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Cao Y, Tang L, Du K, Paraiso K, Sun Q, Liu Z, Ye X, Fang Y, Yuan F, Chen H, Chen Y, Wang X, Yu C, Blitz IL, Wang PH, Huang L, Cheng H, Lu X, Cho KW, Seldin M, Fang Z, Yang Q. Anterograde regulation of mitochondrial genes and FGF21 signaling by hepatic LSD1. JCI Insight 2021; 6:e147692. [PMID: 34314389 PMCID: PMC8492328 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.147692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial biogenesis and function are controlled by anterograde regulatory pathways involving more than 1000 nuclear-encoded proteins. Transcriptional networks controlling the nuclear-encoded mitochondrial genes remain to be fully elucidated. Here, we show that histone demethylase LSD1 KO from adult mouse liver (LSD1-LKO) reduces the expression of one-third of all nuclear-encoded mitochondrial genes and decreases mitochondrial biogenesis and function. LSD1-modulated histone methylation epigenetically regulates nuclear-encoded mitochondrial genes. Furthermore, LSD1 regulates gene expression and protein methylation of nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase 1 (NMNAT1), which controls the final step of NAD+ synthesis and limits NAD+ availability in the nucleus. Lsd1 KO reduces NAD+-dependent SIRT1 and SIRT7 deacetylase activity, leading to hyperacetylation and hypofunctioning of GABPβ and PGC-1α, the major transcriptional factor/cofactor for nuclear-encoded mitochondrial genes. Despite the reduced mitochondrial function in the liver, LSD1-LKO mice are protected from diet-induced hepatic steatosis and glucose intolerance, partially due to induction of hepatokine FGF21. Thus, LSD1 orchestrates a core regulatory network involving epigenetic modifications and NAD+ synthesis to control mitochondrial function and hepatokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Cao
- Department of Medicine, Physiology and Biophysics, UC Irvine Diabetes Center, University of California Irvine (UCI), Irvine, California, USA
| | - Lingyi Tang
- Department of Medicine, Physiology and Biophysics, UC Irvine Diabetes Center, University of California Irvine (UCI), Irvine, California, USA.,Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Kang Du
- Department of Medicine, Physiology and Biophysics, UC Irvine Diabetes Center, University of California Irvine (UCI), Irvine, California, USA
| | - Kitt Paraiso
- Department of Developmental & Cell Biology, UCI, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Qiushi Sun
- Department of Medicine, Physiology and Biophysics, UC Irvine Diabetes Center, University of California Irvine (UCI), Irvine, California, USA.,Department of Geriatrics, Sir Run Run Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhengxia Liu
- Department of Medicine, Physiology and Biophysics, UC Irvine Diabetes Center, University of California Irvine (UCI), Irvine, California, USA
| | - Xiaolong Ye
- Department of Medicine, Physiology and Biophysics, UC Irvine Diabetes Center, University of California Irvine (UCI), Irvine, California, USA
| | - Yuan Fang
- Department of Medicine, Physiology and Biophysics, UC Irvine Diabetes Center, University of California Irvine (UCI), Irvine, California, USA
| | - Fang Yuan
- Department of Medicine, Physiology and Biophysics, UC Irvine Diabetes Center, University of California Irvine (UCI), Irvine, California, USA
| | - Hank Chen
- Department of Medicine, Physiology and Biophysics, UC Irvine Diabetes Center, University of California Irvine (UCI), Irvine, California, USA
| | - Yumay Chen
- Department of Medicine, Physiology and Biophysics, UC Irvine Diabetes Center, University of California Irvine (UCI), Irvine, California, USA
| | - Xiaorong Wang
- Department of Medicine, Physiology and Biophysics, UC Irvine Diabetes Center, University of California Irvine (UCI), Irvine, California, USA
| | - Clinton Yu
- Department of Medicine, Physiology and Biophysics, UC Irvine Diabetes Center, University of California Irvine (UCI), Irvine, California, USA
| | - Ira L. Blitz
- Department of Developmental & Cell Biology, UCI, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Ping H. Wang
- Department of Medicine, Physiology and Biophysics, UC Irvine Diabetes Center, University of California Irvine (UCI), Irvine, California, USA
| | - Lan Huang
- Department of Medicine, Physiology and Biophysics, UC Irvine Diabetes Center, University of California Irvine (UCI), Irvine, California, USA
| | - Haibo Cheng
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiang Lu
- Department of Geriatrics, Sir Run Run Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ken W.Y. Cho
- Department of Developmental & Cell Biology, UCI, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Marcus Seldin
- Department of Biological Chemistry, UCI, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Zhuyuan Fang
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Qin Yang
- Department of Medicine, Physiology and Biophysics, UC Irvine Diabetes Center, University of California Irvine (UCI), Irvine, California, USA
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Ramos LF, Silva CM, Pansa CC, Moraes KCM. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: molecular and cellular interplays of the lipid metabolism in a steatotic liver. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 15:25-40. [PMID: 32892668 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2020.1820321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) affects ~25% of world population and cases have increased in recent decades. These anomalies have several etiologies; however, obesity and metabolic dysfunctions are the most relevant causes. Despite being considered a public health problem, no effective therapeutic approach to treat NAFLD is available. For that, a deep understanding of metabolic routes that support hepatic diseases is needed. AREAS COVERED This review covers aspects of the onset of NAFLD. Thereby, biochemistry routes as well as cellular and metabolic effects of the gut microbiota in body's homeostasis and epigenetics are contextualized. EXPERT OPINION Recently, the development of biological sciences has generated innovative knowledge, bringing new insights and perspectives to clarify the systems biology of liver diseases. A detailed comprehension of epigenetics mechanisms will offer possibilities to develop new therapeutic and diagnostic strategies for NAFLD. Different epigenetic processes have been reported that are modulated by the environment such as gut microbiota, suggesting strong interplays between cellular behavior and pathology. Thus, a more complete description of such mechanisms in hepatic diseases will help to clarify how to control the establishment of fatty liver, and precisely describe molecular interplays that potentially control NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letícia F Ramos
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Departamento de Biologia Geral e Aplicada, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" - Campus Rio Claro, Instituto de Biociências , Rio Claro, Brazil
| | - Caio M Silva
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Departamento de Biologia Geral e Aplicada, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" - Campus Rio Claro, Instituto de Biociências , Rio Claro, Brazil
| | - Camila C Pansa
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Departamento de Biologia Geral e Aplicada, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" - Campus Rio Claro, Instituto de Biociências , Rio Claro, Brazil
| | - Karen C M Moraes
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Departamento de Biologia Geral e Aplicada, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" - Campus Rio Claro, Instituto de Biociências , Rio Claro, Brazil
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3
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Synthesis and physicochemical properties of 20-mer peptide nucleic acid conjugates with testosterone 17β-carboxylic acid. Tetrahedron Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2020.151781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Sinha RA, Bruinstroop E, Singh BK, Yen PM. Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Hypercholesterolemia: Roles of Thyroid Hormones, Metabolites, and Agonists. Thyroid 2019; 29:1173-1191. [PMID: 31389309 PMCID: PMC6850905 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2018.0664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background: Thyroid hormones (THs) exert a strong influence on mammalian lipid metabolism at the systemic and hepatic levels by virtue of their roles in regulating circulating lipoprotein, triglyceride (TAG), and cholesterol levels, as well as hepatic TAG storage and metabolism. These effects are mediated by intricate sensing and feedback systems that function at the physiological, metabolic, molecular, and transcriptional levels in the liver. Dysfunction in the pathways involved in lipid metabolism disrupts hepatic lipid homeostasis and contributes to the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases, such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and hypercholesterolemia. There has been strong interest in understanding and employing THs, TH metabolites, and TH mimetics as lipid-modifying drugs. Summary: THs regulate many processes involved in hepatic TAG and cholesterol metabolism to decrease serum cholesterol and intrahepatic lipid content. TH receptor β analogs designed to have less side effects than the natural hormone are currently being tested in phase II clinical studies for NAFLD and hypercholesterolemia. The TH metabolites, 3,5-diiodo-l-thyronine (T2) and T1AM (3-iodothyronamine), have different beneficial effects on lipid metabolism compared with triiodothyronine (T3), although their clinical application is still under investigation. Also, prodrugs and glucagon/T3 conjugates have been developed that direct TH to the liver. Conclusions: TH-based therapies show clinical promise for the treatment of NAFLD and hypercholesterolemia. Strategies for limiting side effects of TH are being developed and may enable TH metabolites and analogs to have specific effects in the liver for treatments of these conditions. These liver-specific effects and potential suppression of the hypothalamic/pituitary/thyroid axis raise the issue of monitoring liver-specific markers of TH action to assess clinical efficacy and dosing of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit A. Sinha
- Department of Endocrinology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Eveline Bruinstroop
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulation, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Brijesh K. Singh
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulation, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Paul M. Yen
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulation, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
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Ämmälä C, Drury WJ, Knerr L, Ahlstedt I, Stillemark-Billton P, Wennberg-Huldt C, Andersson EM, Valeur E, Jansson-Löfmark R, Janzén D, Sundström L, Meuller J, Claesson J, Andersson P, Johansson C, Lee RG, Prakash TP, Seth PP, Monia BP, Andersson S. Targeted delivery of antisense oligonucleotides to pancreatic β-cells. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaat3386. [PMID: 30345352 PMCID: PMC6192685 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aat3386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) silencing of the expression of disease-associated genes is an attractive novel therapeutic approach, but treatments are limited by the ability to deliver ASOs to cells and tissues. Following systemic administration, ASOs preferentially accumulate in liver and kidney. Among the cell types refractory to ASO uptake is the pancreatic insulin-secreting β-cell. Here, we show that conjugation of ASOs to a ligand of the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP1R) can productively deliver ASO cargo to pancreatic β-cells both in vitro and in vivo. Ligand-conjugated ASOs silenced target genes in pancreatic islets at doses that did not affect target gene expression in liver or other tissues, indicating enhanced tissue and cell type specificity. This finding has potential to broaden the use of ASO technology, opening up novel therapeutic opportunities, and presents an innovative approach for targeted delivery of ASOs to additional cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Ämmälä
- Cardiovascular Renal and Metabolic Diseases, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Corresponding author. (C.Ä.); (P.P.S.)
| | - W. J. Drury
- Cardiovascular Renal and Metabolic Diseases, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - L. Knerr
- Cardiovascular Renal and Metabolic Diseases, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - I. Ahlstedt
- Cardiovascular Renal and Metabolic Diseases, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - P. Stillemark-Billton
- Cardiovascular Renal and Metabolic Diseases, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - C. Wennberg-Huldt
- Cardiovascular Renal and Metabolic Diseases, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - E.-M. Andersson
- Cardiovascular Renal and Metabolic Diseases, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - E. Valeur
- Cardiovascular Renal and Metabolic Diseases, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - R. Jansson-Löfmark
- Cardiovascular Renal and Metabolic Diseases, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - D. Janzén
- Cardiovascular Renal and Metabolic Diseases, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - L. Sundström
- Discovery Sciences, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - J. Meuller
- Discovery Sciences, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - J. Claesson
- Discovery Sciences, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - P. Andersson
- Drug Safety and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - C. Johansson
- Drug Safety and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - R. G. Lee
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | - T. P. Prakash
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | - P. P. Seth
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
- Corresponding author. (C.Ä.); (P.P.S.)
| | - B. P. Monia
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | - S. Andersson
- Cardiovascular Renal and Metabolic Diseases, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Nemmara VV, Tilvawala R, Salinger AJ, Miller L, Nguyen SH, Weerapana E, Thompson PR. Citrullination Inactivates Nicotinamide- N-methyltransferase. ACS Chem Biol 2018; 13:2663-2672. [PMID: 30044909 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.8b00578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Nicotinamide- N-methyltransferase (NNMT) catalyzes the irreversible methylation of nicotinamide (NAM) to form N-methyl nicotinamide using S-adenosyl methionine as a methyl donor. NNMT is implicated in several chronic disease conditions, including cancers, kidney disease, cardiovascular disease, and Parkinson's disease. Although phosphorylation of NNMT in gastric tumors is reported, the functional effects of this post-translational modification has not been investigated. We previously reported that citrullination of NNMT by Protein Arginine Deiminases abolished its methyltransferase activity. Herein, we investigate the mechanism of inactivation. Using tandem mass spectrometry, we identified three sites of citrullination in NNMT. With this information in hand, we used a combination of site-directed mutagenesis, kinetics, and circular dichoism experiments to demonstrate that citrullination of R132 leads to a structural perturbation that ultimately promotes NNMT inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkatesh V. Nemmara
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, UMass Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
- Program in Chemical Biology, UMass Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Ronak Tilvawala
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, UMass Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
- Program in Chemical Biology, UMass Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Ari J. Salinger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, UMass Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
- Program in Chemical Biology, UMass Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Lacey Miller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, UMass Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Son Hong Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, UMass Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
- Program in Chemical Biology, UMass Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Eranthie Weerapana
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Paul R. Thompson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, UMass Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
- Program in Chemical Biology, UMass Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
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Valenzuela R, Videla LA. Crosstalk mechanisms in hepatoprotection: Thyroid hormone-docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and DHA-extra virgin olive oil combined protocols. Pharmacol Res 2018; 132:168-175. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Drug metabolism and pharmacokinetic strategies for oligonucleotide- and mRNA-based drug development. Drug Discov Today 2018; 23:1733-1745. [PMID: 29852223 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2018.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Oligonucleotide and modified mRNA therapeutics have great potential to treat diseases that are currently challenging to cure and are expanding into global and chronic disease areas such as cancer and various cardiovascular diseases. Advanced drug delivery systems or ligand-drug conjugates are utilized to achieve 'the right dose to the right target' to benefit efficacy and safety in patients. Chemistry and ADME characteristics distinguish these therapeutics from small molecules. Understanding the scalability and translatability between species and compound properties is crucial for robust nonclinical PKPD predictions to support clinical study design. Although the field has been developing for three decades, there is still room for innovation but also a need for nonclinical regulatory guidance to address these new modalities.
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Dendritic peptide bolaamphiphiles for siRNA delivery to primary adipocytes. Biomaterials 2018; 178:458-466. [PMID: 29705001 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a major risk factor for diabetes, heart disease and other health problems. Adipose tissue plays a central role in the development of obesity and obesity-associated diseases. Gene therapy targeting adipose tissue may provide a promising strategy for obesity treatment. However, nucleic acid delivery to adipose tissue or even cultured adipocytes is challenging due to low delivery efficacy and high toxicity of the current cationic lipid based delivery systems, or monoamphiphiles. Herein, we report using dendritic peptide bolaamphiphiles (bolas) to deliver siRNA to primary adipocytes and hepatocytes. The bola consists of two l-Lysine dendrons connected to a fluorocarbon core through disulfide linkages. The Lysine dendrons are functionalized with l-histidine and l-tryptophan to promote endosomal escape and cellular uptake. The bola exhibited over 70% knockdown of GAPDH gene in both primary adipocytes and hepatocytes. Importantly, different from Lipofectamine that significantly reduced genes involved in lipolysis, lipogenesis, fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis, the bolas had little to no effect on these genes. These results demonstrate the bola as a promising new vector for clinical and experimental applications for delivery of siRNA to metabolic organs.
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