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Huang L, Xiao W, Wang Y, Li J, Gong J, Tu E, Long L, Xiao B, Yan X, Wan L. Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) in epileptogenesis: an update on abnormal mGluRs signaling and its therapeutic implications. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:360-368. [PMID: 37488891 PMCID: PMC10503602 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.379018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a neurological disorder characterized by high morbidity, high recurrence, and drug resistance. Enhanced signaling through the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate is intricately associated with epilepsy. Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are G protein-coupled receptors activated by glutamate and are key regulators of neuronal and synaptic plasticity. Dysregulated mGluR signaling has been associated with various neurological disorders, and numerous studies have shown a close relationship between mGluRs expression/activity and the development of epilepsy. In this review, we first introduce the three groups of mGluRs and their associated signaling pathways. Then, we detail how these receptors influence epilepsy by describing the signaling cascades triggered by their activation and their neuroprotective or detrimental roles in epileptogenesis. In addition, strategies for pharmacological manipulation of these receptors during the treatment of epilepsy in experimental studies is also summarized. We hope that this review will provide a foundation for future studies on the development of mGluR-targeted antiepileptic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyi Huang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University Xiangya Medical School, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Wenjie Xiao
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University Xiangya Medical School, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University Xiangya Medical School, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Jiaoe Gong
- Department of Neurology, Hunan Children’s Hospital, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Ewen Tu
- Department of Neurology, Brain Hospital of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Lili Long
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Bo Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xiaoxin Yan
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University Xiangya Medical School, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Lily Wan
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University Xiangya Medical School, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
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2
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Johansen VBI, Hampson E, Tsonou E, Pantarelli C, Chu JY, Crossland L, Okkenhaug H, Massey AJ, Hornigold DC, Welch HCE, Chetwynd SA. The GPCR adaptor protein Norbin regulates S1PR1 trafficking and the morphology, cell cycle and survival of PC12 cells. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18237. [PMID: 37880240 PMCID: PMC10600135 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45148-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Norbin is an adaptor protein that binds numerous G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), is highly expressed in neurons, and is essential for a functioning nervous system in rodent models. Yet, beyond its control of neurite outgrowth and synaptic plasticity, few cellular roles of Norbin have been investigated to date. Furthermore, while Norbin is known to regulate the steady-state cell surface levels of several GPCRs, only in one case has the protein been shown to control the agonist-induced receptor internalisation which serves to attenuate GPCR signalling. Here, we generated a Norbin-deficient PC12 cell line which enabled us to study both the cellular functions of Norbin and its roles in GPCR trafficking and signalling. We show that Norbin limits cell size and spreading, and is required for the growth, viability and cell cycle progression of PC12 cells. We also found that Norbin regulates both the steady-state surface level and agonist-induced internalisation of the GPCR sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1PR1) in these cells, suggesting that its role in agonist-dependent GPCR trafficking is more widespread than previously appreciated. Finally, we show that Norbin limits the S1P-stimulated activation of Akt and p38 Mapk, and is required for the activation of Erk in PC12 cells. Together, our findings provide a better understanding of the cellular functions of Norbin and its control of GPCR trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valdemar B I Johansen
- Signalling Programme, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Elizabeth Hampson
- Signalling Programme, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
- Vernalis (R&D) Ltd., Cambridge, UK
| | - Elpida Tsonou
- Signalling Programme, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
- Bioscience Metabolism, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Chiara Pantarelli
- Signalling Programme, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Julia Y Chu
- Signalling Programme, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Laraine Crossland
- Signalling Programme, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | | | | | - David C Hornigold
- Bioscience Metabolism, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Heidi C E Welch
- Signalling Programme, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK.
| | - Stephen A Chetwynd
- Signalling Programme, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK.
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3
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Chetwynd SA, Andrews S, Inglesfield S, Delon C, Ktistakis NT, Welch HCE. Functions and mechanisms of the GPCR adaptor protein Norbin. Biochem Soc Trans 2023; 51:1545-1558. [PMID: 37503670 PMCID: PMC10586782 DOI: 10.1042/bst20221349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Norbin (Neurochondrin, NCDN) is a highly conserved 79 kDa adaptor protein that was first identified more than a quarter of a century ago as a gene up-regulated in rat hippocampus upon induction of long-term potentiation. Most research has focussed on the role of Norbin in the nervous system, where the protein is highly expressed. Norbin regulates neuronal morphology and synaptic plasticity, and is essential for normal brain development and homeostasis. Dysregulation of Norbin is linked to a variety of neurological conditions. Recently, Norbin was shown to be expressed in myeloid cells as well as neurons. Myeloid-cell specific deletion revealed an important role of Norbin as a suppressor of neutrophil-derived innate immunity. Norbin limits the ability of neutrophils to clear bacterial infections by curbing the responsiveness of these cells to inflammatory and infectious stimuli. Mechanistically, Norbin regulates cell responses through binding to its interactors, in particular to a wide range of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Norbin association with GPCRs controls GPCR trafficking and signalling. Other important Norbin interactors are the Rac guanine-nucleotide exchange factor P-Rex1 and protein kinase A. Downstream signalling pathways regulated by Norbin include ERK, Ca2+ and the small GTPase Rac. Here, we review the current understanding of Norbin structure, expression and its roles in health and disease. We also explore Norbin signalling through its interactors, with a particular focus on GPCR trafficking and signalling. Finally, we discuss avenues that could be pursued in the future to increase our understanding of Norbin biology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simon Andrews
- Bioinformatics Facility, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, U.K
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Nicolas G, Sévigny M, Lecoquierre F, Marguet F, Deschênes A, del Pelaez MC, Feuillette S, Audebrand A, Lecourtois M, Rousseau S, Richard AC, Cassinari K, Deramecourt V, Duyckaerts C, Boland A, Deleuze JF, Meyer V, Clarimon Echavarria J, Gelpi E, Akiyama H, Hasegawa M, Kawakami I, Wong TH, Van Rooij JGJ, Van Swieten JC, Campion D, Dutchak PA, Wallon D, Lavoie-Cardinal F, Laquerrière A, Rovelet-Lecrux A, Sephton CF. A postzygotic de novo NCDN mutation identified in a sporadic FTLD patient results in neurochondrin haploinsufficiency and altered FUS granule dynamics. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2022; 10:20. [PMID: 35151370 PMCID: PMC8841087 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-022-01314-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is a heterogeneous clinical disorder characterized by progressive abnormalities in behavior, executive functions, personality, language and/or motricity. A neuropathological subtype of FTD, frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD)-FET, is characterized by protein aggregates consisting of the RNA-binding protein fused in sarcoma (FUS). The cause of FTLD-FET is not well understood and there is a lack of genetic evidence to aid in the investigation of mechanisms of the disease. The goal of this study was to identify genetic variants contributing to FTLD-FET and to investigate their effects on FUS pathology. We performed whole-exome sequencing on a 50-year-old FTLD patient with ubiquitin and FUS-positive neuronal inclusions and unaffected parents, and identified a de novo postzygotic nonsense variant in the NCDN gene encoding Neurochondrin (NCDN), NM_014284.3:c.1206G > A, p.(Trp402*). The variant was associated with a ~ 31% reduction in full-length protein levels in the patient’s brain, suggesting that this mutation leads to NCDN haploinsufficiency. We examined the effects of NCDN haploinsufficiency on FUS and found that depleting primary cortical neurons of NCDN causes a reduction in the total number of FUS-positive cytoplasmic granules. Moreover, we found that these granules were significantly larger and more highly enriched with FUS. We then examined the effects of a loss of FUS function on NCDN in neurons and found that depleting cells of FUS leads to a decrease in NCDN protein and mRNA levels. Our study identifies the NCDN protein as a likely contributor of FTLD-FET pathophysiology. Moreover, we provide evidence for a negative feedback loop of toxicity between NCDN and FUS, where loss of NCDN alters FUS cytoplasmic dynamics, which in turn has an impact on NCDN expression.
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The GPCR adaptor protein norbin suppresses the neutrophil-mediated immunity of mice to pneumococcal infection. Blood Adv 2021; 5:3076-3091. [PMID: 34402884 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2020002782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcal pneumonia is a worldwide health problem that kills ∼2 million people each year, particularly young children, the elderly, and immunosuppressed individuals. Alveolar macrophages and neutrophils provide the early innate immune response to clear pneumococcus from infected lungs. However, the level of neutrophil involvement is context dependent, both in humans and in mouse models of the disease, influenced by factors such as bacterial load, age, and coinfections. Here, we show that the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) adaptor protein norbin (neurochondrin, NCDN), which was hitherto known as a regulator of neuronal function, is a suppressor of neutrophil-mediated innate immunity. Myeloid norbin deficiency improved the immunity of mice to pneumococcal infection by increasing the involvement of neutrophils in clearing the bacteria, without affecting neutrophil recruitment or causing autoinflammation. It also improved immunity during Escherichia coli-induced septic peritonitis. It increased the responsiveness of neutrophils to a range of stimuli, promoting their ability to kill bacteria in a reactive oxygen species-dependent manner, enhancing degranulation, phagocytosis, and the production of reactive oxygen species and neutrophil extracellular traps, raising the cell surface levels of selected GPCRs, and increasing GPCR-dependent Rac and Erk signaling. The Rac guanine-nucleotide exchange factor Prex1, a known effector of norbin, was dispensable for most of these effects, which suggested that norbin controls additional downstream targets. We identified the Rac guanine-nucleotide exchange factor Vav as one of these effectors. In summary, our study presents the GPCR adaptor protein norbin as an immune suppressor that limits the ability of neutrophils to clear bacterial infections.
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Bando SY, Bertonha FB, Pimentel-Silva LR, de Oliveira JGM, Carneiro MAD, Oku MHM, Wen HT, Castro LHM, Moreira-Filho CA. Hippocampal CA3 transcriptional modules associated with granule cell alterations and cognitive impairment in refractory mesial temporal lobe epilepsy patients. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10257. [PMID: 33986407 PMCID: PMC8119682 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89802-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In about a third of the patients with epilepsy the seizures are not drug-controlled. The current limitation of the antiepileptic drug therapy derives from an insufficient understanding of epilepsy pathophysiology. In order to overcome this situation, it is necessary to consider epilepsy as a disturbed network of interactions, instead of just looking for changes in single molecular components. Here, we studied CA3 transcriptional signatures and dentate gyrus histopathologic alterations in hippocampal explants surgically obtained from 57 RMTLE patients submitted to corticoamygdalohippocampectomy. By adopting a systems biology approach, integrating clinical, histopathological, and transcriptomic data (weighted gene co-expression network analysis), we were able to identify transcriptional modules highly correlated with age of disease onset, cognitive dysfunctions, and granule cell alterations. The enrichment analysis of transcriptional modules and the functional characterization of the highly connected genes in each trait-correlated module allowed us to unveil the modules’ main biological functions, paving the way for further investigations on their roles in RMTLE pathophysiology. Moreover, we found 15 genes with high gene significance values which have the potential to become novel biomarkers and/or therapeutic targets in RMTLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Yumi Bando
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05403-900, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Bernardi Bertonha
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05403-900, Brazil
| | - Luciana Ramalho Pimentel-Silva
- Department of Neurology, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Universidade Estadual de Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, 13083-887, Brazil
| | | | | | - Mariana Hiromi Manoel Oku
- Department of Neurology, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05403-900, Brazil
| | - Hung-Tzu Wen
- Epilepsy Surgery Group, Hospital das Clínicas da FMUSP, São Paulo, SP, 05403-900, Brazil
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Khayachi A, Schorova L, Alda M, Rouleau GA, Milnerwood AJ. Posttranslational modifications & lithium's therapeutic effect-Potential biomarkers for clinical responses in psychiatric & neurodegenerative disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 127:424-445. [PMID: 33971223 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Several neurodegenerative diseases and neuropsychiatric disorders display aberrant posttranslational modifications (PTMs) of one, or many, proteins. Lithium treatment has been used for mood stabilization for many decades, and is highly effective for large subsets of patients with diverse neurological conditions. However, the differential effectiveness and mode of action are not fully understood. In recent years, studies have shown that lithium alters several protein PTMs, altering their function, and consequently neuronal physiology. The impetus for this review is to outline the links between lithium's therapeutic mode of action and PTM homeostasis. We first provide an overview of the principal PTMs affected by lithium. We then describe several neuropsychiatric disorders in which PTMs have been implicated as pathogenic. For each of these conditions, we discuss lithium's clinical use and explore the putative mechanism of how it restores PTM homeostasis, and thereby cellular physiology. Evidence suggests that determining specific PTM patterns could be a promising strategy to develop biomarkers for disease and lithium responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Khayachi
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - L Schorova
- McGill University Health Center Research Institute, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - M Alda
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - G A Rouleau
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - A J Milnerwood
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.
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Fatima A, Hoeber J, Schuster J, Koshimizu E, Maya-Gonzalez C, Keren B, Mignot C, Akram T, Ali Z, Miyatake S, Tanigawa J, Koike T, Kato M, Murakami Y, Abdullah U, Ali MA, Fadoul R, Laan L, Castillejo-López C, Liik M, Jin Z, Birnir B, Matsumoto N, Baig SM, Klar J, Dahl N. Monoallelic and bi-allelic variants in NCDN cause neurodevelopmental delay, intellectual disability, and epilepsy. Am J Hum Genet 2021; 108:739-748. [PMID: 33711248 PMCID: PMC8059333 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2021.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurochondrin (NCDN) is a cytoplasmatic neural protein of importance for neural growth, glutamate receptor (mGluR) signaling, and synaptic plasticity. Conditional loss of Ncdn in mice neural tissue causes depressive-like behaviors, impaired spatial learning, and epileptic seizures. We report on NCDN missense variants in six affected individuals with variable degrees of developmental delay, intellectual disability (ID), and seizures. Three siblings were found homozygous for a NCDN missense variant, whereas another three unrelated individuals carried different de novo missense variants in NCDN. We assayed the missense variants for their capability to rescue impaired neurite formation in human neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) cells depleted of NCDN. Overexpression of wild-type NCDN rescued the neurite-phenotype in contrast to expression of NCDN containing the variants of affected individuals. Two missense variants, associated with severe neurodevelopmental features and epilepsy, were unable to restore mGluR5-induced ERK phosphorylation. Electrophysiological analysis of SH-SY5Y cells depleted of NCDN exhibited altered membrane potential and impaired action potentials at repolarization, suggesting NCDN to be required for normal biophysical properties. Using available transcriptome data from human fetal cortex, we show that NCDN is highly expressed in maturing excitatory neurons. In combination, our data provide evidence that bi-allelic and de novo variants in NCDN cause a clinically variable form of neurodevelopmental delay and epilepsy, highlighting a critical role for NCDN in human brain development.
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Deshpande LS, DeLorenzo RJ, Churn SB, Parsons JT. Neuronal-Specific Inhibition of Endoplasmic Reticulum Mg 2+/Ca 2+ ATPase Ca 2+ Uptake in a Mixed Primary Hippocampal Culture Model of Status Epilepticus. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10070438. [PMID: 32664397 PMCID: PMC7407863 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10070438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of intracellular calcium homeostasis is an established mechanism associated with neuronal dysfunction and status epilepticus. Sequestration of free cytosolic calcium into endoplasmic reticulum by Mg2+/Ca2+ adenosinetriphosphatase (ATPase) is critical for maintenance of intracellular calcium homeostasis. Exposing hippocampal cultures to low-magnesium media is a well-accepted in vitro model of status epilepticus. Using this model, it was shown that endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ uptake was significantly inhibited in homogenates from cultures demonstrating electrophysiological seizure phenotypes. Calcium uptake was mainly neuronal. However, glial Ca2+ uptake was also significantly inhibited. Viability of neurons exposed to low magnesium was similar to neurons exposed to control solutions. Finally, it was demonstrated that Ca2+ uptake inhibition and intracellular free Ca2+ levels increased in parallel with increasing incubation in low magnesium. The results suggest that inhibition of Mg2+/Ca2+ ATPase-mediated endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ sequestration contributes to loss of intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis associated with status epilepticus. This study describes for the first time inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum Mg2+/Ca2+ ATPase in a mixed primary hippocampal model of status epilepticus. In combination with animal models of status epilepticus, the cell culture model provides a powerful tool to further elucidate mechanisms that result in inhibition of Mg2+/Ca2+ ATPase and downstream consequences of decreased enzyme activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laxmikant S. Deshpande
- Department of Neurology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (L.S.D.); (R.J.D.); (S.B.C.)
| | - Robert J. DeLorenzo
- Department of Neurology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (L.S.D.); (R.J.D.); (S.B.C.)
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Severn B. Churn
- Department of Neurology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (L.S.D.); (R.J.D.); (S.B.C.)
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
- Department of Physiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - J. Travis Parsons
- Department of Neurology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (L.S.D.); (R.J.D.); (S.B.C.)
- Correspondence:
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