1
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Goto Y, Nakajima K, Yamamoto S, Yamaguchi K. Supersaturation, a Critical Factor Underlying Proteostasis of Amyloid Fibril Formation. J Mol Biol 2024; 436:168475. [PMID: 38311232 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2024.168475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
From a physicochemical viewpoint, amyloid fibril formation is a phase transition from soluble to crystal-like sates limited by supersaturation. It occurs only above solubility (i.e., the solubility limit) coupled with a breakdown of supersaturation. Although many studies have examined the role of molecular chaperones in the context of proteostasis, the role of supersaturation has not been addressed. Moreover, although molecular chaperone-dependent disaggregations have been reported for preformed amyloid fibrils, amyloid fibrils will not dissolve above the solubility of monomers, even if agitations fragment long fibrils to shorter amyloid particles. On the other hand, on considering a reversible and coupled equilibrium of interactions, folding/unfolding and amyloid formation/disaggregation, molecules stabilizing native states can work as a disaggregase reversing the amyloid fibrils to monomers. It is likely that the proteostasis network has various intra- and extracellular components which disaggregate preformed amyloid fibrils as well as prevent amyloid formation. Further studies with a view of solubility and supersaturation will be essential for comprehensive understanding of proteostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Goto
- Microsonochemistry Joint Research Chair, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Kichitaro Nakajima
- Microsonochemistry Joint Research Chair, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Suguru Yamamoto
- Division of Clinical Nephrology and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Keiichi Yamaguchi
- Microsonochemistry Joint Research Chair, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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2
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Saito K, Ichiyanagi K, Fukaya R, Haruki R, Nozawa S, Sasaki D, Arai T, Sasaki YC, McGehee K, Saikawa M, Gao M, Wei Z, Kwaria D, Norikane Y. Visualization of the Dynamics of Photoinduced Crawling Motion of 4-(Methylamino)Azobenzene Crystals via Diffracted X-ray Tracking. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17462. [PMID: 38139291 PMCID: PMC10744157 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The photoinduced crawling motion of crystals is a continuous motion that azobenzene molecular crystals exhibit under light irradiation. Such motion enables object manipulation at the microscale with a simple setup of fixed LED light sources. Transportation of nano-/micromaterials using photoinduced crawling motion has recently been reported. However, the details of the motion mechanism have not been revealed so far. Herein, we report visualization of the dynamics of fine particles in 4-(methylamino)azobenzene (4-MAAB) crystals under light irradiation via diffracted X-ray tracking (DXT). Continuously repeated melting and recrystallization of 4-MAAB crystals under light irradiation results in the flow of liquid 4-MAAB. Zinc oxide (ZnO) particles were introduced inside the 4-MAAB crystals to detect diffracted X-rays. The ZnO particles rotate with the flow of liquid 4-MAAB. By using white X-rays with a wide energy width, the rotation of each zinc oxide nanoparticle was detected as the movement of a bright spot in the X-ray diffraction pattern. It was clearly shown that the ZnO particles rotated increasingly as the irradiation light intensity increased. Furthermore, we also found anisotropy in the rotational direction of ZnO particles that occurred during the crawling motion of 4-MAAB crystals. It has become clear that the flow perpendicular to the supporting film of 4-MAAB crystals is enhanced inside the crystal during the crawling motion. DXT provides a unique means to elucidate the mechanism of photoinduced crawling motion of crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichiro Saito
- Research Institute for Advanced Electronics and Photonics, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba 305-8565, Ibaraki, Japan; (D.K.); (Y.N.)
| | - Kouhei Ichiyanagi
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI), 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo 679-5198, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Ryo Fukaya
- Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Tsukuba 305-0801, Ibaraki, Japan; (R.F.); (R.H.); (S.N.)
| | - Rie Haruki
- Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Tsukuba 305-0801, Ibaraki, Japan; (R.F.); (R.H.); (S.N.)
| | - Shunsuke Nozawa
- Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Tsukuba 305-0801, Ibaraki, Japan; (R.F.); (R.H.); (S.N.)
| | - Daisuke Sasaki
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa 277-8561, Chiba, Japan (T.A.); (Y.C.S.)
| | - Tatsuya Arai
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa 277-8561, Chiba, Japan (T.A.); (Y.C.S.)
| | - Yuji C. Sasaki
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa 277-8561, Chiba, Japan (T.A.); (Y.C.S.)
| | - Keegan McGehee
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8571, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Makoto Saikawa
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8571, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Minghao Gao
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8571, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Zhichao Wei
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8571, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Dennis Kwaria
- Research Institute for Advanced Electronics and Photonics, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba 305-8565, Ibaraki, Japan; (D.K.); (Y.N.)
| | - Yasuo Norikane
- Research Institute for Advanced Electronics and Photonics, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba 305-8565, Ibaraki, Japan; (D.K.); (Y.N.)
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8571, Ibaraki, Japan
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3
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Arai T, Mio K, Onoda H, Chavas LMG, Umena Y, Sasaki YC. The Blinking of Small-Angle X-ray Scattering Reveals the Degradation Process of Protein Crystals at Microsecond Timescale. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16640. [PMID: 38068964 PMCID: PMC10706227 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
X-ray crystallography has revolutionized our understanding of biological macromolecules by elucidating their three-dimensional structures. However, the use of X-rays in this technique raises concerns about potential damage to the protein crystals, which results in a quality degradation of the diffraction data even at very low temperatures. Since such damage can occur on the micro- to millisecond timescale, a development in its real-time measurement has been expected. Here, we introduce diffracted X-ray blinking (DXB), which was originally proposed as a method to analyze the intensity fluctuations of diffraction of crystalline particles, to small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) of a lysozyme single-crystal. This novel technique, called the small-angle X-ray blinking (SAXB) method, analyzes the fluctuation in SAXS intensity reflecting the domain fluctuation in the protein crystal caused by the X-ray irradiation, which could be correlated with the X-ray-induced damage on the crystal. There was no change in the protein crystal's domain dynamics between the first and second X-ray exposures at 95K, each of which lasted 0.7 s. On the other hand, its dynamics at 295K increased remarkably. The SAXB method further showed a dramatic increase in domain fluctuations with an increasing dose of X-ray radiation, indicating the significance of this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Arai
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa 277-8561, Chiba, Japan;
- AIST-UTokyo Advanced Operando-Measurement Technology Open Innovation Laboratory (OPERANDO-OIL), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 6-2-3 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa 277-0882, Chiba, Japan;
| | - Kazuhiro Mio
- AIST-UTokyo Advanced Operando-Measurement Technology Open Innovation Laboratory (OPERANDO-OIL), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 6-2-3 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa 277-0882, Chiba, Japan;
| | - Hiroki Onoda
- Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Nagoya University, Furo-Cho, Chikusa-Ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Aichi, Japan; (H.O.); (L.M.G.C.)
| | - Leonard M. G. Chavas
- Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Nagoya University, Furo-Cho, Chikusa-Ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Aichi, Japan; (H.O.); (L.M.G.C.)
- Department of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-Cho, Chikusa-Ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yasufumi Umena
- Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Nagoya University, Furo-Cho, Chikusa-Ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Aichi, Japan; (H.O.); (L.M.G.C.)
| | - Yuji C. Sasaki
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa 277-8561, Chiba, Japan;
- AIST-UTokyo Advanced Operando-Measurement Technology Open Innovation Laboratory (OPERANDO-OIL), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 6-2-3 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa 277-0882, Chiba, Japan;
- Center for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho 679-5198, Hyogo, Japan
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4
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Sasaki YC. Diffracted X-ray Tracking for Observing the Internal Motions of Individual Protein Molecules and Its Extended Methodologies. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14829. [PMID: 37834277 PMCID: PMC10573657 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In 1998, the diffracted X-ray tracking (DXT) method pioneered the attainment of molecular dynamics measurements within individual molecules. This breakthrough revolutionized the field by enabling unprecedented insights into the complex workings of molecular systems. Similar to the single-molecule fluorescence labeling technique used in the visible range, DXT uses a labeling method and a pink beam to closely track the diffraction pattern emitted from the labeled gold nanocrystals. Moreover, by utilizing X-rays with extremely short wavelengths, DXT has achieved unparalleled accuracy and sensitivity, exceeding initial expectations. As a result, this remarkable advance has facilitated the search for internal dynamics within many protein molecules. DXT has recently achieved remarkable success in elucidating the internal dynamics of membrane proteins in living cell membranes. This breakthrough has not only expanded our knowledge of these important biomolecules but also has immense potential to advance our understanding of cellular processes in their native environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji C. Sasaki
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Chiba 277-8561, Japan;
- AIST-UTokyo Advanced Operando-Measurement Technology Open Innovation Laboratory (OPERANDO-OIL), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 6-2-3 Kashiwanoha, Chiba 277-0882, Japan
- Center for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho 679-5198, Japan
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5
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Nakajima K, Yamaguchi K, Noji M, Aguirre C, Ikenaka K, Mochizuki H, Zhou L, Ogi H, Ito T, Narita I, Gejyo F, Naiki H, Yamamoto S, Goto Y. Macromolecular crowding and supersaturation protect hemodialysis patients from the onset of dialysis-related amyloidosis. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5689. [PMID: 36192385 PMCID: PMC9530240 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33247-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Dialysis-related amyloidosis (DRA), a serious complication among long-term hemodialysis patients, is caused by amyloid fibrils of β2-microglobulin (β2m). Although high serum β2m levels and a long dialysis vintage are the primary and secondary risk factors for the onset of DRA, respectively, patients with these do not always develop DRA, indicating that there are additional risk factors. To clarify these unknown factors, we investigate the effects of human sera on β2m amyloid fibril formation, revealing that sera markedly inhibit amyloid fibril formation. Results from over 100 sera indicate that, although the inhibitory effects of sera deteriorate in long-term dialysis patients, they are ameliorated by maintenance dialysis treatments in the short term. Serum albumin prevents amyloid fibril formation based on macromolecular crowding effects, and decreased serum albumin concentration in dialysis patients is a tertiary risk factor for the onset of DRA. We construct a theoretical model assuming cumulative effects of the three risk factors, suggesting the importance of monitoring temporary and accumulated risks to prevent the development of amyloidosis, which occurs based on supersaturation-limited amyloid fibril formation in a crowded milieu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kichitaro Nakajima
- Global Center for Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Keiichi Yamaguchi
- Global Center for Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masahiro Noji
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshidahonmatsu-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8316, Japan
| | - César Aguirre
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kensuke Ikenaka
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hideki Mochizuki
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Lianjie Zhou
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hirotsugu Ogi
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Toru Ito
- Division of Clinical Nephrology and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Ichiei Narita
- Division of Clinical Nephrology and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Fumitake Gejyo
- Niigata University of Pharmacy and Applied Life Sciences, Niigata, 956-8603, Japan
| | - Hironobu Naiki
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, 910-1193, Japan
| | - Suguru Yamamoto
- Division of Clinical Nephrology and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan.
| | - Yuji Goto
- Global Center for Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan. .,Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
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6
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Supersaturation-Dependent Formation of Amyloid Fibrils. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27144588. [PMID: 35889461 PMCID: PMC9321232 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27144588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The supersaturation of a solution refers to a non-equilibrium phase in which the solution is trapped in a soluble state, even though the solute’s concentration is greater than its thermodynamic solubility. Upon breaking supersaturation, crystals form and the concentration of the solute decreases to its thermodynamic solubility. Soon after the discovery of the prion phenomena, it was recognized that prion disease transmission and propagation share some similarities with the process of crystallization. Subsequent studies exploring the structural and functional association between amyloid fibrils and amyloidoses solidified this paradigm. However, recent studies have not necessarily focused on supersaturation, possibly because of marked advancements in structural studies clarifying the atomic structures of amyloid fibrils. On the other hand, there is increasing evidence that supersaturation plays a critical role in the formation of amyloid fibrils and the onset of amyloidosis. Here, we review the recent evidence that supersaturation plays a role in linking unfolding/folding and amyloid fibril formation. We also introduce the HANABI (HANdai Amyloid Burst Inducer) system, which enables high-throughput analysis of amyloid fibril formation by the ultrasonication-triggered breakdown of supersaturation. In addition to structural studies, studies based on solubility and supersaturation are essential both to developing a comprehensive understanding of amyloid fibrils and their roles in amyloidosis, and to developing therapeutic strategies.
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7
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Development of HANABI, an ultrasonication-forced amyloid fibril inducer. Neurochem Int 2021; 153:105270. [PMID: 34954259 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.105270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid fibrils involved in amyloidoses are crystal-like aggregates, which are formed by breaking supersaturation of denatured proteins. Ultrasonication is an efficient method of agitation for breaking supersaturation and thus inducing amyloid fibrils. By combining an ultrasonicator and a microplate reader, we developed the HANABI (HANdai Amyloid Burst Inducer) system that enables high-throughput analysis of amyloid fibril formation. Among high-throughput approaches of amyloid fibril assays, the HANABI system has advantages in accelerating and detecting spontaneous amyloid fibril formation. HANABI is also powerful for amplifying a tiny amount of preformed amyloid fibrils by seeding. Thus, HANABI will contribute to creating therapeutic strategies against amyloidoses by identifying their biomarkers.
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8
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Hosoe Y, Sekiguchi H, Sasaki YC, Oda M. Structural dynamics of a DNA-binding protein analyzed using diffracted X-ray tracking. Biophys Chem 2021; 278:106669. [PMID: 34416518 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2021.106669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Diffracted X-ray tracking (DXT) is one of methods for the real-time evaluation of protein structural dynamics by detecting the movement of a gold-nanocrystal attached to a target protein. However, one of the technical concerns is the size of the gold-nanocrystals, which are larger than the protein. In our previous results of mean square angular displacement curves in DXT analysis, dynamical movements of the DNA-binding protein, c-Myb R2R3, were observed in only one population in either DNA-unbound or -bound state, and was found to decrease upon DNA binding. In this study, c-Myb R2R3 dynamical movements were re-evaluated with a low density of the protein immobilized on the DXT substrate, to decrease the possibility that the gold-nanocrystals attached to more than one R2R3 molecule. We observed two dynamical moving populations in the DNA-bound state, which could be classified due to electrostatic attraction and repulsion between the DNA-protein complexes, and determined the apparent angular diffusion constant, which was similar to the value calculated in our previous study. We showed more real movement of the protein could be observed by lowering the immobilization density of the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhi Hosoe
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, 1-5 Hangi-cho, Shimogamo, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Kyoto 606-8522, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sekiguchi
- Center for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Yuji C Sasaki
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8561, Japan
| | - Masayuki Oda
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, 1-5 Hangi-cho, Shimogamo, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Kyoto 606-8522, Japan.
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9
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Liu H, Zou S, Dai S, Zhang J, Li W. Dopamine sheathing facilitates the anisotropic growth of lysozyme crystals. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.115826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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10
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Sekiguchi H, Kuramochi M, Ikezaki K, Okamura Y, Yoshimura K, Matsubara K, Chang JW, Ohta N, Kubo T, Mio K, Suzuki Y, Chavas LMG, Sasaki YC. Diffracted X-ray Blinking Tracks Single Protein Motions. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17090. [PMID: 30504916 PMCID: PMC6269541 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35468-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Single molecule dynamics studies have begun to use quantum probes. Single particle analysis using cryo-transmission electron microscopy has dramatically improved the resolution when studying protein structures and is shifting towards molecular motion observations. X-ray free-electron lasers are also being explored as routes for determining single molecule structures of biological entities. Here, we propose a new X-ray single molecule technology that allows observation of molecular internal motion over long time scales, ranging from milliseconds up to 103 seconds. Our method uses both low-dose monochromatic X-rays and nanocrystal labelling technology. During monochromatic X-ray diffraction experiments, the intensity of X-ray diffraction from moving single nanocrystals appears to blink because of Brownian motion in aqueous solutions. X-ray diffraction spots from moving nanocrystals were observed to cycle in and out of the Bragg condition. Consequently, the internal motions of a protein molecule labelled with nanocrystals could be extracted from the time trajectory using this diffracted X-ray blinking (DXB) approach. Finally, we succeeded in distinguishing the degree of fluctuation motions of an individual acetylcholine-binding protein (AChBP) interacting with acetylcholine (ACh) using a laboratory X-ray source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Sekiguchi
- Research & Utilization Div., Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, 1-1-1, Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo, 567-5198, Japan.
| | - Masahiro Kuramochi
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8561, Japan
| | - Keigo Ikezaki
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8561, Japan
| | - Yu Okamura
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8561, Japan
| | - Kazuki Yoshimura
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8561, Japan
| | - Ken Matsubara
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8561, Japan
| | - Jae-Won Chang
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8561, Japan
| | - Noboru Ohta
- Research & Utilization Div., Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, 1-1-1, Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo, 567-5198, Japan
| | - Tai Kubo
- Molecular Profiling Research Center for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 2-4-7 Aomi, Koto-ku, Tokyo, 135-0064, Japan.,JapanAIST-UTokyo Advanced Operando Measurement Technology Open Innovation Laboratory, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8561, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Mio
- Molecular Profiling Research Center for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 2-4-7 Aomi, Koto-ku, Tokyo, 135-0064, Japan.,JapanAIST-UTokyo Advanced Operando Measurement Technology Open Innovation Laboratory, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8561, Japan
| | - Yoshio Suzuki
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8561, Japan
| | - Leonard M G Chavas
- Proxima-I, Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers Saint-Aubin, BP 48 91192, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Yuji C Sasaki
- Research & Utilization Div., Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, 1-1-1, Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo, 567-5198, Japan. .,Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8561, Japan. .,JapanAIST-UTokyo Advanced Operando Measurement Technology Open Innovation Laboratory, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8561, Japan.
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