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Khan S, Nasir A. Can NogoA Be a Suitable Target to Treat Ischemic Stroke? Neurosci Bull 2024; 40:557-560. [PMID: 38195810 PMCID: PMC11004092 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-023-01164-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Suliman Khan
- Medical Research Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 540014, China.
| | - Abdul Nasir
- Medical Research Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 540014, China.
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Zhao H, Liu ZD, Zhang YB, Gao XY, Wang C, Liu Y, Wang XF. NEP1‑40 promotes myelin regeneration via upregulation of GAP‑43 and MAP‑2 expression after focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Mol Med Rep 2021; 24:844. [PMID: 34643252 PMCID: PMC8524407 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Axon regeneration after lesions to the central nervous system (CNS) is largely limited by the presence of growth inhibitory molecules expressed in myelin. Nogo‑A is a principal inhibitor of neurite outgrowth, and blocking the activity of Nogo‑A can induce axonal sprouting and functional recovery. However, there are limited data on the expression of Nogo‑A after CNS lesions, and the mechanism underlying its influences on myelin growth remains unknown. The aim of the present study was to observe the time course of Nogo‑A after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion in rats using immunohistochemistry and western blot techniques, and to test the effect of its inhibitor Nogo extracellular peptide 1‑40 (NEP1‑40) on neural plasticity proteins, growth‑associated binding protein 43 (GAP‑43) and microtubule associated protein 2 (MAP‑2), as a possible mechanism underlying myelin suppression. A classic model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was established in Sprague‑Dawley rats, which were divided into three groups: i) MCAO model group; ii) MCAO + saline group; and iii) MCAO + NEP1‑40 group. Rats of each group were divided into five subgroups by time points as follows: days 1, 3, 7, 14 and 28. Animals that only received sham operation were used as controls. The Nogo‑A immunoreactivity was located primarily in the cytoplasm of oligodendrocytes. The number of Nogo‑A immunoreactive cells significantly increased from day 1 to day 3 after MCAO, nearly returning to the control level at day 7, increased again at day 14 and decreased at day 28. Myelin basic protein (MBP) immunoreactivity in the ipsilateral striatum gradually decreased from day 1 to day 28 after ischemia, indicating myelin loss appeared at early time points and continuously advanced during ischemia. Then, intracerebroventricular infusion of NEP1‑40, which is a Nogo‑66 receptor antagonist peptide, was administered at days 1, 3 and 14 after MCAO. It was observed that GAP‑43 considerably increased from day 1 to day 7 and then decreased to a baseline level at day 28 compared with the control. MAP‑2 expression across days 1‑28 significantly decreased after MCAO. Administration of NEP1‑40 attenuated the reduction of MBP, and upregulated GAP‑43 and MAP‑2 expression at the corresponding time points after MCAO compared with the MCAO + saline group. The present results indicated that NEP1‑40 ameliorated myelin damage and promoted regeneration by upregulating the expression of GAP‑43 and MAP‑2 related to neuronal and axonal plasticity, which may aid with the identification of a novel molecular mechanism of restriction in CNS regeneration mediated by Nogo‑A after ischemia in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Dalian Municipal Central Hospital Affiliated to Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116033, P.R. China,Correspondence to: Professor Hong Zhao, Department of Neurology, Dalian Municipal Central Hospital Affiliated to Dalian Medical University, 826 Xi Nan Road, Dalian, Liaoning 116033, P.R. China, E-mail:
| | - Zhen-Dong Liu
- Department of General Medicine, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang 312000, P.R. China
| | - Yong-Bo Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Yu Gao
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
| | - Cui Wang
- Department of Neurology, Dalian Municipal Central Hospital Affiliated to Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116033, P.R. China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Neurology, Dalian Municipal Central Hospital Affiliated to Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116033, P.R. China
| | - Xun-Fen Wang
- Department of Neurology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116033, P.R. China
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The Implication of Reticulons (RTNs) in Neurodegenerative Diseases: From Molecular Mechanisms to Potential Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approaches. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094630. [PMID: 33924890 PMCID: PMC8125174 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Reticulons (RTNs) are crucial regulatory factors in the central nervous system (CNS) as well as immune system and play pleiotropic functions. In CNS, RTNs are transmembrane proteins mediating neuroanatomical plasticity and functional recovery after central nervous system injury or diseases. Moreover, RTNs, particularly RTN4 and RTN3, are involved in neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation processes. The crucial role of RTNs in the development of several neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), multiple sclerosis (MS), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), or other neurological conditions such as brain injury or spinal cord injury, has attracted scientific interest. Reticulons, particularly RTN-4A (Nogo-A), could provide both an understanding of early pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders and be potential therapeutic targets which may offer effective treatment or inhibit disease progression. This review focuses on the molecular mechanisms and functions of RTNs and their potential usefulness in clinical practice as a diagnostic tool or therapeutic strategy.
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Tang H, Xu Y, Liu L, He L, Huang J, Pan J, He W, Wang Y, Yang X, Hou X, Xu K. Nogo-A/S1PR2 Signaling Pathway Inactivation Decreases Microvascular Damage and Enhances Microvascular Regeneration in PDMCI Mice. Neuroscience 2020; 449:21-34. [PMID: 33039527 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.09.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease (PDMCI) is as high as 18-55%. However, the pathological mechanism of PDMCI is not yet clear. Our previous research showed that microvascular pathology and chronic cerebral hypoperfusion participated in the occurrence and development of PDMCI. Nogo-A has been suggested to be a negative regulator of microvascular regeneration in the central nervous system. Moreover, few insights have illuminated the mechanisms of Nogo-A and microvascular pathology in PDMCI. Therefore, we hypothesized that Nogo-A might be involved in the negative regulation of PDMCI angiogenesis. In this study, C57BL/6J mice were injected with Nogo-A-specific short hairpin RNA (shRNA-Nogo-A) in the lateral ventricle and intraperitoneally injected with a combination of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) and probenecid. Subjects were classified into the following five groups for the Morris water maze test: control (CON), CON + shRNA-GFP, CON + shRNA-Nogo-A, PDMCI, and PDMCI + shRNA-Nogo-A. Furthermore, blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-conjugated dextran, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), immunofluorescence and Western blot analyses were performed. The results showed that MPTP could cause spatial memory and behavioral impairment, significant microvascular impairment and increased Nogo-A expression. When Nogo-A expression was downregulated, the cognitive and microvascular impairments were alleviated, and the expression of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2 (S1PR2) and the RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway were inhibited. These findings suggested that Nogo-A could bind to S1PR2, activate related signaling pathways, and lead to the inhibition of vascular remodeling in PDMCI mice. This study indicated that Nogo-A downregulation could mediate microvascular remodeling and provide further insights into the pathogenesis of PDMCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Tang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Yunxian Xu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China; Department of Sports and Health, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou 510500, China
| | - Liru Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Lu He
- Department of Rehabilitation, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Jingyu Huang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Jing Pan
- Department of Rehabilitation, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China; Department of Sports and Health, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou 510500, China
| | - Wenjie He
- Department of Rehabilitation, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Yuxin Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Xubo Yang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China; School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xiaohui Hou
- Department of Sports and Health, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou 510500, China; School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China.
| | - Kaishou Xu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China.
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Ueno Y, Hira K, Miyamoto N, Kijima C, Inaba T, Hattori N. Pleiotropic Effects of Exosomes as a Therapy for Stroke Recovery. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186894. [PMID: 32962207 PMCID: PMC7555640 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is the leading cause of disability, and stroke survivors suffer from long-term sequelae even after receiving recombinant tissue plasminogen activator therapy and endovascular intracranial thrombectomy. Increasing evidence suggests that exosomes, nano-sized extracellular membrane vesicles, enhance neurogenesis, angiogenesis, and axonal outgrowth, all the while suppressing inflammatory reactions, thereby enhancing functional recovery after stroke. A systematic literature review to study the association of stroke recovery with exosome therapy was carried out, analyzing species, stroke model, source of exosomes, behavioral analyses, and outcome data, as well as molecular mechanisms. Thirteen studies were included in the present systematic review. In the majority of studies, exosomes derived from mesenchymal stromal cells or stem cells were administered intravenously within 24 h after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion, showing a significant improvement of neurological severity and motor functions. Specific microRNAs and molecules were identified by mechanistic investigations, and their amplification was shown to further enhance therapeutic effects, including neurogenesis, angiogenesis, axonal outgrowth, and synaptogenesis. Overall, this review addresses the current advances in exosome therapy for stroke recovery in preclinical studies, which can hopefully be preparatory steps for the future development of clinical trials involving stroke survivors to improve functional outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Ueno
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-3-3813-3111; Fax: +81-3-5800-0547
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Erning K, Segura T. Materials to Promote Recovery After Stroke. CURRENT OPINION IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2020; 14:9-17. [PMID: 32524039 DOI: 10.1016/j.cobme.2020.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is the leading cause of long-term disability with no current treatment addressing post-stroke disability. The complex pathophysiology of stroke and the brain's limited potential for regeneration prevents sufficient endogenous repair for complete recovery. While engineered materials provide an exciting opportunity to augment endogenous repair in conjunction with other therapies that address post-stroke disability, much of the preclinical work in this arena is still in its infancy. Biomaterials can be used to enhance drug- or stem cell-sustained and targeted delivery. Moreover, materials can act as extracellular matrix-mimics and augment a pro-repair environment by addressing astrogliosis, inflammation, neurogenesis, axonal sprouting, and angiogenesis. Lastly, there is a growing need to elucidate stroke repair mechanisms to identify novel targets to inform material design for brain repair after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Erning
- Duke University Biomedical Engineering Department, 101 Science Drive, CIEMAS, NC 27707
| | - Tatiana Segura
- Duke University Biomedical Engineering Department, 101 Science Drive, CIEMAS, NC 27707
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Li MZ, Zhan Y, Yang L, Feng XF, Zou HY, Lei JF, Zhao T, Wang L, Zhao H. MRI Evaluation of Axonal Remodeling After Combination Treatment With Xiaoshuan Enteric-Coated Capsule and Enriched Environment in Rats After Ischemic Stroke. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1528. [PMID: 31920724 PMCID: PMC6930913 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Xiaoshuan enteric-coated capsule (XSEC) is a compound Chinese medicine widely used for the treatment of ischemic stroke. Enriched environment (EE) is a rehabilitative intervention designed to facilitate physical, cognitive, and social activity after brain injury. This study aimed to assess whether the XSEC and EE combination could provide synergistic efficacy in axonal remodeling compared to that with a single treatment after ischemic stroke using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) followed by histological analysis. Rats were subjected to permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion and treated with XSEC and EE alone or in combination for 30 days. T2-weighted imaging and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) were performed to examine the infarct volume and axonal remodeling, respectively. The co-localization of Ki67 with NG2 or CNPase was examined by immunofluorescence staining to assess oligodendrogenesis. The expressions of growth associated protein-43 (GAP-43) and growth inhibitors NogoA/Nogo receptor (NgR)/RhoA/Rho-associated kinase2 (ROCK2) were measured using western blot and qRT-PCR. The Morris water maze (MWM) was performed to evaluate the cognitive function. MRI and histological measurements indicated XSEC and EE individually benefited axonal reorganization after stroke. Notably, XSEC + EE decreased infarct volume compared with XSEC or EE monotherapy and increased ipsilateral residual volume compared with vehicle group. DTI showed XSEC + EE robustly increased fractional anisotropy while decreased axial diffusivity and radial diffusivity in the injured cortex, striatum, and external capsule. Meanwhile, diffusion tensor tractography revealed XSEC + EE elevated fiber density in the cortex and external capsule and increased fiber length in the striatum and external capsule compared with the monotherapies. These MRI measurements, confirmed by histology, showed that XSEC + EE promoted axonal restoration. Additionally, XSEC + EE amplified oligodendrogenesis, decreased the expressions of NogoA/NgR/RhoA/ROCK2, and increased the expression of GAP-43 in the peri-infarct tissues. In parallel to these findings, rats treated with XSEC + EE exhibited higher cognitive recovery than those treated with XSEC or EE monotherapy, as evidenced by MWM test. Taken together, our data implicated that XSEC + EE exerted synergistic effects on alleviating atrophy and encouraging axonal reorganization partially by promoting oligodendrogenesis and overcoming intrinsic growth-inhibitory signaling, thereby facilitating higher cognitive recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man-Zhong Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Zhan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Beijing, China
| | - Le Yang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Beijing, China
| | - Xue-Feng Feng
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Beijing, China
| | - Hai-Yan Zou
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Feng Lei
- Medical Imaging Laboratory of Core Facility Center, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Zhao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Beijing, China
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Li MZ, Zhang Y, Zou HY, Ouyang JY, Zhan Y, Yang L, Cheng BCY, Wang L, Zhang QX, Lei JF, Zhao YY, Zhao H. Investigation of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) promotes neurovascular restoration and axonal remodeling after embolic stroke in rat using magnetic resonance imaging and histopathological analysis. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 103:989-1001. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.04.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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