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Chahal S, Sahay T, Li Z, Sharma RK, Kumari E, Bandyopadhyay A, Kumari P, Jyoti Ray S, Vinu A, Kumar P. Graphene via Microwave Expansion of Graphite Followed by Cryo-Quenching and its Application in Electrostatic Droplet Switching. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2404337. [PMID: 38958089 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202404337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Monoelemental atomic sheets (Xenes) and other 2D materials offer record electronic mobility, high thermal conductivity, excellent Young's moduli, optical transparency, and flexural capability, revolutionizing ultrasensitive devices and enhancing performance. The ideal synthesis of these quantum materials should be facile, fast, scalable, reproducible, and green. Microwave expansion followed by cryoquenching (MECQ) leverages thermal stress in graphite to produce high-purity graphene within minutes. MECQ synthesis of graphene is reported at 640 and 800 W for 10 min, followed by liquid nitrogen quenching for 5 and 90 min of sonication. Microscopic and spectroscopic analyses confirmed the chemical identity and phase purity of monolayers and few-layered graphene sheets (200-12 µm). Higher microwave power yields thinner layers with enhanced purity. Molecular dynamics simulations and DFT calculations support the exfoliation under these conditions. Electrostatic droplet switching is demonstrated using MECQ-synthesized graphene, observing electrorolling of a mercury droplet on a BN/graphene interface at voltages above 20 V. This technique can inspire the synthesis of other 2D materials with high purity and enable new applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Chahal
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Bihta Campus, Patna, 801106, India
- Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Hyderabad, 502284, India
| | - Trisha Sahay
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Bihta Campus, Patna, 801106, India
| | - Zhixuan Li
- Global Innovative Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials (GICAN), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, 2308, Australia
| | - Raju Kumar Sharma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Government Engineering College Sheohar, Chhatauna Bisunpur, Block- Piprahi, Sheohar, Bihar, 843329, India
| | - Ekta Kumari
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Bihta Campus, Patna, 801106, India
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Bihta Campus, Patna, 801106, India
| | - Arkamita Bandyopadhyay
- Institut für Physik, Theoretische Physik, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenber, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Puja Kumari
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Bihta Campus, Patna, 801106, India
| | - Soumya Jyoti Ray
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Bihta Campus, Patna, 801106, India
| | - Ajayan Vinu
- Global Innovative Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials (GICAN), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, 2308, Australia
| | - Prashant Kumar
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Bihta Campus, Patna, 801106, India
- Global Innovative Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials (GICAN), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, 2308, Australia
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2
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Ukai J, Kim K, Matsuhara S, Yang L, Saito N. Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Nanothin Film as a Buffer Layer between Anodic Graphite and Solid Electrolyte Interphase for Lithium-Ion Batteries. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:24372-24378. [PMID: 38882070 PMCID: PMC11170689 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c10502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Lithium-ion batteries are essential batteries for electric vehicle drive systems. Such batteries must provide stable performance over a long period of time. Therefore, the degradation or aging of the battery capacity must be improved. In the case of the current graphite anodes, graphite coated with an amorphous layer is used. It is known that the amorphous layer can reduce the irreversible capacity loss caused by the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer. The amorphous carbon layers reduce the initial capacity due to higher electrical resistance. In this study, we aim to develop a buffer layer using nitrogen-containing graphene that would prevent the increase in electrical resistance while maintaining the amorphous structure. Coatings with different film thicknesses were prepared by using the solution plasma method. The thinnest sample was oven sintered to optimize the structure, especially the surface and interface of the layer. The battery capacity from charge-discharge experiments and the resistance change of each part from electrochemical impedance measurements were evaluated. The results showed that the coating layer increased the electrical resistance of the graphite anode. On the other hand, the resistance of the SEI layer was reduced by the coating layer. It can be predicted that the addition of the coating layer will increase the total charge transfer resistance (R ct) of the cell but will also improve the period average capacity in the long run. To be used as a practical material, the film thickness would need to be further reduced, and the balance between the loss of charge transfer resistance and the gain of SEI layer resistance would need to be further optimized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junzo Ukai
- Department of Chemical Systems Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Kyusung Kim
- Institute of Material Innovation, Institutes of Innovation for Future Society, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | | | - Li Yang
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University,, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Nagahiro Saito
- Department of Chemical Systems Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
- Institute of Material Innovation, Institutes of Innovation for Future Society, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
- Department of International Collaborative Program in Sustainable Materials and Technology for Industries Between Nagoya University and Chulalongkorn University, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
- Conjoint Research Laboratory in Nagoya University, Shinshu University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
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3
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Yang S, Liu K, Xu Y, Liu L, Li H, Zhai T. Gate Dielectrics Integration for 2D Electronics: Challenges, Advances, and Outlook. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2207901. [PMID: 36226584 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202207901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
2D semiconductors have emerged both as an ideal platform for fundamental studies and as promising channel materials in beyond-silicon field-effect-transistors due to their outstanding electrical properties and exceptional tunability via external field. However, the lack of proper dielectrics for 2D semiconductors has become a major roadblock for their further development toward practical applications. The prominent issues between conventional 3D dielectrics and 2D semiconductors arise from the integration and interface quality, where defect states and imperfections lead to dramatic deterioration of device performance. In this review article, the root causes of such issues are briefly analyzed and recent advances on some possible solutions, including various approaches of adapting conventional dielectrics to 2D semiconductors, and the development of novel dielectrics with van der Waals surface toward high-performance 2D electronics are summarized. Then, in the perspective, the requirements of ideal dielectrics for state-of-the-art 2D devices are outlined and an outlook for their future development is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijie Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Kailang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Yongshan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Lixin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Huiqiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Tianyou Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
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4
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Gadelha AC, Nguyen VH, Neto EGS, Santana F, Raschke MB, Lamparski M, Meunier V, Charlier JC, Jorio A. Electron-Phonon Coupling in a Magic-Angle Twisted-Bilayer Graphene Device from Gate-Dependent Raman Spectroscopy and Atomistic Modeling. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:6069-6074. [PMID: 35878122 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c00905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The importance of phonons in the strong correlation phenomena observed in twisted-bilayer graphene (TBG) at the so-called magic-angle is under debate. Here we apply gate-dependent micro-Raman spectroscopy to monitor the G band line width in TBG devices of twist angles θ = 0° (Bernal), ∼1.1° (magic-angle), and ∼7° (large-angle). The results show a broad and p-/n-asymmetric doping behavior at the magic angle, in clear contrast to the behavior observed in twist angles above and below this point. Atomistic modeling reproduces the experimental observations in close connection with the joint density of electronic states in the electron-phonon scattering process, revealing how the unique electronic structure of magic-angle TBGs influences the electron-phonon coupling and, consequently, the G band line width. Overall, the value of the G band line width in magic-angle TBG is larger when compared to that of the other samples, in qualitative agreement with our calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreij C Gadelha
- Physics Department, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil
- Department of Physics, and JILA, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Viet-Hung Nguyen
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Louvain-la-Neuve 1348, Belgium
| | - Eliel G S Neto
- Physics Institute, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia 40170-115 Brazil
| | - Fabiano Santana
- Physics Department, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Markus B Raschke
- Department of Physics, and JILA, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Michael Lamparski
- Department of Physics, Applied Physics, and Astronomy, Jonsson Rowland Science Center, Troy, New York 12180-3590, United States
| | - Vincent Meunier
- Department of Physics, Applied Physics, and Astronomy, Jonsson Rowland Science Center, Troy, New York 12180-3590, United States
| | - Jean-Christophe Charlier
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Louvain-la-Neuve 1348, Belgium
| | - Ado Jorio
- Physics Department, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil
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5
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Chemical Interactions of Nano Islandic Graphene Grown on Titanium Dioxide Substrates by Chemical Vapor Deposition. ARABIAN JOURNAL FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13369-022-06674-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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6
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Chen Z, Khaireddin Y, Swan AK. Identifying the charge density and dielectric environment of graphene using Raman spectroscopy and deep learning. Analyst 2022; 147:1824-1832. [DOI: 10.1039/d2an00129b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We built a CNN model to classify graphene Raman spectra. Compared to other deep learning models and machine learning algorithms studied in this work, the CNN model achieves a high accuracy of 99% and is less sensitive to the SNR of Raman spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuofa Chen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston University, Boston, USA
| | - Yousif Khaireddin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston University, Boston, USA
| | - Anna K. Swan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston University, Boston, USA
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7
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Brandão ATSC, Costa R, Silva AF, Pereira CM. Sustainable Preparation of Nanoporous Carbons via Dry Ball Milling: Electrochemical Studies Using Nanocarbon Composite Electrodes and a Deep Eutectic Solvent as Electrolyte. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:3258. [PMID: 34947610 PMCID: PMC8709160 DOI: 10.3390/nano11123258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The urgent need to reduce the consumption of fossil fuels drives the demand for renewable energy and has been attracting the interest of the scientific community to develop materials with improved energy storage properties. We propose a sustainable route to produce nanoporous carbon materials with a high-surface area from commercial graphite using a dry ball-milling procedure through a systematic study of the effects of dry ball-milling conditions on the properties of the modified carbons. The microstructure and morphology of the dry ball-milled graphite/carbon composites are characterized by BET (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller) analysis, SEM (scanning electron microscopy), ATR-FTIR (attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) and Raman spectroscopy. As both the electrode and electrolyte play a significant role in any electrochemical energy storage device, the gravimetric capacitance was measured for ball-milled material/glassy carbon (GC) composite electrodes in contact with a deep eutectic solvent (DES) containing choline chloride and ethylene glycol as hydrogen bond donor (HBD) in a 1:2 molar ratio. Electrochemical stability was tracked by measuring charge/discharge curves. Carbons with different specific surface areas were tested and the relationship between the calculated capacitance and the surface treatment method was established. A five-fold increase in gravimetric capacitance, 25.27 F·g-1 (G40) against 5.45 F·g-1, was found for commercial graphene in contact with DES. Optimal milling time to achieve a higher surface area was also established.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Carlos M. Pereira
- Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, CIQUP–Physical Analytical Chemistry and Electrochemistry Group, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169−007 Porto, Portugal; (A.T.S.C.B.); (R.C.); (A.F.S.)
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8
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Rane K, Adams JJ, Thode JM, Leonard BM, Huo J, Goual L. Multistep Fractionation of Coal and Application for Graphene Synthesis. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:16573-16583. [PMID: 34235329 PMCID: PMC8246694 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c01614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Despite its complex structure, coal has shown to be a promising precursor for graphene synthesis by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). However, the presence of heteroatoms and aliphatic chains in coal can lead to defects in the graphene lattice, preventing the formation of pristine graphene layers. Therefore, the goal of this study was to formulate a multistep coal fractionation scheme to extract and characterize the most aromatic fractions and explore their potential as graphene precursors. The scheme consisted of direct coal liquefaction under different conditions, Soxhlet extraction with heptane then toluene, and preparative liquid chromatography on silica gel using heptol solutions with different heptane/toluene ratios. The fractions obtained by this process were analyzed by proton nuclear magnetic resonance, thermogravimetric and elemental analyses, and automated SAR-AD (saturates, aromatics, resins-asphaltene determinator) separations. This characterization allowed the identification of two aromatic fractions with and without heteroatoms, which were subsequently used for graphene synthesis by CVD on nickel and copper foils. Raman spectrometry revealed that both fractions primarily formed defect-free multilayered graphene with approximately 11 layers on nickel due to the high solubility of carbon and the defect-healing effect of nickel. On the other hand, these fractions generated amorphous carbon on copper due to the high solubility of hydrogen in copper, which competed with carbon. Molecules in the more aromatic heteroatom-free fraction still contained alkyl pendant substituents and did not share the same planarity and symmetry to form defect-free graphene on copper. Thus, the quality of graphene was governed by the substrate on nickel and by the precursor quality on copper. When deposited directly on lacey carbon-coated copper grids of a transmission electron microscope, the heteroatom-free fraction gave rise to much larger graphene domains. The presence of heteroatoms promoted the formation of small self-assembled agglomerates of amorphous carbon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaustubh Rane
- Department
of Petroleum Engineering, University of
Wyoming, 1000 E. University Avenue, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, United
States
| | - Jeramie J. Adams
- Western
Research Institute, 365
N 9th Street, Laramie, Wyoming 82072, United States
| | - James M. Thode
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, 1000 E. University Avenue, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, United States
| | - Brian M. Leonard
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, 1000 E. University Avenue, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, United States
| | - Jianqiang Huo
- Western
Research Institute, 365
N 9th Street, Laramie, Wyoming 82072, United States
| | - Lamia Goual
- Department
of Petroleum Engineering, University of
Wyoming, 1000 E. University Avenue, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, United
States
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9
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Pardanaud C, Merlen A, Gratzer K, Chuzel O, Nikolaievskyi D, Patrone L, Clair S, Ramirez-Jimenez R, de Andrés A, Roubin P, Parrain JL. Forming Weakly Interacting Multilayers of Graphene Using Atomic Force Microscope Tip Scanning and Evidence of Competition between Inner and Outer Raman Scattering Processes Piloted by Structural Defects. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:3571-3579. [PMID: 31198044 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b00564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We report on an alternative route based on nanomechanical folding induced by an AFM tip to obtain weakly interacting multilayer graphene (wi-MLG) from a chemical vapor deposition (CVD)-grown single-layer graphene (SLG). The tip first cuts and then pushes and folds graphene during zigzag movements. The pushed graphene has been analyzed using various Raman microscopy plots- AD/ AG × EL4 vs ΓG, ω2D vs Γ2D, Γ2D vs ΓG, ω2D+/- vs Γ2D+/-, and A2D-/ A2D+ vs A2D/ AG. We show that the SLG in-plane properties are maintained under the folding process and that a few tens of graphene layers are stacked, with a limited number of structural defects. A blue shift of about 20 cm-1 of the 2D band is observed. The relative intensity of the 2D- and 2D+ bands have been related to structural defects, giving evidence of their role in the inner and outer processes at play close to the Dirac cone.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Pardanaud
- Aix Marseille Univ , CNRS, PIIM , Marseille , France
| | - A Merlen
- Aix Marseille Univ, Université de Toulon , CNRS, IM2NP , Marseille , France
| | - K Gratzer
- Aix Marseille Univ , CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2 , Marseille , France
| | - O Chuzel
- Aix Marseille Univ , CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2 , Marseille , France
| | - D Nikolaievskyi
- Aix Marseille Univ , CNRS, PIIM , Marseille , France
- Aix Marseille Univ , CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2 , Marseille , France
| | - L Patrone
- Aix Marseille Univ, Université de Toulon , CNRS, IM2NP , Marseille , France
- ISEN Yncréa Méditerranée , CNRS, IM2NP UMR 7334 , Toulon , France
| | - S Clair
- Aix Marseille Univ, Université de Toulon , CNRS, IM2NP , Marseille , France
| | - R Ramirez-Jimenez
- Departamento de Física, Escuela Politecnica Superior , Universidad Carlos III de Madrid , Avenida Universidad 30 , Leganes, 28911 Madrid , Spain
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid , Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas , Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid , Spain
| | - A de Andrés
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid , Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas , Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid , Spain
| | - P Roubin
- Aix Marseille Univ , CNRS, PIIM , Marseille , France
| | - J-L Parrain
- Aix Marseille Univ , CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2 , Marseille , France
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10
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Farell M, Wetherington M, Shankla M, Chae I, Subramanian S, Kim SH, Aksimentiev A, Robinson J, Kumar M. Characterization of the Lipid Structure and Fluidity of Lipid Membranes on Epitaxial Graphene and Their Correlation to Graphene Features. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:4726-4735. [PMID: 30844287 PMCID: PMC6449857 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b00164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Graphene has been recognized as an enhanced platform for biosensors because of its high electron mobility. To integrate active membrane proteins into graphene-based materials for such applications, graphene's surface must be functionalized with lipids to mimic the biological environment of these proteins. Several studies have examined supported lipids on various types of graphene and obtained conflicting results for the lipid structure. Here, we present a correlative characterization technique based on fluorescence measurements in a Raman spectroscopy setup to study the lipid structure and dynamics on epitaxial graphene. Compared to other graphene variations, epitaxial graphene is grown on a substrate more conducive to production of electronics and offers unique topographic features. On the basis of experimental and computational results, we propose that a lipid sesquilayer (1.5 bilayer) forms on epitaxial graphene and demonstrate that the distinct surface features of epitaxial graphene affect the structure and diffusion of supported lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Manish Shankla
- Department of Physics , University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
| | | | | | | | - Aleksei Aksimentiev
- Department of Physics , University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
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