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Kim J, Lee H, Oh SR, Yang S. Real-Time Endomicroscopic Image Mosaicking with an EKF-based Sensor Fusion Approach. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2023; 2023:1-5. [PMID: 38083648 DOI: 10.1109/embc40787.2023.10340903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
This study presents a real-time sensor fusion framework based on the extended Kalman filter (EKF) for accurate and robust endomicroscopic image mosaicking. The sensor fusion framework incorporates an optical tracking system that can track 6-DOF pose of the imaging probe with high accuracy in real time in conjunction with 2D local image registration from image feature matching between two consecutive frames. We evaluated the performance of the real-time image mosaicking based on the sensor fusion compared with the image or tracker only approach. As a result, it could retain the microscopic level of image detail from the image-based approach and also achieve a robust image mosaic without any drift by using the accurate optical tracking system.
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2
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Atak MF, Farabi B, Navarrete-Dechent C, Rubinstein G, Rajadhyaksha M, Jain M. Confocal Microscopy for Diagnosis and Management of Cutaneous Malignancies: Clinical Impacts and Innovation. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13050854. [PMID: 36899999 PMCID: PMC10001140 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13050854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous malignancies are common malignancies worldwide, with rising incidence. Most skin cancers, including melanoma, can be cured if diagnosed correctly at an early stage. Thus, millions of biopsies are performed annually, posing a major economic burden. Non-invasive skin imaging techniques can aid in early diagnosis and save unnecessary benign biopsies. In this review article, we will discuss in vivo and ex vivo confocal microscopy (CM) techniques that are currently being utilized in dermatology clinics for skin cancer diagnosis. We will discuss their current applications and clinical impact. Additionally, we will provide a comprehensive review of the advances in the field of CM, including multi-modal approaches, the integration of fluorescent targeted dyes, and the role of artificial intelligence for improved diagnosis and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Fatih Atak
- Department of Dermatology, New York Medical College, Metropolitan Hospital, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Banu Farabi
- Department of Dermatology, New York Medical College, Metropolitan Hospital, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Cristian Navarrete-Dechent
- Department of Dermatology, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | | | - Milind Rajadhyaksha
- Dermatology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Manu Jain
- Dermatology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Dermatology Service, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(646)-608-3562
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3
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Dobre EG, Surcel M, Constantin C, Ilie MA, Caruntu A, Caruntu C, Neagu M. Skin Cancer Pathobiology at a Glance: A Focus on Imaging Techniques and Their Potential for Improved Diagnosis and Surveillance in Clinical Cohorts. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021079. [PMID: 36674595 PMCID: PMC9866322 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Early diagnosis is essential for completely eradicating skin cancer and maximizing patients' clinical benefits. Emerging optical imaging modalities such as reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM), optical coherence tomography (OCT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), near-infrared (NIR) bioimaging, positron emission tomography (PET), and their combinations provide non-invasive imaging data that may help in the early detection of cutaneous tumors and surgical planning. Hence, they seem appropriate for observing dynamic processes such as blood flow, immune cell activation, and tumor energy metabolism, which may be relevant for disease evolution. This review discusses the latest technological and methodological advances in imaging techniques that may be applied for skin cancer detection and monitoring. In the first instance, we will describe the principle and prospective clinical applications of the most commonly used imaging techniques, highlighting the challenges and opportunities of their implementation in the clinical setting. We will also highlight how imaging techniques may complement the molecular and histological approaches in sharpening the non-invasive skin characterization, laying the ground for more personalized approaches in skin cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena-Georgiana Dobre
- Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 91-95, 050095 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihaela Surcel
- Immunology Department, “Victor Babes” National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Carolina Constantin
- Immunology Department, “Victor Babes” National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Pathology, Colentina University Hospital, 020125 Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Ana Caruntu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, “Carol Davila” Central Military Emergency Hospital, 010825 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Titu Maiorescu” University, 031593 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Constantin Caruntu
- Department of Physiology, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Dermatology, “Prof. N.C. Paulescu” National Institute of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, 011233 Bucharest, Romania
- Correspondence:
| | - Monica Neagu
- Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 91-95, 050095 Bucharest, Romania
- Immunology Department, “Victor Babes” National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Pathology, Colentina University Hospital, 020125 Bucharest, Romania
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4
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Parashar K, Torres AE, Boothby-Shoemaker W, Kohli I, Veenstra J, Neel V, Ozog DM. Imaging technologies for presurgical margin assessment of basal cell carcinoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 2023; 88:144-151. [PMID: 34793927 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2021.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Basal cell carcinoma is the most common cancer worldwide, necessitating the development of techniques to decrease treatment costs through efficiency and efficacy. Mohs micrographic surgery, a specialized surgical technique involving staged resection of the tumor with complete histologic evaluation of the peripheral margins, is highly utilized. Reducing stages by even 5% to 10% would result in significant improvement in care and economic benefits. Noninvasive imaging could aid in both establishing the diagnosis of suspicious skin lesions and streamlining the surgical management of skin cancers by improving presurgical estimates of tumor sizes. Herein, we review the current state of imaging techniques in dermatology and their applications for diagnosis and tumor margin assessment of basal cell carcinoma prior to Mohs micrographic surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wyatt Boothby-Shoemaker
- Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan; Department of Medicine, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Indermeet Kohli
- Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan; Department of Physics and Astronomy, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Jesse Veenstra
- Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Victor Neel
- Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David M Ozog
- Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan; Department of Medicine, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, East Lansing, Michigan.
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5
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Hidalgo L, Carrasco K, Córdova M, Kose K, Donoso F, Sahu A, Lavín A, Elimelech A, Uribe P, Navarrete-Dechent C. Water-based acrylic marker for reflectance confocal microscopy lesion delineation. Lasers Surg Med 2022; 54:1186-1188. [PMID: 35771429 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.23574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leonel Hidalgo
- Department of Dermatology, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Karina Carrasco
- Department of Dermatology, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Hospital Nutrition Unit, Fundación Arturo López Pérez, Santiago, Chile
| | - Miguel Córdova
- Dermatology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kivanc Kose
- Dermatology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Francisca Donoso
- Department of Dermatology, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Aditi Sahu
- Dermatology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ana Lavín
- Department of Dermatology, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexandra Elimelech
- Department of Dermatology, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Uribe
- Department of Dermatology, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Melanoma and Skin Cancer Unit, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristian Navarrete-Dechent
- Department of Dermatology, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Melanoma and Skin Cancer Unit, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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6
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Villard A, Breuskin I, Casiraghi O, Asmandar S, Laplace-Builhe C, Abbaci M, Moya Plana A. Confocal laser endomicroscopy and confocal microscopy for head and neck cancer imaging: Recent updates and future perspectives. Oral Oncol 2022; 127:105826. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2022.105826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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7
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Intensity-based nonrigid endomicroscopic image mosaicking incorporating texture relevance for compensation of tissue deformation. Comput Biol Med 2021; 142:105169. [PMID: 34974384 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2021.105169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Image mosaicking has emerged as a universal technique to broaden the field-of-view of the probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy (pCLE) imaging system. However, due to the influence of probe-tissue contact forces and optical components on imaging quality, existing mosaicking methods remain insufficient to deal with practical challenges. In this paper, we present the texture encoded sum of conditional variance (TESCV) as a novel similarity metric, and effectively incorporate it into a sequential mosaicking scheme to simultaneously correct rigid probe shift and nonrigid tissue deformation. TESCV combines both intensity dependency and texture relevance to quantify the differences between pCLE image frames, where a discriminative binary descriptor named fully cross-detected local derivative pattern (FCLDP) is designed to extract more detailed structural textures. Furthermore, we also analytically derive the closed-form gradient of TESCV with respect to the transformation variables. Experiments on the circular dataset highlighted the advantage of the TESCV metric in improving mosaicking performance compared with the other four recently published metrics. The comparison with the other four state-of-the-art mosaicking methods on the spiral and manual datasets indicated that the proposed TESCV-based method not only worked stably at different contact forces, but was also suitable for both low- and high-resolution imaging systems. With more accurate and delicate mosaics, the proposed method holds promises to meet clinical demands for intraoperative optical biopsy.
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Gong C, Brunton SL, Schowengerdt BT, Seibel EJ. Intensity-Mosaic: automatic panorama mosaicking of disordered images with insufficient features. J Med Imaging (Bellingham) 2021; 8:054002. [PMID: 34604440 PMCID: PMC8479456 DOI: 10.1117/1.jmi.8.5.054002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Handling low-quality and few-feature medical images is a challenging task in automatic panorama mosaicking. Current mosaicking methods for disordered input images are based on feature point matching, whereas in this case intensity-based registration achieves better performance than feature-point registration methods. We propose a mosaicking method that enables the use of mutual information (MI) registration for mosaicking randomly ordered input images with insufficient features. Approach: Dimensionality reduction is used to map disordered input images into a low dimensional space. Based on the low dimensional representation, the image global correspondence can be recognized efficiently. For adjacent image pairs, we optimize the MI metric for registration. The panorama is then created after image blending. We demonstrate our method on relatively lower-cost handheld devices that acquire images from the retina in vivo, kidney ex vivo, and bladder phantom, all of which contain sparse features. Results: Our method is compared with three baselines: AutoStitch, "dimension reduction + SIFT," and "MI-Only." Our method compared to the first two feature-point based methods exhibits 1.25 (ex vivo microscope dataset) to two times (in vivo retina dataset) rate of mosaic completion, and MI-Only has the lowest complete rate among three datasets. When comparing the subsequent complete mosaics, our target registration errors can be 2.2 and 3.8 times reduced when using the microscopy and bladder phantom datasets. Conclusions: Using dimensional reduction increases the success rate of detecting adjacent images, which makes MI-based registration feasible and narrows the search range of MI optimization. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first mosaicking method that allows automatic stitching of disordered images with intensity-based alignment, which provides more robust and accurate results when there are insufficient features for classic mosaicking methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Gong
- University of Washington, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Steven L. Brunton
- University of Washington, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | | | - Eric J. Seibel
- University of Washington, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seattle, Washington, United States
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9
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Zhou H, Jayender J. Real-Time Nonrigid Mosaicking of Laparoscopy Images. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING 2021; 40:1726-1736. [PMID: 33690113 PMCID: PMC8169627 DOI: 10.1109/tmi.2021.3065030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The ability to extend the field of view of laparoscopy images can help the surgeons to obtain a better understanding of the anatomical context. However, due to tissue deformation, complex camera motion and significant three-dimensional (3D) anatomical surface, image pixels may have non-rigid deformation and traditional mosaicking methods cannot work robustly for laparoscopy images in real-time. To solve this problem, a novel two-dimensional (2D) non-rigid simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) system is proposed in this paper, which is able to compensate for the deformation of pixels and perform image mosaicking in real-time. The key algorithm of this 2D non-rigid SLAM system is the expectation maximization and dual quaternion (EMDQ) algorithm, which can generate smooth and dense deformation field from sparse and noisy image feature matches in real-time. An uncertainty-based loop closing method has been proposed to reduce the accumulative errors. To achieve real-time performance, both CPU and GPU parallel computation technologies are used for dense mosaicking of all pixels. Experimental results on in vivo and synthetic data demonstrate the feasibility and accuracy of our non-rigid mosaicking method.
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10
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Wieslander H, Wählby C, Sintorn IM. TEM image restoration from fast image streams. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246336. [PMID: 33524053 PMCID: PMC7850474 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Microscopy imaging experiments generate vast amounts of data, and there is a high demand for smart acquisition and analysis methods. This is especially true for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) where terabytes of data are produced if imaging a full sample at high resolution, and analysis can take several hours. One way to tackle this issue is to collect a continuous stream of low resolution images whilst moving the sample under the microscope, and thereafter use this data to find the parts of the sample deemed most valuable for high-resolution imaging. However, such image streams are degraded by both motion blur and noise. Building on deep learning based approaches developed for deblurring videos of natural scenes we explore the opportunities and limitations of deblurring and denoising images captured from a fast image stream collected by a TEM microscope. We start from existing neural network architectures and make adjustments of convolution blocks and loss functions to better fit TEM data. We present deblurring results on two real datasets of images of kidney tissue and a calibration grid. Both datasets consist of low quality images from a fast image stream captured by moving the sample under the microscope, and the corresponding high quality images of the same region, captured after stopping the movement at each position to let all motion settle. We also explore the generalizability and overfitting on real and synthetically generated data. The quality of the restored images, evaluated both quantitatively and visually, show that using deep learning for image restoration of TEM live image streams has great potential but also comes with some limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Håkan Wieslander
- Department of Information Technology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Carolina Wählby
- Department of Information Technology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- BioImage Informatics Facility of SciLifeLab, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ida-Maria Sintorn
- Department of Information Technology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Vironova AB, Stockholm, Sweden
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11
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Gong L, Zheng J, Ping Z, Wang Y, Wang S, Zuo S. Robust Mosaicing of Endomicroscopic Videos via Context-Weighted Correlation Ratio. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2021; 68:579-591. [PMID: 32746056 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2020.3007768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy (pCLE) is a promising imaging tool that provides in situ and in vivo optical imaging to perform real-time pathological assessments. However, due to limited field of view, it is difficult for clinicians to get a full understanding of the scanned tissues. In this paper, we develop a novel mosaicing framework to assemble all frame sequences into a full view image. First, a hybrid rigid registration that combines feature matching and template matching is presented to achieve a global alignment of all frames. Then, the parametric free-form deformation (FFD) model with a multiresolution architecture is implemented to accommodate non-rigid tissue distortions. More importantly, we devise a robust similarity metric called context-weighted correlation ratio (CWCR) to promote registration accuracy, where spatial and geometric contexts are incorporated into the estimation of functional intensity dependence. Experiments on both robotic setup and manual manipulation have demonstrated that the proposed scheme significantly precedes some state-of-the-art mosaicing schemes in the presence of intensity fluctuations, insufficient overlap and tissue distortions. Moreover, the comparisons of the proposed CWCR metric and two other metrics have validated the effectiveness of the context-weighted strategy in quantifying the differences between two frames. Benefiting from more rational and delicate mosaics, the proposed scheme is more suitable to instruct diagnosis and treatment during optical biopsies.
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12
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Yin C, Wei L, Kose K, Glaser AK, Peterson G, Rajadhyaksha M, Liu JT. Real-time video mosaicking to guide handheld in vivo microscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2020; 13:e202000048. [PMID: 32246558 PMCID: PMC7969124 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202000048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Handheld and endoscopic optical-sectioning microscopes are being developed for noninvasive screening and intraoperative consultation. Imaging a large extent of tissue is often desired, but miniature in vivo microscopes tend to suffer from limited fields of view. To extend the imaging field during clinical use, we have developed a real-time video mosaicking method, which allows users to efficiently survey larger areas of tissue. Here, we modified a previous post-processing mosaicking method so that real-time mosaicking is possible at >30 frames/second when using a device that outputs images that are 400 × 400 pixels in size. Unlike other real-time mosaicking methods, our strategy can accommodate image rotations and deformations that often occur during clinical use of a handheld microscope. We perform a feasibility study to demonstrate that the use of real-time mosaicking is necessary to enable efficient sampling of a desired imaging field when using a handheld dual-axis confocal microscope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengbo Yin
- University of Washington, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Linpeng Wei
- University of Washington, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Kivanc Kose
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, Dermatology Service, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Adam K. Glaser
- University of Washington, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Gary Peterson
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, Dermatology Service, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Milind Rajadhyaksha
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, Dermatology Service, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Jonathan T.C. Liu
- University of Washington, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- University of Washington, Department of Bioengineering, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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13
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Loewke NO, Qiu Z, Mandella MJ, Ertsey R, Loewke A, Gunaydin LA, Rosenthal EL, Contag CH, Solgaard O. Software-Based Phase Control, Video-Rate Imaging, and Real-Time Mosaicing With a Lissajous-Scanned Confocal Microscope. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING 2020; 39:1127-1137. [PMID: 31567074 PMCID: PMC8837204 DOI: 10.1109/tmi.2019.2942552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We present software-based methods for automatic phase control and for mosaicing high-speed, Lissajous-scanned images. To achieve imaging speeds fast enough for mosaicing, we first increase the image update rate tenfold from 3 to 30 Hz, then vertically interpolate each sparse image in real-time to eliminate fixed pattern noise. We validate our methods by imaging fluorescent beads and automatically maintaining phase control over the course of one hour. We then image fixed mouse brain tissues at varying update rates and compare the resulting mosaics. Using reconstructed image data as feedback for phase control eliminates the need for phase sensors and feedback controllers, enabling long-term imaging experiments without additional hardware. Mosaicing subsampled images results in video-rate imaging speeds, nearly fully recovered spatial resolution, and millimeter-scale fields of view.
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14
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Lang RT, Tatz J, Kercher EM, Palanisami A, Brooks DH, Spring BQ. Multichannel correlation improves the noise tolerance of real-time hyperspectral microimage mosaicking. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2019; 24:1-9. [PMID: 31828983 PMCID: PMC6905180 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.24.12.126002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Live-subject microscopies, including microendoscopy and other related technologies, offer promise for basic biology research as well as the optical biopsy of disease in the clinic. However, cellular resolution generally comes with the trade-off of a microscopic field-of-view. Microimage mosaicking enables stitching many small scenes together to aid visualization, quantitative interpretation, and mapping of microscale features, for example, to guide surgical intervention. The development of hyperspectral and multispectral systems for biomedical applications provides motivation for adapting mosaicking algorithms to process a number of simultaneous spectral channels. We present an algorithm that mosaics multichannel video by correlating channels of consecutive frames as a basis for efficiently calculating image alignments. We characterize the noise tolerance of the algorithm by using simulated video with known ground-truth alignments to quantify mosaicking accuracy and speed, showing that multiplexed molecular imaging enhances mosaic accuracy by leveraging observations of distinct molecular constituents to inform frame alignment. A simple mathematical model is introduced to characterize the noise suppression provided by a given group of spectral channels, thus predicting the performance of selected subsets of data channels in order to balance mosaic computation accuracy and speed. The characteristic noise tolerance of a given number of channels is shown to improve through selection of an optimal subset of channels that maximizes this model. We also demonstrate that the multichannel algorithm produces higher quality mosaics than the analogous single-channel methods in an empirical test case. To compensate for the increased data rate of hyperspectral video compared to single-channel systems, we employ parallel processing via GPUs to alleviate computational bottlenecks and to achieve real-time mosaicking even for video-rate multichannel systems anticipated in the future. This implementation paves the way for real-time multichannel mosaicking to accompany next-generation hyperspectral and multispectral video microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan T. Lang
- Northeastern University, Translational Biophotonics Cluster, Boston, United States
- Northeastern University, Department of Physics, Boston, United States
| | - Julia Tatz
- Northeastern University, Translational Biophotonics Cluster, Boston, United States
- Northeastern University, Department of Physics, Boston, United States
| | - Eric M. Kercher
- Northeastern University, Translational Biophotonics Cluster, Boston, United States
- Northeastern University, Department of Physics, Boston, United States
| | - Akilan Palanisami
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Boston, United States
| | - Dana H. Brooks
- Northeastern University, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston, United States
| | - Bryan Q. Spring
- Northeastern University, Translational Biophotonics Cluster, Boston, United States
- Northeastern University, Department of Physics, Boston, United States
- Northeastern University, Department of Bioengineering, Boston, United States
- Address all correspondence to Bryan Q. Spring, E-mail:
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15
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Perrot R, Bourdon P, Helbert D. Confidence-based dynamic optimization model for biomedical image mosaicking. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. A, OPTICS, IMAGE SCIENCE, AND VISION 2019; 36:C28-C39. [PMID: 31873691 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.36.000c28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Biomedical image mosaicking is a trending topic. It consists of computing a single large image from multiple observations and becomes a challenging task when said observations barely overlap or are subject to illumination changes, poor resolution, blur, or either highly textured or predominantly homogeneous content. Because such challenges are common in biomedical images, classical keypoint/feature-based methods perform poorly. In this paper, we propose a new framework based on pairwise template matching coupled with a constrained, confidence-driven global optimization strategy to solve the issue of microscopic biomedical image mosaicking. First we provide experimental results that show significant improvement on a subjective level. Then we describe a new validation strategy for objective assessment, which shows improvement as well.
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16
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Sahu A, Yélamos O, Iftimia N, Cordova M, Alessi-Fox C, Gill M, Maguluri G, Dusza SW, Navarrete-Dechent C, González S, Rossi AM, Marghoob AA, Rajadhyaksha M, Chen CSJ. Evaluation of a Combined Reflectance Confocal Microscopy-Optical Coherence Tomography Device for Detection and Depth Assessment of Basal Cell Carcinoma. JAMA Dermatol 2019; 154:1175-1183. [PMID: 30140851 DOI: 10.1001/jamadermatol.2018.2446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Importance The limited tissue sampling of a biopsy can lead to an incomplete assessment of basal cell carcinoma (BCC) subtypes and depth. Reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) combined with optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging may enable real-time, noninvasive, comprehensive three-dimensional sampling in vivo, which may improve the diagnostic accuracy and margin assessment of BCCs. Objective To determine the accuracy of a combined RCM-OCT device for BCC detection and deep margin assessment. Design, Setting, and Participants This pilot study was carried out on 85 lesions from 55 patients referred for physician consultation or Mohs surgery at Memorial Sloan Kettering Skin Cancer Center in Hauppauge, New York. These patients were prospectively and consecutively enrolled in the study between January 1, 2017, and December 31, 2017. Patients underwent imaging, with the combined RCM-OCT probe, for previously biopsied, histopathologically confirmed BCCs and lesions clinically or dermoscopically suggestive of BCC. Only patients with available histopathologic examination after imaging were included. Main Outcomes and Measures Improvements in sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic accuracy for BCC using the combined RCM-OCT probe as well as the correlation between OCT-estimated depth and histopathologically measured depth were investigated. Results In total, 85 lesions from 55 patients (27 [49%] were female and 28 [51%] were male with a median [range] age of 59 [21-90] years) were imaged. Imaging was performed on 25 previously biopsied and histopathologically confirmed BCCs and 60 previously nonbiopsied but clinically or dermoscopically suspicious lesions. Normal skin and BCC features were correlated and validated with histopathologic examination. In previously biopsied lesions, residual tumors were detected in 12 of 25 (48%) lesions with 100% sensitivity (95% CI, 73.5%-100%) and 23.1% specificity (95% CI, 5.0%-53.8%) for combined RCM-OCT probe. In previously nonbiopsied and suspicious lesions, BCCs were diagnosed in 48 of 60 (80%) lesions with 100% sensitivity (95% CI, 92.6%-100%) and 75% specificity (95% CI, 42.8%-94.5%). Correlation was observed between depth estimated with OCT and depth measured with histopathologic examination: the coefficient of determination (R2) was 0.75 (R = 0.86; P < .001) for all lesions, 0.73 (R = 0.85; P < .001) for lesions less than 500 μm deep, and 0.65 (R = 0.43; P < .001) for lesions greater than 500 μm deep. Conclusions and Relevance Combined RCM-OCT imaging may be prospectively used to comprehensively diagnose lesions suggestive of BCC and triage for treatment. Further validation of this device must be performed on a larger cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Sahu
- Dermatology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Oriol Yélamos
- Dermatology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.,Department of Dermatology, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nicusor Iftimia
- Biomedical Optics Technologies Group, Physical Sciences Inc, Andover, Massachusetts
| | - Miguel Cordova
- Dermatology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Christi Alessi-Fox
- Clinical Development, Caliber Imaging and Diagnostics Inc, Rochester, New York
| | - Melissa Gill
- SkinMedical Research and Diagnostics, PLLC, Dobbs Ferry, New York.,Department of Pathology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Gopi Maguluri
- Biomedical Optics Technologies Group, Physical Sciences Inc, Andover, Massachusetts
| | - Stephen W Dusza
- Dermatology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Cristián Navarrete-Dechent
- Dermatology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.,Department of Dermatology, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Salvador González
- Dermatology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.,Medicine and Medical Specialties Department, Instituto Ramon y Cajal de Investigacion Sanitaria, Alcalá University, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Dermatology, Alcalá University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Anthony M Rossi
- Dermatology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Ashfaq A Marghoob
- Dermatology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Milind Rajadhyaksha
- Dermatology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Chih-Shan J Chen
- Dermatology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
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17
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Liu Y, Xu J. High-resolution microscopy for imaging cancer pathobiology. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2019; 7:85-96. [PMID: 32953251 PMCID: PMC7500261 DOI: 10.1007/s40139-019-00201-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Light microscopy plays an essential role in clinical diagnosis and understanding the pathogenesis of cancer. Conventional bright-field microscope is used to visualize abnormality in tissue architecture and nuclear morphology, but often suffers from many limitations. This review focuses on the potential of new imaging techniques to improve basic and clinical research in pathobiology. RECENT FINDINGS Light microscopy has significantly expanded its ability in resolution, imaging volume, speed and contrast. It now allows 3D high-resolution volumetric imaging of tissue architecture from large tissue and molecular structures at nanometer resolution. SUMMARY Pathologists and researchers now have access to various imaging tools to study cancer pathobiology in both breadth and depth. Although clinical adoption of a new technique is slow, the new imaging tools will provide significant new insights and open new avenues for improving early cancer detection, personalized risk assessment and identifying the best treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Biomedical Optical Imaging Laboratory, Departments of Medicine and Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Jianquan Xu
- Biomedical Optical Imaging Laboratory, Departments of Medicine and Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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18
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Wei L, Fujita Y, Sanai N, Liu JTC. Toward Quantitative Neurosurgical Guidance With High-Resolution Microscopy of 5-Aminolevulinic Acid-Induced Protoporphyrin IX. Front Oncol 2019; 9:592. [PMID: 31334117 PMCID: PMC6616084 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-power fluorescence microscopy of 5-ALA-induced PpIX has emerged as a valuable intraoperative imaging technology for improving the resection of malignant gliomas. However, current fluorescence imaging tools are not highly sensitive nor quantitative, which limits their effectiveness for optimizing operative decisions near the surgical margins of gliomas, in particular non-enhancing low-grade gliomas. Intraoperative high-resolution optical-sectioning microscopy can potentially serve as a valuable complement to low-power fluorescence microscopy by providing reproducible quantification of tumor parameters at the infiltrative margins of diffuse gliomas. In this forward-looking perspective article, we provide a brief discussion of recent technical advancements, pilot clinical studies, and our vision of the future adoption of handheld optical-sectioning microscopy at the final stages of glioma surgeries to enhance the extent of resection. We list a number of challenges for clinical acceptance, as well as potential strategies to overcome such obstacles for the surgical implementation of these in vivo microscopy techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linpeng Wei
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Yoko Fujita
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Nader Sanai
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Jonathan T C Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
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19
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Peterson G, Zanoni DK, Ardigo M, Migliacci JC, Patel SG, Rajadhyaksha M. Feasibility of a Video-Mosaicking Approach to Extend the Field-of-View For Reflectance Confocal Microscopy in the Oral Cavity In Vivo. Lasers Surg Med 2019; 51:439-451. [PMID: 31067360 PMCID: PMC6842028 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.23090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) is a developing approach for noninvasive detection of oral lesions with label-free contrast and cellular-level resolution. For access into the oral cavity, confocal microscopes are being configured with small-diameter telescopic probes and small objective lenses. However, a small probe and objective lens allows for a rather small field-of-view relative to the large areas of tissue that must be examined for diagnosis. To extend the field-of-view for intraoral RCM imaging, we are investigating a video-mosaicking approach. METHODS A relay telescope and objective lens were adapted to an existing confocal microscope for access into the oral cavity. Imaging was performed using metal three-dimensional-printed objective lens front-end caps with coverslip windows to contact and stabilize the tissue and set depth. Four healthy volunteers (normal oral mucosa), one patient (with an amalgam tattoo) in a clinical setting, and 20 anesthetized patients (with oral squamous cell carcinoma [OSCC]) in a surgical setting were imaged. Instead of the usual still RCM images, videos were recorded and then processed into video-mosaics. Thirty video-mosaics were read and qualitatively assessed by an expert reader of RCM images of the oral mucosa. RESULTS Whereas the objective lens' native field-of-view is 0.75 mm × 0.75 mm, the video-mosaics display larger areas, ranging from 2 mm × 2 mm to 4 mm × 2 mm, with resolution, morphologic detail, and image quality that is preserved relative to that observed in the original videos (individual images). Video-mosaics in healthy volunteers' and the patients' images showed cellular morphologic patterns in the lower epithelium and at the epithelial junction, and connective tissue along with capillary loops and blood flow in the deeper lamina propria. In OSCC, tumor nests could be observed along with normal looking mucosa in margin areas. CONCLUSIONS Video-mosaicking is a reasonably quick and efficient approach for extending the field-of-view of RCM imaging, which can, to some extent, overcome the inherent limitation of an intraoral probe's small field-of-view. Reading video-mosaics can mimic the procedure for examining pathology: initial visualization of the spatial cellular and morphologic patterns of the tumor and the spread of tumor margins over larger areas of the lesion, followed by digitally zooming (magnifying) for closer inspection of suspicious areas. However, faster processing of videos into video-mosaics will be necessary, to allow examination of video-mosaics in real-time at the bedside. Lasers Surg. Med. 51:439-451, 2019. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Peterson
- Dermatology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, 10022, USA
| | - Daniella Karassawa Zanoni
- Head and Neck Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, 10065, USA
| | - Marco Ardigo
- Department of Clinical Dermatology, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, 00144, Rome, Italy
| | - Jocelyn C Migliacci
- Head and Neck Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, 10065, USA
| | - Snehal G Patel
- Head and Neck Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, 10065, USA
| | - Milind Rajadhyaksha
- Dermatology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, 10022, USA
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20
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Yin C, Wei L, Abeytunge S, Peterson G, Rajadhyaksha M, Liu JTC. Label-free in vivo pathology of human epithelia with a high-speed handheld dual-axis confocal microscope. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2019; 24:30501. [PMID: 32717147 PMCID: PMC6435977 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.24.3.030501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
There would be clinical value in a miniature optical-sectioning microscope to enable in vivo interrogation of tissues as a real-time and noninvasive alternative to gold-standard histopathology for early disease detection and surgical guidance. To address this need, a reflectance-based handheld line-scanned dual-axis confocal microscope was developed and fully packaged for label-free imaging of human skin and oral mucosa. This device can collect images at >15 frames/s with an optical-sectioning thickness and lateral resolution of 1.7 and 1.1 μm, respectively. Incorporation of a sterile lens cap design enables pressure-sensitive adjustment of the imaging depth by the user during clinical use. In vivo human images and videos are obtained to demonstrate the capabilities of this high-speed optical-sectioning microscopy device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengbo Yin
- University of Washington, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Linpeng Wei
- University of Washington, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Sanjee Abeytunge
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, Dermatology Service, New York, New York, United States
| | - Gary Peterson
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, Dermatology Service, New York, New York, United States
| | - Milind Rajadhyaksha
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, Dermatology Service, New York, New York, United States
| | - Jonathan T. C. Liu
- University of Washington, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seattle, Washington, United States
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Seattle, Washington, United States
- Address all correspondence to Jonathan T. C. Liu, E-mail:
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21
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Flores E, Yélamos O, Cordova M, Kose K, Phillips W, Lee EH, Rossi A, Nehal K, Rajadhyaksha M. Peri-operative delineation of non-melanoma skin cancer margins in vivo with handheld reflectance confocal microscopy and video-mosaicking. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2019; 33:1084-1091. [PMID: 30811707 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.15491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The surgical removal of non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSCs) is guided by the pathologic examination of margins. However, the preparation of histopathology is time consuming, labour-intensive and requires separate laboratory infrastructure. Furthermore, when histopathology indicates positive margins, patients must return for re-excisions. Reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) with a new video-mosaicking approach can noninvasively delineate margins directly on patients and potentially guide surgery in real-time, augmenting the traditional approaches of histopathology. OBJECTIVE To assess a new peri-operative RCM video-mosaicking approach for comprehensive delineation of NMSC margins on patients in vivo. METHODS Thirty-five patients undergoing Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) in the Mohs surgery unit at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY were included in the study. RCM imaging was performed before and after the first staged excision by acquiring videos along the surgical margins (epidermal, peripheral and deep dermal) of each wound, which were subsequently processed into video-mosaics. Two RCM evaluators read and assessed video-mosaics, and subsequently compared to the corresponding Mohs frozen histopathology. RESULTS Reflectance confocal microscopy videos and video-mosaics displayed acceptable imaging quality (resolution and contrast), pre-operatively in 32/35 (91%) NMSC lesions and intra-operatively in 29/35 lesions (83%). Pre-operative delineation of margins correlated with the histopathology in 32/35 (91%) lesions. Intra-operative delineation correlated in 10/14 (71%) lesions for the presence of residual tumour and in 18/21 (86%) lesions for absence. Sensitivity/specificity were 71%/86% and 86%/81% for two RCM video-mosaic evaluators, and overall agreement was 80% and 83% with histopathology, with moderate inter-evaluator agreement (k = 0.59, P ≤ 0.0002). CONCLUSIONS Peri-operative RCM video-mosaicking of NMSC margins directly on patients may potentially guide surgery in real-time, serve as an adjunct to histopathology, reduce time spent in clinic and reduce the need for re-excisions. Further testing in larger studies is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Flores
- Dermatology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Public Health Science Department, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - O Yélamos
- Dermatology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Dermatology Department, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Cordova
- Dermatology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - K Kose
- Dermatology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - W Phillips
- Dermatology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - E H Lee
- Dermatology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - A Rossi
- Dermatology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - K Nehal
- Dermatology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - M Rajadhyaksha
- Dermatology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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22
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Diagnostic accuracy of reflectance confocal microscopy for pigmented skin lesions presenting dermoscopic features of cutaneous melanoma. Postepy Dermatol Alergol 2019; 37:531-534. [PMID: 32994775 PMCID: PMC7507154 DOI: 10.5114/ada.2019.82742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The incidence and mortality of melanoma are rising rapidly. Despite ongoing research and the introduction of new therapeutic methods, advanced melanoma is still considered incurable. Early detection and surgical excision of the tumor increases patients’ survival. Since the diagnostic protocol includes surgical excision of all suspicious lesions, it is burdened with a high rate of unnecessary excisions that cause unwanted scarring. This is why the development of accurate diagnostic techniques is crucial. The most common diagnostic tool in early diagnosis of cutaneous melanoma is dermoscopy, though there are emerging new techniques, such as reflectance confocal microscopy and optical coherence tomography. Aim To evaluate diagnostic accuracy of reflectance confocal microscopy as a secondary examination in melanocytic lesions previously diagnosed as melanomas by means of dermoscopy. Material and methods Forty-six melanocytic lesions presenting dermoscopic features of cutaneous malignant melanoma were examined by means of reflectance confocal microscopy. Results The RCM evaluation showed sensitivity at the level of 100% and specificity at 62%. Conclusions It can be estimated that double evaluation of melanocytic lesions by dermoscopy and reflectance confocal microscopy may allow up to 62% of unnecessary excisions to be avoided.
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23
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Waddell A, Star P, Guitera P. Advances in the use of reflectance confocal microscopy in melanoma. Melanoma Manag 2018; 5:MMT04. [PMID: 30190930 PMCID: PMC6122529 DOI: 10.2217/mmt-2018-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In vivo reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) is a noninvasive high-resolution skin imaging tool that has become an important adjunct to clinical exam, dermoscopy and histopathology assessment, in the diagnosis and management of melanoma. RCM generates a horizontal view of the skin, whereby cellular and subcellular (e.g., nuclei, melanophages, collagen) structures, to the level of the upper dermis, are projected onto a screen at near-histological resolution. Morphologic descriptors, standardized terminology, and diagnostic algorithms are well established for the RCM assessment of melanoma, melanocytic, and nonmelanocytic lesions. Clinical applications of RCM in melanoma are broad and include diagnosis, assessment of large lesions on cosmetically sensitive areas, directing areas to biopsy, delineating margins prior to surgery, detecting response to treatment and assessing recurrence. This review will provide an overview of RCM technology, findings by melanoma subtype, clinical applications, as well as explore the accuracy of RCM for melanoma diagnosis, pitfalls and emerging uses of this technology ex vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréanne Waddell
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The Poche Centre, North Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Medicine/Division of Dermatology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada.,Melanoma Institute Australia, The Poche Centre, North Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Medicine/Division of Dermatology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Phoebe Star
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The Poche Centre, North Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney Medical School, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Melanoma Institute Australia, The Poche Centre, North Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney Medical School, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Pascale Guitera
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The Poche Centre, North Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney Medical School, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney Melanoma Diagnostic Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.,Melanoma Institute Australia, The Poche Centre, North Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney Medical School, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney Melanoma Diagnostic Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
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24
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Freeman EE, Semeere A, Osman H, Peterson G, Rajadhyaksha M, González S, Martin JN, Anderson RR, Tearney GJ, Kang D. Smartphone confocal microscopy for imaging cellular structures in human skin in vivo. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 9:1906-1915. [PMID: 29675328 PMCID: PMC5905933 DOI: 10.1364/boe.9.001906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
We report development of a low-cost smartphone confocal microscope and its first demonstration of in vivo human skin imaging. The smartphone confocal microscope uses a slit aperture and diffraction grating to conduct two-dimensional confocal imaging without using any beam scanning devices. Lateral and axial resolutions of the smartphone confocal microscope were measured as 2 and 5 µm, respectively. In vivo confocal images of human skin revealed characteristic cellular structures, including spinous and basal keratinocytes and papillary dermis. Results suggest that the smartphone confocal microscope has a potential to examine cellular details in vivo and may help disease diagnosis in resource-poor settings, where conducting standard histopathologic analysis is challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther E. Freeman
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Aggrey Semeere
- Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Mulago Hospital Complex, P.O. Box 22418, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Hany Osman
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Gary Peterson
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 16 East 60th Street, New York, NY 10022, USA
| | - Milind Rajadhyaksha
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 16 East 60th Street, New York, NY 10022, USA
| | - Salvador González
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 16 East 60th Street, New York, NY 10022, USA
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialties, Alcalá University and Ramon y Cajal Hospital, Ctra. De Colmenar Viejo, Km. 9,100, 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jeffery N. Martin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, 550 16th Street, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - R. Rox Anderson
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Guillermo J. Tearney
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Science and Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Dongkyun Kang
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, 1630 E University Blvd, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, 1127 E James E. Rogers Way, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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