97 ± 1.93 μM compared to cisplatin (IC50 = 26.65 ± 7.85 μM). Moreover, apoptotic effects of PQ2 on HCT-116 cells were investigated by the annexin V/ethidium homodimer III staining method and PQ2 significantly induced apoptosis in HCT-116 cells compared to cisplatin. Based on the potent DNA cleavage capacity of PQ2, molecular docking studies were conducted in the minor groove of the double helix of DNA and PQ2 presented a key hydrogen bonding through its methoxy moiety. Overall, both in vitro and in silico studies indicated that effective, orally bioavailable drug-like PQ2 attracted attention for colorectal cancer treatment. The most important point to emerge from this study is that appropriate derivatization of a plant product leads to unique biologically active compounds.
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Özdemir A, Ciftci H, Sever B, Tateishi H, Otsuka M, Fujita M, Altıntop MD. A New Series of Indeno[1,2- c]pyrazoles as EGFR TK Inhibitors for NSCLC Therapy. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27020485. [PMID: 35056800 PMCID: PMC8778314 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27020485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the leading cause of cancer-related death throughout the world. Due to the shortcomings of traditional chemotherapy, targeted therapies have come into prominence for the management of NSCLC. In particular, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) therapy has emerged as a first-line therapy for NSCLC patients with EGFR-activating mutations. In this context, new indenopyrazoles, which were prepared by an efficient microwave-assisted method, were subjected to in silico and in vitro assays to evaluate their potency as EGFR TK-targeted anti-NSCLC agents. Compound 4 was the most promising antitumor agent towards A549 human lung adenocarcinoma cells, with an IC50 value of 6.13 µM compared to erlotinib (IC50 = 19.67 µM). Based on its low cytotoxicity to peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), it can be concluded that compound 4 exerts selective antitumor action. This compound also inhibited EGFR TK with an IC50 value of 17.58 µM compared to erlotinib (IC50 = 0.04 µM) and induced apoptosis (56.30%). Taking into account in silico and in vitro data, compound 4 stands out as a potential EGFR TKI for the treatment of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Özdemir
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskisehir 26470, Turkey;
- Correspondence: (A.Ö.); (M.F.); (M.D.A.); Tel.: +90-222-335-0580 (ext. 3780) (A.Ö.); +81-96-371-4622 (M.F.); +90-222-335-0580 (ext. 3807) (M.D.A.)
| | - Halilibrahim Ciftci
- Department of Drug Discovery, Science Farm Ltd., Kumamoto 862-0976, Japan; (H.C.); (M.O.)
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan;
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koc University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - Belgin Sever
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskisehir 26470, Turkey;
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan;
| | - Hiroshi Tateishi
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan;
| | - Masami Otsuka
- Department of Drug Discovery, Science Farm Ltd., Kumamoto 862-0976, Japan; (H.C.); (M.O.)
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan;
| | - Mikako Fujita
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan;
- Correspondence: (A.Ö.); (M.F.); (M.D.A.); Tel.: +90-222-335-0580 (ext. 3780) (A.Ö.); +81-96-371-4622 (M.F.); +90-222-335-0580 (ext. 3807) (M.D.A.)
| | - Mehlika Dilek Altıntop
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskisehir 26470, Turkey;
- Correspondence: (A.Ö.); (M.F.); (M.D.A.); Tel.: +90-222-335-0580 (ext. 3780) (A.Ö.); +81-96-371-4622 (M.F.); +90-222-335-0580 (ext. 3807) (M.D.A.)
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10
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Molyer B, Kumar A, Angel JB. SMAC Mimetics as Therapeutic Agents in HIV Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:780400. [PMID: 34899741 PMCID: PMC8660680 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.780400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although combination antiretroviral therapy is extremely effective in lowering HIV RNA to undetectable levels in the blood, HIV persists in latently infected CD4+ T-cells and persistently infected macrophages. In latently/persistently infected cells, HIV proteins have shown to affect the expression of proteins involved in the apoptosis pathway, notably the inhibitors of apoptosis proteins (IAPs), and thereby influence cell survival. IAPs, which are inhibited by endogenous second mitochondrial-derived activators of caspases (SMAC), can serve as targets for SMAC mimetics, synthetic compounds capable of inducing apoptosis. There is increasing evidence that SMAC mimetics can be used to reverse HIV latency and/or kill cells that are latently/persistently infected with HIV. Here, we review the current state of knowledge of SMAC mimetics as an approach to eliminate HIV infected cells and discuss the potential future use of SMAC mimetics as part of an HIV cure strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bengisu Molyer
- Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Apoptosis Research Center of Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Jonathan B Angel
- Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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11
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EGFR-Targeted Pentacyclic Triterpene Analogues for Glioma Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222010945. [PMID: 34681605 PMCID: PMC8537327 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222010945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioma, particularly its most malignant form, glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), is the most common and aggressive malignant central nervous system tumor. The drawbacks of the current chemotherapy for GBM have aroused curiosity in the search for targeted therapies. Aberrantly overexpressed epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in GBM results in poor prognosis, low survival rates, poor responses to therapy and recurrence, and therefore EGFR-targeted therapy stands out as a promising approach for the treatment of gliomas. In this context, a series of pentacyclic triterpene analogues were subjected to in vitro and in silico assays, which were conducted to assess their potency as EGFR-targeted anti-glioma agents. In particular, compound 10 was the most potent anti-glioma agent with an IC50 value of 5.82 µM towards U251 human glioblastoma cells. Taking into account its low cytotoxicity to peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), compound 10 exerts selective antitumor action towards Jurkat human leukemic T-cells. This compound also induced apoptosis and inhibited EGFR with an IC50 value of 9.43 µM compared to erlotinib (IC50 = 0.06 µM). Based on in vitro and in silico data, compound 10 stands out as a potential orally bioavailable EGFR-targeted anti-glioma agent endowed with the ability to cross the blood–brain barrier (BBB).
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12
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A new small-molecule compound, Q308, silences latent HIV-1 provirus by suppressing Tat- and FACT-mediated transcription. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2021; 65:e0047021. [PMID: 34491808 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00470-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Eliminating the latent HIV reservoir remains a difficult problem for creating an HIV functional cure or achieving remission. The "block-and-lock" strategy aims to steadily suppress transcription of the viral reservoir and lock the HIV promoter in deep latency using latency-promoting agents (LPAs). However, to date, most of the investigated LPA candidates are not available for clinical trials, and some of them exhibit immune-related adverse reactions. The discovery and development of new, active, and safe LPA candidates for an HIV cure are necessary to eliminate residual HIV-1 viremia through the "block-and-lock" strategy. In this study, we demonstrated that a new small-molecule compound, Q308, silenced the HIV-1 provirus by inhibiting Tat-mediated gene transcription and selectively downregulating the expression levels of the facilitated chromatin transcription (FACT) complex. Strikingly, Q308 induced the preferential apoptosis in HIV-1 latently infected cells, indicating that Q308 may reduce the size of the viral reservoir and thus further prevent viral rebound. These findings highlight that Q308 is a novel and safe anti-HIV-1 inhibitor candidate for a functional cure.
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13
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Ciftci H, Tateishi H, Koiwai K, Koga R, Anraku K, Monde K, Dağ Ç, Destan E, Yuksel B, Ayan E, Yildirim G, Yigin M, Ertem FB, Shafiei A, Guven O, Besler SO, Sierra RG, Yoon CH, Su Z, Liang M, Acar B, Haliloglu T, Otsuka M, Yumoto F, Fujita M, Senda T, DeMirci H. Structural insight into host plasma membrane association and assembly of HIV-1 matrix protein. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15819. [PMID: 34349176 PMCID: PMC8339130 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95236-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligomerization of Pr55Gag is a critical step of the late stage of the HIV life cycle. It has been known that the binding of IP6, an abundant endogenous cyclitol molecule at the MA domain, has been linked to the oligomerization of Pr55Gag. However, the exact binding site of IP6 on MA remains unknown and the structural details of this interaction are missing. Here, we present three high-resolution crystal structures of the MA domain in complex with IP6 molecules to reveal its binding mode. Additionally, extensive Differential Scanning Fluorimetry analysis combined with cryo- and ambient-temperature X-ray crystallography and GNM-based transfer entropy calculations identify the key residues that participate in IP6 binding. Our data provide novel insights about the multilayered HIV-1 virion assembly process that involves the interplay of IP6 with PIP2, a phosphoinositide essential for the binding of Pr55Gag to membrane. IP6 and PIP2 have neighboring alternate binding sites within the same highly basic region (residues 18-33). This indicates that IP6 and PIP2 bindings are not mutually exclusive and may play a key role in coordinating virion particles' membrane localization. Based on our three different IP6-MA complex crystal structures, we propose a new model that involves IP6 coordination of the oligomerization of outer MA and inner CA domain's 2D layers during assembly and budding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halilibrahim Ciftci
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 862-0973, Japan
- Department of Drug Discovery, Science Farm Ltd, Kumamoto, 862-0976, Japan
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Hiroshi Tateishi
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 862-0973, Japan
| | - Kotaro Koiwai
- Structural Biology Research Center, Institute of Materials Structure Science, KEK/High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0801, Japan
| | - Ryoko Koga
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 862-0973, Japan
| | - Kensaku Anraku
- Department of Medical Technology, Kumamoto Health Science University, Kumamoto, 861-5598, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Monde
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Çağdaş Dağ
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koc University, 34450, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ebru Destan
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Busra Yuksel
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Esra Ayan
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Gunseli Yildirim
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Merve Yigin
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - F Betul Ertem
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koc University, 34450, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Alaleh Shafiei
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koc University, 34450, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Omur Guven
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koc University, 34450, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sabri O Besler
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koc University, 34450, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Raymond G Sierra
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Chun Hong Yoon
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Zhen Su
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mengling Liang
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Burcin Acar
- Polymer Research Center, Bogazici University, 34342, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Turkan Haliloglu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Bogazici University, 34342, Istanbul, Turkey
- Polymer Research Center, Bogazici University, 34342, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Masami Otsuka
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 862-0973, Japan
- Department of Drug Discovery, Science Farm Ltd, Kumamoto, 862-0976, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Yumoto
- Structural Biology Research Center, Institute of Materials Structure Science, KEK/High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0801, Japan
| | - Mikako Fujita
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 862-0973, Japan.
| | - Toshiya Senda
- Structural Biology Research Center, Institute of Materials Structure Science, KEK/High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0801, Japan.
- School of High Energy Accelerator Science, SOKENDAI University, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0801, Japan.
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8571, Japan.
| | - Hasan DeMirci
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA.
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koc University, 34450, Istanbul, Turkey.
- Koc University Isbank Center for Infectious Diseases (KUISCID), 34450, Istanbul, Turkey.
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14
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Ciftci HI, Bayrak N, Yıldız M, Yıldırım H, Sever B, Tateishi H, Otsuka M, Fujita M, Tuyun AF. Design, synthesis and investigation of the mechanism of action underlying anti-leukemic effects of the quinolinequinones as LY83583 analogs. Bioorg Chem 2021; 114:105160. [PMID: 34328861 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Literature conclusively shows that one of the quinolinequinone analogs (6-anilino-5,8-quinolinequinone), referred to as LY83583 hereafter, an inhibitor of guanylyl cyclase, was used as the inhibitor of the cell proliferation in cancer cells. In the present work, a series of analogs of the LY83583 containing alkoxy group(s) in aminophenyl ring (AQQ1-15) were designed and synthesized via a two-step route and evaluated for their in vitro cytotoxic activity against four different cancer cell lines (K562, Jurkat, MT-2, and HeLa) and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) by MTT assay. The analog (AQQ13) was identified to possess the most potent cytotoxic activity against K562 human chronic myelogenous (CML) cell line (IC50 = 0.59 ± 0.07 μM) with significant selectivity (SI = 4.51) compared to imatinib (IC50 = 5.46 ± 0.85 μM; SI = 4.60). Based on its superior cytotoxic activity, the analog AQQ13 was selected for further mechanistic studies including determination of its apoptotic effects on K562 cell line via annexin V/ethidium homodimer III staining potency, ABL1 kinase inhibitory activity, and DNA cleaving capacity. Results ascertained that the analog AQQ13 induced apoptosis in K562 cell line with notable DNA-cleaving activity. However, AQQ13 demonstrated weak ABL1 inhibition indicating the correlation between anti-K562 and anti-ABL1 activities. In continuance, respectively conducted in silico molecular docking and Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion (ADME) studies drew attention to enhanced binding interactions of AQQ13 towards DNA and its high compatibility with the potential limits of specified pharmacokinetic parameters making it as a potential anti-leukemic drug candidate. Our findings may provide a new insight for further development of novel quinolinequinone-based anticancer analogs against CML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halil I Ciftci
- Department of Drug Discovery, Science Farm Ltd., Kumamoto, Japan; Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Nilüfer Bayrak
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mahmut Yıldız
- Chemistry Department, Gebze Technical University, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Hatice Yıldırım
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Belgin Sever
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Hiroshi Tateishi
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Masami Otsuka
- Department of Drug Discovery, Science Farm Ltd., Kumamoto, Japan; Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Mikako Fujita
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
| | - Amaç Fatih Tuyun
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Istanbul University, Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey.
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15
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Sangija F, Martin H, Matemu A. African nightshades (Solanum nigrum complex): The potential contribution to human nutrition and livelihoods in sub-Saharan Africa. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2021; 20:3284-3318. [PMID: 33938139 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Achieving zero hunger in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) without minimizing postharvest losses of agricultural products is impossible. Therefore, a holistic approach is vital to end hunger, simultaneously improving food security, diversity, and livelihoods. This review focuses on the African nightshades (ANS) Solanum spp. contribution to improving food and nutrition security in SSA. Different parts of ANS are utilized as food and medicine; however, pests and diseases hinder ANS utilization. African nightshade is rich in micronutrients such as β-carotene, vitamins C and E, minerals (iron, calcium, and zinc), and dietary fiber. The leaves contain a high amount of nutrients than the berries. Proper utilization of ANS can contribute to ending hidden hunger, mainly in children and pregnant women. Literature shows that ANS contains antinutritional factors such as oxalate, phytate, nitrate, and alkaloids; however, their quantities are low to cause potential health effects. Several improved varieties with high yields, rich in nutrients, and low alkaloids have been developed in SSA. Various processing and preservation techniques such as cooking, drying, and fermentation are feasible techniques for value addition on ANS in SSA; moreover, most societies are yet to adopt them effectively. Furthermore, promoting value addition and commercialization of ANS is of importance and can create more jobs. Therefore, this review provides an overview of ANS production and challenges that hinder their utilization, possible solutions, and future research suggestions. This review concludes that ANS is an essential nutritious leafy vegetable for improving nutrition and livelihoods in SSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Sangija
- Department of Food Biotechnology and Nutritional Sciences (FBNS), Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology (NM-AIST), Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Haikael Martin
- Department of Food Biotechnology and Nutritional Sciences (FBNS), Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology (NM-AIST), Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Athanasia Matemu
- Department of Food Biotechnology and Nutritional Sciences (FBNS), Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology (NM-AIST), Arusha, Tanzania
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16
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Bayrak N, Ciftci HI, Yıldız M, Yıldırım H, Sever B, Tateishi H, Otsuka M, Fujita M, Tuyun AF. Structure based design, synthesis, and evaluation of anti-CML activity of the quinolinequinones as LY83583 analogs. Chem Biol Interact 2021; 345:109555. [PMID: 34146539 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Quinone-based small molecules are the promising structures for antiproliferative drug design and can induce apoptosis in cancer cells. Among them, one of the quinolinequinones, named as 6-anilino-5,8-quinolinequinone, LY83583 has the ability to inhibit the growth of cancer cells as an inhibitor of cyclase. The biological potential of all synthesized compounds as the analogs of the identified lead molecule LY83583 that possessed the antiproliferative efficiency was determined. The two series of the LY83583 analogs containing electron-withdrawing or electron-donating group(s) were synthesized and subsequently in vitro evaluated for their cytotoxic activity against K562, Jurkat, MT-2, and HeLa cell lines using MTT assay. All the LY83583 analogs showed antiproliferative activity with good IC50 values (less than positive control imatinib). Four analogs from each series were also selected for the determination of selectivity against human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The analog AQQ15 showed high potency towards all cancer cell lines with almost similar selectivity of imatinib. In order to get a better insight into cytotoxic effects of the analog AQQ15 in K562 cells, further apoptotic effects due to annexin V/ethidium homodimer III staining, ABL1 kinase inhibition, and DNA cleaving ability were examined. The analog AQQ15 induced apoptotic cell death in K562 cells with 34.6% compared to imatinib (6.5%). This analog showed no considerable ABL1 kinase inhibitory activity but significant DNA cleavage activity indicating DNA fragmentation-induced apoptosis. Besides, molecular docking studies revealed that the analog AQQ15 established proper interactions with the deoxyribose sugar attached with the nucleobases adenine and guanidine respectively, in the minor groove of the double helix of DNA. In silico predicted pharmacokinetic parameters of this analog were found to comply with the standard range making it an efficient anticancer drug candidate for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilüfer Bayrak
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Halil I Ciftci
- Department of Drug Discovery, Science Farm Ltd., Kumamoto, Japan; Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Mahmut Yıldız
- Chemistry Department, Gebze Technical University, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Hatice Yıldırım
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Belgin Sever
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Hiroshi Tateishi
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Masami Otsuka
- Department of Drug Discovery, Science Farm Ltd., Kumamoto, Japan; Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Mikako Fujita
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
| | - Amaç Fatih Tuyun
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Istanbul University, Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey.
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17
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Arima H. Twenty Years of Research on Cyclodextrin Conjugates with PAMAM Dendrimers. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13050697. [PMID: 34064866 PMCID: PMC8151880 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13050697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, the number of gene and oligonucleotide drugs are increasing. Of various drug delivery systems (DDSs) for gene and oligonucleotide drugs, few examples of the clinical application of polymer as drug carriers are known, despite development of the novel polymers has been progressing. Cyclodextrin (CD) conjugates with starburst polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimer (CDEs), as a new type of polymer-based carriers, were first published in 2001. After that, galactose-, lactose-, mannose-, fucose-, folate-, and polyethyleneglycol (PEG)-appended CDEs have been prepared for passive and active targeting for gene, oligonucleotide, and low-molecular-weight drugs. PEG-appended CDE formed polypsuedorotaxanes with α-CD and γ-CD, which are useful for a sustained release system of gene and oligonucleotide drugs. Interestingly, CDEs were found to have anti-inflammatory effects and anti-amyloid effects themselves, which have potential as active pharmaceutical ingredients. Most recently, CDE is reported to be a useful Cas9-RNA ribonucleoproteins (Cas9 RNP) carrier that induces genome editing in the neuron and brain. In this review, the history and progression of CDEs are overviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetoshi Arima
- School of Pharmacy, Daiichi University of Pharmacy, Fukuoka 815-8511, Japan
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18
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Selective cell death in HIV-1-infected cells by DDX3 inhibitors leads to depletion of the inducible reservoir. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2475. [PMID: 33931637 PMCID: PMC8087668 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22608-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
An innovative approach to eliminate HIV-1-infected cells emerging out of latency, the major hurdle to HIV-1 cure, is to pharmacologically reactivate viral expression and concomitantly trigger intracellular pro-apoptotic pathways in order to selectively induce cell death (ICD) of infected cells, without reliance on the extracellular immune system. In this work, we demonstrate the effect of DDX3 inhibitors on selectively inducing cell death in latent HIV-1-infected cell lines, primary CD4+ T cells and in CD4+ T cells from cART-suppressed people living with HIV-1 (PLWHIV). We used single-cell FISH-Flow technology to characterise the contribution of viral RNA to inducing cell death. The pharmacological targeting of DDX3 induced HIV-1 RNA expression, resulting in phosphorylation of IRF3 and upregulation of IFNβ. DDX3 inhibition also resulted in the downregulation of BIRC5, critical to cell survival during HIV-1 infection, and selectively induced apoptosis in viral RNA-expressing CD4+ T cells but not bystander cells. DDX3 inhibitor treatment of CD4+ T cells from PLWHIV resulted in an approximately 50% reduction of the inducible latent HIV-1 reservoir by quantitation of HIV-1 RNA, by FISH-Flow, RT-qPCR and TILDA. This study provides proof of concept for pharmacological reversal of latency coupled to induction of apoptosis towards the elimination of the inducible reservoir.
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19
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In Vitro and In Silico Evaluation of Anticancer Activity of New Indole-Based 1,3,4-Oxadiazoles as EGFR and COX-2 Inhibitors. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25215190. [PMID: 33171861 PMCID: PMC7664637 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25215190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) are crucial targetable enzymes in cancer management. Therefore, herein, new 2-[(5-((1H-indol-3-yl)methyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)thio]-N-(thiazol/benzothiazol-2-yl)acetamides (2a-i) were designed and synthesized as EGFR and COX-2 inhibitors. The cytotoxic effects of compounds 2a-i on HCT116 human colorectal carcinoma, A549 human lung adenocarcinoma, and A375 human melanoma cell lines were determined using MTT assay. 2-[(5-((1H-Indol-3-yl)methyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)thio]-N-(6-ethoxybenzothiazol-2-yl)acetamide (2e) exhibited the most significant anticancer activity against HCT116, A549, and A375 cell lines with IC50 values of 6.43 ± 0.72 μM, 9.62 ± 1.14 μM, and 8.07 ± 1.36 μM, respectively, when compared with erlotinib (IC50 = 17.86 ± 3.22 μM, 19.41 ± 2.38 μM, and 23.81 ± 4.17 μM, respectively). Further mechanistic assays demonstrated that compound 2e enhanced apoptosis (28.35%) in HCT116 cells more significantly than erlotinib (7.42%) and caused notable EGFR inhibition with an IC50 value of 2.80 ± 0.52 μM when compared with erlotinib (IC50 = 0.04 ± 0.01 μM). However, compound 2e did not cause any significant COX-2 inhibition, indicating that this compound showed COX-independent anticancer activity. The molecular docking study of compound 2e emphasized that the benzothiazole ring of this compound occupied the allosteric pocket in the EGFR active site. In conclusion, compound 2e is a promising EGFR inhibitor that warrants further clinical investigations.
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20
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Thomas J, Ruggiero A, Paxton WA, Pollakis G. Measuring the Success of HIV-1 Cure Strategies. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:134. [PMID: 32318356 PMCID: PMC7154081 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 eradication strategies aim to achieve viral remission in the absence of antiretroviral therapy (ART). The development of an HIV-1 cure remains challenging due to the latent reservoir (LR): long-lived CD4 T cells that harbor transcriptionally silent HIV-1 provirus. The LR is stable despite years of suppressive ART and is the source of rebound viremia following therapy interruption. Cure strategies such as "shock and kill" aim to eliminate or reduce the LR by reversing latency, exposing the infected cells to clearance via the immune response or the viral cytopathic effect. Alternative strategies include therapeutic vaccination, which aims to prime the immune response to facilitate control of the virus in the absence of ART. Despite promising advances, these strategies have been unable to significantly reduce the LR or increase the time to viral rebound but have provided invaluable insight in the field of HIV-1 eradication. The development and assessment of an HIV-1 cure requires robust assays that can measure the LR with sufficient sensitivity to detect changes that may occur following treatment. The viral outgrowth assay (VOA) is considered the gold standard method for LR quantification due to its ability to distinguish intact and defective provirus. However, the VOA is time consuming and resource intensive, therefore several alternative assays have been developed to bridge the gap between practicality and accuracy. Whilst a cure for HIV-1 infection remains elusive, recent advances in our understanding of the LR and methods for its eradication have offered renewed hope regarding achieving ART free viral remission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Thomas
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Alessandra Ruggiero
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Immune and Infectious Disease Division, Academic Department of Pediatrics (DPUO), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - William A Paxton
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Georgios Pollakis
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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21
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Çiftçi H. Effects of Glycyrrhetic Acid on Human Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia Cells. Turk J Pharm Sci 2020; 17:49-55. [PMID: 32454760 DOI: 10.4274/tjps.galenos.2018.49389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is a type of blood cancer that is initially treated with imatinib (first Abl kinase inhibitor). However, some patients with CML develop imatinib resistance. Several new generation drugs have been developed, but do not overcome this problem. Glycyrrhetic acid (GA) is a plant-derived pentacyclic triterpenoid that exhibits multiple pharmacological properties for the treatment of cancers. The current study aimed to investigate the effects of GA on the K562 cell line (Bcr-Abl positive leukemia). Materials and Methods The MTT cell proliferation assay was employed to evaluate the cytotoxic effect of GA compared with imatinib (positive control) against leukemia and normal blood cells. For detection of cell death, an apoptotic/necrotic/healthy assay was performed against the K562 cell line. To investigate the kinase inhibitory activity of GA, the Abl1 kinase profiling assay and a molecular docking study were performed. Results GA showed Abl kinase inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 29.2 μM and induced apoptosis in the K562 cell line after 6 h of treatment. Conclusion The current findings indicate that this class of plant extract could be a potential candidate for treatment of CML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halilibrahim Çiftçi
- Kumamoto University, School of Pharmacy, Department of Bioorganic Medicinal Chemistry, Kumamoto, Japan
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22
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Bayrak N, Yıldırım H, Yıldız M, Radwan MO, Otsuka M, Fujita M, Ciftci HI, Tuyun AF. A novel series of chlorinated plastoquinone analogs: Design, synthesis, and evaluation of anticancer activity. Chem Biol Drug Des 2020; 95:343-354. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nilüfer Bayrak
- Chemistry Department Engineering Faculty Istanbul University‐Cerrahpasa Istanbul Turkey
| | - Hatice Yıldırım
- Chemistry Department Engineering Faculty Istanbul University‐Cerrahpasa Istanbul Turkey
| | - Mahmut Yıldız
- Chemistry Department Gebze Technical University Kocaeli Turkey
| | - Mohamed O. Radwan
- Department of Drug Discovery Science Farm Ltd. Kumamoto Japan
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory Faculty of Life Sciences Kumamoto University Kumamoto Japan
- Chemistry of Natural Compounds Department Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division National Research Centre Cairo Egypt
| | - Masami Otsuka
- Department of Drug Discovery Science Farm Ltd. Kumamoto Japan
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory Faculty of Life Sciences Kumamoto University Kumamoto Japan
| | - Mikako Fujita
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory Faculty of Life Sciences Kumamoto University Kumamoto Japan
| | - Halil I. Ciftci
- Department of Drug Discovery Science Farm Ltd. Kumamoto Japan
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory Faculty of Life Sciences Kumamoto University Kumamoto Japan
| | - Amaç Fatih Tuyun
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science Istanbul University Istanbul Turkey
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Abdulwaliyu I, Arekemase SO, Adudu JA, Batari ML, Egbule MN, Okoduwa SIR. Investigation of the medicinal significance of phytic acid as an indispensable anti-nutrient in diseases. CLINICAL NUTRITION EXPERIMENTAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yclnex.2019.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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24
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Phan TK, Bindra GK, Williams SA, Poon IK, Hulett MD. Combating Human Pathogens and Cancer by Targeting Phosphoinositides and Their Metabolism. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2019; 40:866-882. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2019.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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25
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Sever B, Altıntop MD, Radwan MO, Özdemir A, Otsuka M, Fujita M, Ciftci HI. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of a new series of thiazolyl-pyrazolines as dual EGFR and HER2 inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 182:111648. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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26
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Bayrak N, Yıldırım H, Yıldız M, Radwan MO, Otsuka M, Fujita M, Tuyun AF, Ciftci HI. Design, synthesis, and biological activity of Plastoquinone analogs as a new class of anticancer agents. Bioorg Chem 2019; 92:103255. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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27
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Shida W, Tateishi H, Tahara Y, Fujita M, Husham Majeed Alsaadi D, Watanabe M, Koga R, Radwan MO, Ciftci HI, Gezici S, Kurauchi Y, Katsuki H, Otsuka M, Sugimura K, Wada M, Sekeroglu N, Watanabe T. Antileukemic Activity of Twig Components of Caucasian Beech in Turkey. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24213850. [PMID: 31731511 PMCID: PMC6864984 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24213850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the development of a range of anti-cancer agents, cancer diagnoses are still increasing in number, remaining a leading cause of death. Anticancer drug treatment is particularly important for leukemia. We screened Turkish plants and found the unique antileukemic activity of twig components in Turkish Caucasian beech, selectively inducing apoptosis in leukemia cells. This effect is unique among some kinds of beeches, presumably related to oxidative stress. This study would lead to effective use of discarded material, i.e., twig of beech, and a new anti-leukemic drug based on large tree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Shida
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan; (W.S.); (H.T.); (Y.T.); (R.K.); (M.O.R.); (H.I.C.); (M.O.)
| | - Hiroshi Tateishi
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan; (W.S.); (H.T.); (Y.T.); (R.K.); (M.O.R.); (H.I.C.); (M.O.)
| | - Yurika Tahara
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan; (W.S.); (H.T.); (Y.T.); (R.K.); (M.O.R.); (H.I.C.); (M.O.)
| | - Mikako Fujita
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan; (W.S.); (H.T.); (Y.T.); (R.K.); (M.O.R.); (H.I.C.); (M.O.)
- Correspondence: (M.F.); (T.W.); Tel.: +81-96-371-4622 (M.F.); +81-96-371-4781 (T.W.)
| | - Doaa Husham Majeed Alsaadi
- Department of Medicinal Plant, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan; (D.H.M.A.); (M.W.); (K.S.)
| | - Masato Watanabe
- Department of Medicinal Plant, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan; (D.H.M.A.); (M.W.); (K.S.)
| | - Ryoko Koga
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan; (W.S.); (H.T.); (Y.T.); (R.K.); (M.O.R.); (H.I.C.); (M.O.)
| | - Mohamed O. Radwan
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan; (W.S.); (H.T.); (Y.T.); (R.K.); (M.O.R.); (H.I.C.); (M.O.)
- Department of Drug Discovery, Science Farm Ltd., 1-7-30-805 Kuhonji, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0976, Japan
- Chemistry of Natural Compounds Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division, National Research Centre, Dokki 12622, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Halil I. Ciftci
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan; (W.S.); (H.T.); (Y.T.); (R.K.); (M.O.R.); (H.I.C.); (M.O.)
- Department of Drug Discovery, Science Farm Ltd., 1-7-30-805 Kuhonji, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0976, Japan
| | - Sevgi Gezici
- Advanced Technology Application and Research Center, Kilis 7 Aralik University, Kilis 79000, Turkey;
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Kilis 7 Aralik University, Kilis 79000, Turkey
| | - Yuki Kurauchi
- Department of Chemico-Pharmacological Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan; (Y.K.); (H.K.)
| | - Hiroshi Katsuki
- Department of Chemico-Pharmacological Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan; (Y.K.); (H.K.)
| | - Masami Otsuka
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan; (W.S.); (H.T.); (Y.T.); (R.K.); (M.O.R.); (H.I.C.); (M.O.)
- Department of Drug Discovery, Science Farm Ltd., 1-7-30-805 Kuhonji, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0976, Japan
| | - Koji Sugimura
- Department of Medicinal Plant, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan; (D.H.M.A.); (M.W.); (K.S.)
| | - Mikiyo Wada
- Department of Instrumental Analysis, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan;
| | - Nazim Sekeroglu
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Kilis 7 Aralik University, Kilis 79000, Turkey;
| | - Takashi Watanabe
- Department of Medicinal Plant, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan; (D.H.M.A.); (M.W.); (K.S.)
- Correspondence: (M.F.); (T.W.); Tel.: +81-96-371-4622 (M.F.); +81-96-371-4781 (T.W.)
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I. Ciftci H, O. Radwan M, E. Ozturk S, Ulusoy NG, Sozer E, E. Ellakwa D, Ocak Z, Can M, F.S. Ali T, I. Abd-Alla H, Yayli N, Tateishi H, Otsuka M, Fujita M. Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Pentacyclic Triterpene Derivatives: Optimization of Anti-ABL Kinase Activity. Molecules 2019; 24:E3535. [PMID: 31574910 PMCID: PMC6804044 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24193535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Imatinib, an Abelson (ABL) tyrosine kinase inhibitor, is a lead molecular-targeted drug against chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). To overcome its resistance and adverse effects, new inhibitors of ABL kinase are needed. Our previous study showed that the benzyl ester of gypsogenin (1c), a pentacyclic triterpene, has anti-ABL kinase and a subsequent anti-CML activity. To optimize its activities, benzyl esters of carefully selected triterpenes (PT1-PT6), from different classes comprising oleanane, ursane and lupane, and new substituted benzyl esters of gypsogenin (GP1-GP5) were synthesized. All of the synthesized compounds were purified and charachterized by different spectroscopic methods. Cytotoxicity of the parent triterpenes and the synthesized compounds against CML cell line K562 was examined; revealing three promising compounds PT5, GP2 and GP5 (IC50 5.46, 4.78 and 3.19 μM, respectively). These compounds were shown to inhibit extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) downstream signaling, and induce apoptosis in K562 cells. Among them, PT5 was identified to have in vitro activity (IC50 = 1.44 μM) against ABL1 kinase, about sixfold of 1c, which was justified by molecular docking. The in vitro activities of GP2 and GP5 are less than PT5, hence they were supposed to possess other more mechanisms of cytotoxicity. In general, our design and derivatizations resulted in enhancing the activity against ABL1 kinase and CML cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halil I. Ciftci
- Department of Drug Discovery, Science Farm Ltd., 1-7-30-805 Kuhonji, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0976, Japan; (H.I.C.); (M.O.R.)
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan; (D.E.E.); (M.C.); (H.T.)
| | - Mohamed O. Radwan
- Department of Drug Discovery, Science Farm Ltd., 1-7-30-805 Kuhonji, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0976, Japan; (H.I.C.); (M.O.R.)
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan; (D.E.E.); (M.C.); (H.T.)
- Chemistry of Natural Compounds Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division, National Research Centre, Dokki 12622, Cairo, Egypt;
| | - Safiye E. Ozturk
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ege University, Erzene Mahallesi, Genclik Caddesi, Bornova/Izmir 35040, Turkey; (S.E.O.); (N.G.U.); (E.S.)
| | - N. Gokce Ulusoy
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ege University, Erzene Mahallesi, Genclik Caddesi, Bornova/Izmir 35040, Turkey; (S.E.O.); (N.G.U.); (E.S.)
| | - Ece Sozer
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ege University, Erzene Mahallesi, Genclik Caddesi, Bornova/Izmir 35040, Turkey; (S.E.O.); (N.G.U.); (E.S.)
| | - Doha E. Ellakwa
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan; (D.E.E.); (M.C.); (H.T.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11651, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Zeynep Ocak
- Department of Microbiology, Kocaeli State Hospital, Cedit Mahallesi Gunes Cad, Hastane Yolu Sk, Kocaeli 41300, Turkey;
| | - Mustafa Can
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan; (D.E.E.); (M.C.); (H.T.)
- Department of Engineering Sciences, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Havaalani Sosesi Caddesi No:25, Cigli/Izmir 35620, Turkey
| | - Taha F.S. Ali
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan; (D.E.E.); (M.C.); (H.T.)
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt
| | - Howaida I. Abd-Alla
- Chemistry of Natural Compounds Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division, National Research Centre, Dokki 12622, Cairo, Egypt;
| | - Nurettin Yayli
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon 61080, Turkey;
| | - Hiroshi Tateishi
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan; (D.E.E.); (M.C.); (H.T.)
| | - Masami Otsuka
- Department of Drug Discovery, Science Farm Ltd., 1-7-30-805 Kuhonji, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0976, Japan; (H.I.C.); (M.O.R.)
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan; (D.E.E.); (M.C.); (H.T.)
| | - Mikako Fujita
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan; (D.E.E.); (M.C.); (H.T.)
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Sadowski I, Hashemi FB. Strategies to eradicate HIV from infected patients: elimination of latent provirus reservoirs. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:3583-3600. [PMID: 31129856 PMCID: PMC6697715 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03156-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
35 years since identification of HIV as the causative agent of AIDS, and 35 million deaths associated with this disease, significant effort is now directed towards the development of potential cures. Current anti-retroviral (ART) therapies for HIV/AIDS can suppress virus replication to undetectable levels, and infected individuals can live symptom free so long as treatment is maintained. However, removal of therapy allows rapid re-emergence of virus from a highly stable reservoir of latently infected cells that exist as a barrier to elimination of the infection with current ART. Prospects of a cure for HIV infection are significantly encouraged by two serendipitous cases where individuals have entered remission following stem cell transplantation from compatible HIV-resistant donors. However, development of a routine cure that could become available to millions of infected individuals will require a means of specifically purging cells harboring latent HIV, preventing replication of latent provirus, or destruction of provirus genomes by gene editing. Elimination of latently infected cells will require a means of exposing this population, which may involve identification of a natural specific biomarker or therapeutic intervention to force their exposure by reactivation of virus expression. Accordingly, the proposed "Shock and Kill" strategy involves treatment with latency-reversing agents (LRA) to induce HIV provirus expression thus exposing these cells to killing by cellular immunity or apoptosis. Current efforts to enable this strategy are directed at developing improved combinations of LRA to produce broad and robust induction of HIV provirus and enhancing the elimination of cells where replication has been reactivated by targeted immune modulation. Alternative strategies may involve preventing re-emergence virus from latently infected cells by "Lock and Block" intervention, where transcription of provirus is inhibited to prevent virus spread or disruption of the HIV provirus genome by genome editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Sadowski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
| | - Farhad B Hashemi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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30
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I Ciftci H, G Sierra R, Yoon CH, Su Z, Tateishi H, Koga R, Kotaro K, Yumoto F, Senda T, Liang M, Wakatsuki S, Otsuka M, Fujita M, DeMirci H. Serial Femtosecond X-Ray Diffraction of HIV-1 Gag MA-IP6 Microcrystals at Ambient Temperature. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20071675. [PMID: 30987231 PMCID: PMC6479536 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) matrix (MA) domain is involved in the highly regulated assembly process of the virus particles that occur at the host cell’s plasma membrane. High-resolution structures of the MA domain determined using cryo X-ray crystallography have provided initial insights into the possible steps in the viral assembly process. However, these structural studies have relied on large and frozen crystals in order to reduce radiation damage caused by the intense X-rays. Here, we report the first X-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) study of the HIV-1 MA domain’s interaction with inositol hexaphosphate (IP6), a phospholipid headgroup mimic. We also describe the purification, characterization and microcrystallization of two MA crystal forms obtained in the presence of IP6. In addition, we describe the capabilities of serial femtosecond X-ray crystallography (SFX) using an XFEL to elucidate the diffraction data of MA-IP6 complex microcrystals in liquid suspension at ambient temperature. Two different microcrystal forms of the MA-IP6 complex both diffracted to beyond 3.5 Å resolution, demonstrating the feasibility of using SFX to study the complexes of MA domain of HIV-1 Gag polyprotein with IP6 at near-physiological temperatures. Further optimization of the experimental and data analysis procedures will lead to better understanding of the MA domain of HIV-1 Gag and IP6 interaction at high resolution and will provide basis for optimization of the lead compounds for efficient inhibition of the Gag protein recruitment to the plasma membrane prior to virion formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halil I Ciftci
- Department of Drug Discovery, Science Farm Ltd., Kumamoto 862-0976, Japan.
- Department of Bioorganic Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan.
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA.
| | - Raymond G Sierra
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA.
| | - Chun Hong Yoon
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA.
| | - Zhen Su
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA.
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Hiroshi Tateishi
- Department of Bioorganic Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan.
| | - Ryoko Koga
- Department of Bioorganic Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan.
| | - Koiwai Kotaro
- Structural Biology Research Center, Institute of Materials Structure Science, KEK/High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0034, Japan.
| | - Fumiaki Yumoto
- Structural Biology Research Center, Institute of Materials Structure Science, KEK/High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0034, Japan.
| | - Toshiya Senda
- Structural Biology Research Center, Institute of Materials Structure Science, KEK/High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0034, Japan.
| | - Mengling Liang
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA.
| | - Soichi Wakatsuki
- Biosciences Division, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA.
| | - Masami Otsuka
- Department of Bioorganic Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan.
| | - Mikako Fujita
- Research Institute for Drug Discovery, School of Pharmacy, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan.
| | - Hasan DeMirci
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA.
- Biosciences Division, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA.
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Abner E, Jordan A. HIV "shock and kill" therapy: In need of revision. Antiviral Res 2019; 166:19-34. [PMID: 30914265 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The implementation of antiretroviral therapy 23 years ago has rendered HIV infection clinically manageable. However, the disease remains incurable, since it establishes latent proviral reservoirs, which in turn can stochastically begin reproducing viral particles throughout the patient's lifetime. Viral latency itself depends in large part on the silencing environment of the infected host cell, which can be chemically manipulated. "Shock and kill" therapy intends to reverse proviral quiescence by inducing transcription with pharmaceuticals and allowing a combination of antiretroviral therapy, host immune clearance and HIV-cytolysis to remove latently infected cells, leading to a complete cure. Over 160 compounds functioning as latency-reversing agents (LRAs) have been identified to date, but none of the candidates has yet led to a promising functional cure. Furthermore, fundamental bioinformatic and clinical research from the past decade has highlighted the complexity and highly heterogeneous nature of the proviral reservoirs, shedding doubt on the "shock and kill" concept. Alternative therapies such as the HIV transcription-inhibiting "block and lock" strategy are therefore being considered. In this review we describe the variety of existing classes of LRAs, discuss their current drawbacks and highlight the potential for combinatorial "shocktail" therapies for potent proviral reactivation. We also suggest investigating LRAs with lesser-known mechanisms of action, and examine the feasibility of "block and lock" therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Abner
- Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona (IBMB-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Jordan
- Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona (IBMB-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.
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Fang X, Zheng Y, Duan Y, Liu Y, Zhong W. Recent Advances in Design of Fluorescence-Based Assays for High-Throughput Screening. Anal Chem 2019; 91:482-504. [PMID: 30481456 PMCID: PMC7262998 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b05303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoni Fang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Yongzan Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Yaokai Duan
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Yang Liu
- Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Wenwan Zhong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
- Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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Thomas J, Ruggiero A, Procopio FA, Pantaleo G, Paxton WA, Pollakis G. Comparative analysis and generation of a robust HIV-1 DNA quantification assay. J Virol Methods 2018; 263:24-31. [PMID: 30326210 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2018.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 infection cannot be cured due to the presence of the latent reservoir (LR). Novel cure or treatment strategies, such as "shock and kill" or therapeutic vaccination, aim to reduce or eradicate the LR. Cure strategies utilise robust DNA quantification assays to measure the change in the LR in low copy scenarios. No standard assay exists, which impedes the reliable comparison of results from different therapy and vaccine trials and HIV-1 total DNA quantification methods have not been previously compared. The HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR) has been shown to be the best target for DNA quantification. We have analysed two HIV-1 quantification assays, both able to differentiate between the variant HIV-1 DNA forms via the use of pre-amplification and primers targeting LTR. We identify a strong correlation (r=0.9759, P<0.0001) between assays which is conserved in low copy samples (r=0.8220, P<0.0001) indicating that these assays may be used interchangeably. The RvS assay performed significantly (P=0.0021) better than the CV assay when quantifying HIV-1 total DNA in patient CD4+ T lymphocytes. Sequence analysis demonstrated that viral diversity can limit DNA quantification, however in silico analysis of the primers indicated that within the target region nucleotide miss-matches appear infrequently. Further in silico analysis using up to-date sequence information led to the improvement of primers and enabled us to establish a more broadly specific assay with significantly higher HIV-1 DNA quantification capacity in patient samples (p=0.0057, n=17).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Thomas
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology (CIMI), Institute of Infection and Global Health (IGH), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Alessandra Ruggiero
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology (CIMI), Institute of Infection and Global Health (IGH), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Francesco A Procopio
- Service of Immunology and Allergy, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Giuseppe Pantaleo
- Service of Immunology and Allergy, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - William A Paxton
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology (CIMI), Institute of Infection and Global Health (IGH), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Georgios Pollakis
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology (CIMI), Institute of Infection and Global Health (IGH), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
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Hattori SI, Matsuda K, Tsuchiya K, Gatanaga H, Oka S, Yoshimura K, Mitsuya H, Maeda K. Combination of a Latency-Reversing Agent With a Smac Mimetic Minimizes Secondary HIV-1 Infection in vitro. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2022. [PMID: 30283406 PMCID: PMC6156138 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Latency-reversing agents (LRAs) are considered a potential tool to cure human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection, but when they are taken alone, virus production by reactivated cells and subsequent infection will occur. Hence, it is crucial to simultaneously take appropriate measures to prevent such secondary HIV-1 infection. In this regard, a strategy to minimize the production of infectious viruses from LRA-reactivated cells is worth pursuing. Here, we focused on a second mitochondria-derived activator of caspases (Smac) mimetic, birinapant, to induce apoptosis in latent HIV-1-infected cells. When birinapant was administered alone, it only slightly increased the expression of caspase-3. However, in combination with an LRA (e.g., PEP005), it strongly induced the expression of caspase-3 followed by enhanced apoptosis. Importantly, the combination eliminated reactivated cells and drastically reduced HIV-1 production. Finally, we found that birinapant decreased the mRNA expression of HIV-1 that was induced by PEP005 in the primary CD4+ T-cells from HIV-1-carrying patients as well. These results suggest that the combination of an LRA and an “apoptosis-inducing” agent, such as a Smac mimetic, is a possible treatment option to decrease HIV-1 reservoirs without the occurrence of HIV-1 production by reactivated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Ichiro Hattori
- National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kouki Matsuda
- National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyoto Tsuchiya
- AIDS Clinical Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Gatanaga
- AIDS Clinical Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinichi Oka
- AIDS Clinical Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Yoshimura
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Mitsuya
- National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan.,Experimental Retrovirology Section, HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Kenji Maeda
- National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
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Dubé K, Luter S, Lesnar B, Newton L, Galea J, Brown B, Gianella S. Use of 'eradication' in HIV cure-related research: a public health debate. BMC Public Health 2018; 18:245. [PMID: 29439706 PMCID: PMC5812044 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-5141-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The landscape of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) research has changed drastically over the past three decades. With the remarkable success of antiretroviral treatment (ART) in decreasing AIDS-related mortality, some researchers have shifted their HIV research focus from treatment to cure research. The HIV cure research community often uses the term eradication to describe the science, and talks about eradicating the virus from the body. In public discourse, the term eradication could be conflated with disease eradication at the population level. In this paper, we call for a reframing of HIV cure research as control, as it is a more accurate descriptor and achievable goal in the foreseeable future. DISCUSSION The properties of HIV are discordant with eradicability standards at both the individual level (as a clinical concept), and at the population level (as a public health concept). At the individual level, true eradication would necessitate absolute elimination of all latent HIV reservoirs from the body. Current HIV cure-related research strategies have proven unsuccessful at accurately quantifying, let alone eliminating these reservoirs. At the population level, eradication implies the permanent global reduction of HIV to zero new cases and to zero risk for future cases. Given the absence of an efficacious HIV vaccine and the impracticality and unethicality of eliminating animal reservoirs, global eradication of HIV is highly implausible. From a public health perspective, HIV eradication remains an elusive goal. CONCLUSION The term 'eradication' is a misleading description of current HIV cure-related research. Instead, we call for the use of more realistic expressions such as 'sustained virologic HIV suppression (or control)' or 'management of HIV persistence' to describe HIV cure-related research. Using these terms reorients what HIV cure science can potentially achieve in the near future and avoids creating unrealistic expectations, particularly among the millions of people globally who live with HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Dubé
- UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, 4108 McGavran-Greenberg Hall, Chapel Hill, NC 27516 USA
| | - Stuart Luter
- UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, 4108 McGavran-Greenberg Hall, Chapel Hill, NC 27516 USA
| | - Breanne Lesnar
- UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, 4108 McGavran-Greenberg Hall, Chapel Hill, NC 27516 USA
| | - Luke Newton
- UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, 4108 McGavran-Greenberg Hall, Chapel Hill, NC 27516 USA
| | - Jerome Galea
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Brandon Brown
- Center for Healthy Communities, Department of Social Medicine and Population Health, University of California Riverside School of Medicine, 3333 14th Street, Riverside, CA 92501 USA
| | - Sara Gianella
- University of San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive #0679, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA
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Altıntop MD, Ciftci HI, Radwan MO, Sever B, Kaplancıklı ZA, Ali TFS, Koga R, Fujita M, Otsuka M, Özdemir A. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Novel 1,3,4-Thiadiazole Derivatives as Potential Antitumor Agents against Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia: Striking Effect of Nitrothiazole Moiety. Molecules 2017; 23:molecules23010059. [PMID: 29280989 PMCID: PMC6017545 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23010059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In an attempt to develop potent antitumor agents, new 1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for their cytotoxic effects on multiple human cancer cell lines, including the K562 chronic myelogenous leukemia cell line that expresses the Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase. N-(5-Nitrothiazol-2-yl)-2-((5-((4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)amino)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)thio)acetamide (2) inhibited the Abl protein kinase with an IC50 value of 7.4 µM and showed selective activity against the Bcr-Abl positive K562 cell line. Furthermore, a Bcr-Abl-compound 2 molecular modelling simulation highlighted the anchoring role of the nitrothiazole moiety in bonding and hydrophobic interaction with the key amino acid residues. These results provide promising starting points for further development of novel kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehlika Dilek Altıntop
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir 26470, Turkey.
| | - Halil Ibrahim Ciftci
- Department of Bioorganic Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan.
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA.
| | - Mohamed O Radwan
- Department of Bioorganic Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan.
- Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, National Research Center, Dokki, 12622 Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Belgin Sever
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir 26470, Turkey.
| | - Zafer Asım Kaplancıklı
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir 26470, Turkey.
| | - Taha F S Ali
- Department of Bioorganic Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan.
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, 61519 Minia, Egypt.
| | - Ryoko Koga
- Department of Bioorganic Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan.
| | - Mikako Fujita
- Research Institute for Drug Discovery, School of Pharmacy, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan.
| | - Masami Otsuka
- Department of Bioorganic Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan.
| | - Ahmet Özdemir
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir 26470, Turkey.
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