1
|
Valencia-Olvera AC, Balu D, Faulk N, Amiridis A, Wang Y, Pham C, Avila-Munoz E, York JM, Thatcher GRJ, LaDu MJ. Inhibition of ACAT as a Therapeutic Target for Alzheimer's Disease Is Independent of ApoE4 Lipidation. Neurotherapeutics 2023; 20:1120-1137. [PMID: 37157042 PMCID: PMC10457278 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-023-01375-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
APOE4, encoding apolipoprotein E4 (apoE4), is the greatest genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD), compared to the common APOE3. While the mechanism(s) underlying APOE4-induced AD risk remains unclear, increasing the lipidation of apoE4 is an important therapeutic target as apoE4-lipoproteins are poorly lipidated compared to apoE3-lipoproteins. ACAT (acyl-CoA: cholesterol-acyltransferase) catalyzes the formation of intracellular cholesteryl-ester droplets, reducing the intracellular free cholesterol (FC) pool. Thus, inhibiting ACAT increases the FC pool and facilitates lipid secretion to extracellular apoE-containing lipoproteins. Previous studies using commercial ACAT inhibitors, including avasimibe (AVAS), as well as ACAT-knock out (KO) mice, exhibit reduced AD-like pathology and amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing in familial AD (FAD)-transgenic (Tg) mice. However, the effects of AVAS with human apoE4 remain unknown. In vitro, AVAS induced apoE efflux at concentrations of AVAS measured in the brains of treated mice. AVAS treatment of male E4FAD-Tg mice (5xFAD+/-APOE4+/+) at 6-8 months had no effect on plasma cholesterol levels or distribution, the original mechanism for AVAS treatment of CVD. In the CNS, AVAS reduced intracellular lipid droplets, indirectly demonstrating target engagement. Surrogate efficacy was demonstrated by an increase in Morris water maze measures of memory and postsynaptic protein levels. Amyloid-beta peptide (Aβ) solubility/deposition and neuroinflammation were reduced, critical components of APOE4-modulated pathology. However, there was no increase in apoE4 levels or apoE4 lipidation, while amyloidogenic and non-amyloidogenic processing of APP were significantly reduced. This suggests that the AVAS-induced reduction in Aβ via reduced APP processing was sufficient to reduce AD pathology, as apoE4-lipoproteins remained poorly lipidated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana C. Valencia-Olvera
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
| | - Deebika Balu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
| | - Naomi Faulk
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
| | | | - Yueting Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
- Present Address: AbbVie Inc., 1 N. Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064 USA
| | - Christine Pham
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
| | - Eva Avila-Munoz
- Syneos Health, Av. Gustavo Baz 309, La Loma, Tlalnepantla de Baz, 54060 Mexico
| | - Jason M. York
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
| | - Gregory R. J. Thatcher
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Arizona, 1703 E Mabel St., Tucson, AZ 85721 USA
| | - Mary Jo LaDu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Xie D, Guo J, Dang R, Li Y, Si Q, Han W, Wang S, Wei N, Meng J, Wu L. The effect of tacrolimus-induced toxicity on metabolic profiling in target tissues of mice. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2022; 23:87. [PMID: 36443830 PMCID: PMC9703746 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-022-00626-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Tacrolimus (Tac) is a common immunosuppressant that used in organ transplantation. However, its therapeutic index is narrow, and it is prone to adverse side effects, along with an increased risk of toxicity, namely, cardio-, nephro-, hepato-, and neurotoxicity. Prior metabolomic investigations involving Tac-driven toxicity primarily focused on changes in individual organs. However, extensive research on multiple matrices is uncommon. Hence, in this research, the authors systemically evaluated Tac-mediated toxicity in major organs, namely, serum, brain, heart, liver, lung, kidney, and intestines, using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The authors also employed multivariate analyses, including orthogonal projections to the latent structure (OPLS) and t-test, to screen 8 serum metabolites, namely, D-proline, glycerol, D-fructose, D-glucitol, sulfurous acid, 1-monopalmitin (MG (16:0/0:0/0:0)), glycerol monostearate (MG (0:0/18:0/0:0)), and cholesterol. Metabolic changes within the brain involved alterations in the levels of butanamide, tartronic acid, aminomalonic acid, scyllo-inositol, dihydromorphine, myo-inositol, and 11-octadecenoic acid. Within the heart, the acetone and D-fructose metabolites were altered. In the liver, D-glucitol, L-sorbose, palmitic acid, myo-inositol, and uridine were altered. In the lung, L-lactic acid, L-5-oxoproline, L-threonine, phosphoric acid, phosphorylethanolamine, D-allose, and cholesterol were altered. Lastly, in the kidney, L-valine and D-glucose were altered. Our findings will provide a systematic evaluation of the metabolic alterations in target organs within a Tac-driven toxicity mouse model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dadi Xie
- grid.508306.8Tengzhou Central People’s Hospital, Tengzhou, 277500 China
| | - Jinxiu Guo
- grid.459518.40000 0004 1758 3257Translational Pharmaceutical Laboratory, Jining First People’s Hospital, Jining, 272000 China
| | - Ruili Dang
- grid.459518.40000 0004 1758 3257Translational Pharmaceutical Laboratory, Jining First People’s Hospital, Jining, 272000 China
| | - Yanan Li
- grid.459518.40000 0004 1758 3257Translational Pharmaceutical Laboratory, Jining First People’s Hospital, Jining, 272000 China
| | - Qingying Si
- grid.508306.8Tengzhou Central People’s Hospital, Tengzhou, 277500 China
| | - Wenxiu Han
- grid.459518.40000 0004 1758 3257Translational Pharmaceutical Laboratory, Jining First People’s Hospital, Jining, 272000 China
| | - Shan Wang
- grid.459518.40000 0004 1758 3257Translational Pharmaceutical Laboratory, Jining First People’s Hospital, Jining, 272000 China
| | - Ning Wei
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanting District People’s Hospital, Zaozhuang, 277200 China
| | - Junjun Meng
- grid.459518.40000 0004 1758 3257Translational Pharmaceutical Laboratory, Jining First People’s Hospital, Jining, 272000 China
| | - Linlin Wu
- grid.508306.8Tengzhou Central People’s Hospital, Tengzhou, 277500 China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Song Y, Du Y, An Y, Zheng J, Lu Y. A systematic review and meta-analysis of cognitive and behavioral tests in rodents treated with different doses of D-ribose. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:1036315. [PMID: 36438006 PMCID: PMC9681890 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.1036315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND D-ribose is an aldehyde sugar and a necessary component of all living cells. Numerous reports have focused on D-ribose intervention in animal models to assess the negative effects of D-ribose on cognition. However, the results across these studies are inconsistent and the doses and actual effects of D-ribose on cognition remain unclear. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the effect of D-ribose on cognition in rodents. METHODS The articles from PubMed, Embase, Sciverse Scopus, Web of Science, the Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, SinoMed, Wanfang, and Cqvip databases were screened. The results from the abstract on cognitive-related behavioral tests and biochemical markers from the included articles were extracted and the reporting quality was assessed. RESULTS A total of eight trials involving 289 rodents met the eligibility criteria, and both low- and high-dose groups were included. Meta-analyses of these studies showed that D-ribose could cause a significant decrease in the number of platform crossings (standardized mean difference [SMD]: -0.80; 95% CI: -1.14, -0.46; p < 0.00001), percentage of distance traversed in the target quadrant (SMD: -1.20; 95% CI: -1.47, -0.92; p < 0.00001), percentage of time spent in the target quadrant (SMD: -0.93; 95% CI: -1.18, -0.68; p < 0.00001), and prolonged escape latency (SMD: 0.41; 95% CI: 0.16, 0.65; p = 0.001) in the Morris water maze test. Moreover, D-ribose intervention increased the levels of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in the brain (SMD: 0.49; 95% CI: 0.34, 0.63; p < 0.00001) and blood (SMD: 0.50; 95% CI: 0.08, 0.92; p = 0.02). Subsequently, subgroup analysis for the dose of D-ribose intervention revealed that high doses injured cognitive function more significantly than low D-ribose doses. CONCLUSION D-ribose treatment caused cognitive impairment, and cognition deteriorated with increasing dose. Furthermore, the increase in AGEs in the blood and brain confirmed that D-ribose may be involved in cognitive impairment through non-enzymatic glycosylation resulting in the generation of AGEs. These findings provide a new research idea for unveiling basic mechanisms and prospective therapeutic targets for the prevention and treatment of patients with cognitive impairment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Song
- School of Nursing, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yage Du
- School of Nursing, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu An
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Zheng
- School of Nursing, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanhui Lu
- School of Nursing, Peking University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
The Influence of Solvent and Extraction Time on Yield and Chemical Selectivity of Cuticular Waxes from Quercus suber Leaves. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10112270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The cuticular lipid compounds, usually named cuticular waxes, present in the cuticular layering of Quercus suber adult leaves were extracted with solvents of different polarities (n-hexane, dichloromethane and acetone) and analysed by GC–MS. Q. suber leaves have a substantial cuticular wax layer (2.8% of leaf mass and 239 μg/cm2), composed predominantly by terpenes (43–63% of all compounds), followed by aliphatic long chain molecules, mainly fatty acids, and by smaller amounts of aliphatic alcohols and n-alkanes. The major identified compound was lupeol (1.2% of leaves in n-hexane extract). The recovery and composition of cuticular lipids depended on the solvent and extraction time. The non-polar or weak polar solvents n-hexane and dichloromethane extracted similar lipid yields (77% and 86% of the total extract, respectively) while acetone solubilised other cellular compounds, namely sugars, with the lipid compounds representing 43% of the total extract. For cuticular lipids extraction, solvents with a low polarity such as n-hexane are the more suitable with an adequate extraction duration, e.g., n-hexane with a minimum extraction of 3 h.
Collapse
|
5
|
Jo KW, Lee D, Cha DG, Oh E, Choi YH, Kim S, Park ES, Kim JK, Kim KT. Gossypetin ameliorates 5xFAD spatial learning and memory through enhanced phagocytosis against Aβ. Alzheimers Res Ther 2022; 14:158. [PMID: 36271414 PMCID: PMC9585741 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-022-01096-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microglia are the resident immune cells found in our brain. They have a critical role in brain maintenance. Microglia constantly scavenge various waste materials in the brain including damaged or apoptotic neurons and Aβ. Through phagocytosis of Aβ, microglia prevent the accumulation of Aβ plaque in the brain. However, in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients, chronic exposure to Aβ makes microglia to become exhausted, which reduces their phagocytic activity against Aβ. Since microglia play an important role in Aβ clearance, enhancing microglial phagocytic activity against Aβ is a promising target for AD treatment. Therefore, there is a great need for therapeutic candidate that enhances microglial Aβ clearance while inhibiting microglia's pathogenic properties. METHODS In vivo studies were conducted with 5xFAD AD model mice by treating gossypetin for 13 weeks through intragastric administration. Their spatial learning and memory were evaluated through behavior tests such as Y-maze and Morris Water Maze test. Hippocampus and cortex were acquired from the sacrificed mice, and they were used for histological and biochemical analysis. Also, mouse tissues were dissociated into single cells for single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) analysis. Transcriptome of microglial population was analyzed. Mouse primary microglia and BV2 mouse microglial cell line were cultured and treated with fluorescent recombinant Aβ to evaluate whether their phagocytic activity is affected by gossypetin. RESULTS Gossypetin treatment improved the spatial learning and memory of 5xFAD by decreasing Aβ deposition in the hippocampus and cortex of 5xFAD. Gossypetin induced transcriptomic modulations in various microglial subpopulations, including disease-associated microglia. Gossypetin enhanced phagocytic activity of microglia while decreasing their gliosis. Gossypetin also increased MHC II+ microglial population. CONCLUSIONS Gossypetin showed protective effects against AD by enhancing microglial Aβ phagocytosis. Gossypetin appears to be a novel promising therapeutic candidate against AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Won Jo
- grid.49100.3c0000 0001 0742 4007Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Dohyun Lee
- R&D Center, NovMetaPharma Co., Ltd, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37668 Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Gon Cha
- grid.417736.00000 0004 0438 6721Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu, 42988 Republic of Korea
| | - Eunji Oh
- grid.49100.3c0000 0001 0742 4007Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Ha Choi
- grid.49100.3c0000 0001 0742 4007Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Somi Kim
- grid.49100.3c0000 0001 0742 4007Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Seo Park
- grid.417736.00000 0004 0438 6721Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu, 42988 Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Kyoung Kim
- grid.49100.3c0000 0001 0742 4007Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Kyong-Tai Kim
- grid.49100.3c0000 0001 0742 4007Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673 Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Carder HM, Wang Y, Wendlandt AE. Selective Axial-to-Equatorial Epimerization of Carbohydrates. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:11870-11877. [PMID: 35731921 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c04743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Radical-mediated transformations have emerged as powerful methods for the synthesis of rare and unnatural branched, deoxygenated, and isomeric sugars. Here, we describe a radical-mediated axial-to-equatorial alcohol epimerization method to transform abundant glycans into rare isomers. The method delivers highly predictable and selective reaction outcomes that are complementary to other sugar isomerization methods. The synthetic utility of isomer interconversion is showcased through expedient glycan synthesis, including one-step glycodiversification. Mechanistic studies reveal that both site- and diastereoselectivities are achieved by highly selective H atom abstraction of equatorially disposed α-hydroxy C-H bonds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hayden M Carder
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Alison E Wendlandt
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Murthy ASN, Das S, Singh T, Kim TW, Sepay N, Jeon S, Im J. Mitochondria targeting molecular transporters: synthesis, lipophilic effect, and ionic complex. Drug Deliv 2022; 29:270-283. [PMID: 35014934 PMCID: PMC8757599 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2021.2023696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
As mitochondria are potential therapeutic targeting sites for the treatment of human diseases, delivering cytotoxic drugs, antioxidants, and imaging molecules to mitochondria can provide new therapeutic opportunities. In an attempt to develop a new mitochondria-targeting vector, we synthesized sorbitol-based molecular transporters with multiple guanidines, measured their partition coefficients, compared their targeting efficiency using fluorescent images and Pearson's correlation coefficients, and studied cellular uptake mechanisms. To increase the targeting ability of these molecular transporters to mitochondria, alanine-naphthalene as a lipophilic group was attached to the molecular transporter, which improved translocation across cellular membranes and led to higher accumulation in mitochondria. The molecular transporter was able to form an ionic complex with antibiotics, resulting in low cell viability. These data demonstrate that the molecular transporter with a lipophilic group could be utilized as a potential drug delivery vector for treating mitochondrial dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akula S N Murthy
- Department of Electronic Materials and Devices Engineering, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, South Korea
| | - Sanket Das
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea
| | - Tejinder Singh
- Department of Electronic Materials and Devices Engineering, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, South Korea
| | - Tae-Wan Kim
- Department of Medical Life Science, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, South Korea
| | - Nasim Sepay
- Department of Electronic Materials and Devices Engineering, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, South Korea
| | - Seob Jeon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital, Cheonan, South Korea
| | - Jungkyun Im
- Department of Electronic Materials and Devices Engineering, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, South Korea.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wang HX, Chen Y, Haque Z, de Veer M, Egan G, Wang B. Sialylated milk oligosaccharides alter neurotransmitters and brain metabolites in piglets: an In vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopic (MRS) study. Nutr Neurosci 2021; 24:885-895. [PMID: 31746283 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2019.1691856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Background: Human milk contains high concentrations and diversity of sialylated oligosaccharides that have multifunctional health benefits, however, their potential role in optimizing neurodevelopment remains unknown.Objective: To investigate the effect of sialylated milk oligosaccharides (SMOS) intervention on neurotransmitters and brain metabolites in piglets.Methods: 3-day-old piglets were randomly allocated to one of three groups and fed either standard sow milk replacer (SMR) alone (n = 15), SMR supplemented with sialyllactose 9.5 g/kg (SL, n = 16) or a combination of SL and 6'-sialyllactosamine 9.5 g/kg (SL/SLN, n = 15) for 35 days. Brain spectra were acquired using a 3T Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic (MRS) system.Results: SMOS fed piglets were observed to have significantly increased the absolute levels of myo-inositol (mIns) and glutamate + glutamine (Glx), in particular, the SL/SLN group. Similar findings were found in the relative amount of these metabolites calculated as ratios to creatine (Cr), choline (Cho) and N-acetylaspartate (NAA) respectively (P < .05). In addition, there were significant positive correlations of brain NAA, total NAA (TNAA), mIns, total Cho (TCho), total Cr (TCr), scyllo-Inositol (SI) and glutathione (Glth) with total white matter volume; Glu and SI with whole brain volume; and SI with whole brain weight respectively (P < .01). SLN and 3'SL intake were closely correlated with the levels of brain Glu, mlns and Glx in the treatment groups only (P < .01-.05).Conclusions: We provide in vivo evidences that milk SMOS can alter many important brain metabolites and neurotransmitters required for optimizing neurodevelopment in piglets, an animal model of human infants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Xin Wang
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, Australia
| | - Yue Chen
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, Australia
| | - Ziaul Haque
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, Australia
| | - Michael de Veer
- Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Gary Egan
- Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Bing Wang
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Pinheiro L, Faustino C. Therapeutic Strategies Targeting Amyloid-β in Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Alzheimer Res 2020; 16:418-452. [PMID: 30907320 DOI: 10.2174/1567205016666190321163438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder linked to protein misfolding and aggregation. AD is pathologically characterized by senile plaques formed by extracellular Amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide and Intracellular Neurofibrillary Tangles (NFT) formed by hyperphosphorylated tau protein. Extensive synaptic loss and neuronal degeneration are responsible for memory impairment, cognitive decline and behavioral dysfunctions typical of AD. Amyloidosis has been implicated in the depression of acetylcholine synthesis and release, overactivation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors and increased intracellular calcium levels that result in excitotoxic neuronal degeneration. Current drugs used in AD treatment are either cholinesterase inhibitors or NMDA receptor antagonists; however, they provide only symptomatic relief and do not alter the progression of the disease. Aβ is the product of Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) processing after successive cleavage by β- and γ-secretases while APP proteolysis by α-secretase results in non-amyloidogenic products. According to the amyloid cascade hypothesis, Aβ dyshomeostasis results in the accumulation and aggregation of Aβ into soluble oligomers and insoluble fibrils. The former are synaptotoxic and can induce tau hyperphosphorylation while the latter deposit in senile plaques and elicit proinflammatory responses, contributing to oxidative stress, neuronal degeneration and neuroinflammation. Aβ-protein-targeted therapeutic strategies are thus a promising disease-modifying approach for the treatment and prevention of AD. This review summarizes recent findings on Aβ-protein targeted AD drugs, including β-secretase inhibitors, γ-secretase inhibitors and modulators, α-secretase activators, direct inhibitors of Aβ aggregation and immunotherapy targeting Aβ, focusing mainly on those currently under clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lídia Pinheiro
- iMed.ULisboa - Research Institute for Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Célia Faustino
- iMed.ULisboa - Research Institute for Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
López-Gambero AJ, Sanjuan C, Serrano-Castro PJ, Suárez J, Rodríguez de Fonseca F. The Biomedical Uses of Inositols: A Nutraceutical Approach to Metabolic Dysfunction in Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8090295. [PMID: 32825356 PMCID: PMC7554709 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8090295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Inositols are sugar-like compounds that are widely distributed in nature and are a part of membrane molecules, participating as second messengers in several cell-signaling processes. Isolation and characterization of inositol phosphoglycans containing myo- or d-chiro-inositol have been milestones for understanding the physiological regulation of insulin signaling. Other functions of inositols have been derived from the existence of multiple stereoisomers, which may confer antioxidant properties. In the brain, fluctuation of inositols in extracellular and intracellular compartments regulates neuronal and glial activity. Myo-inositol imbalance is observed in psychiatric diseases and its use shows efficacy for treatment of depression, anxiety, and compulsive disorders. Epi- and scyllo-inositol isomers are capable of stabilizing non-toxic forms of β-amyloid proteins, which are characteristic of Alzheimer’s disease and cognitive dementia in Down’s syndrome, both associated with brain insulin resistance. However, uncertainties of the intrinsic mechanisms of inositols regarding their biology are still unsolved. This work presents a critical review of inositol actions on insulin signaling, oxidative stress, and endothelial dysfunction, and its potential for either preventing or delaying cognitive impairment in aging and neurodegenerative diseases. The biomedical uses of inositols may represent a paradigm in the industrial approach perspective, which has generated growing interest for two decades, accompanied by clinical trials for Alzheimer’s disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio J. López-Gambero
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Campus de Teatinos s/n, Universidad de Málaga, Andalucia Tech, 29071 Málaga, Spain;
- UGC Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | | | - Pedro Jesús Serrano-Castro
- UGC Neurología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain;
| | - Juan Suárez
- UGC Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.S.); (F.R.d.F.); Tel.: +34-952614012 (J.S.)
| | - Fernando Rodríguez de Fonseca
- UGC Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.S.); (F.R.d.F.); Tel.: +34-952614012 (J.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhao FY, Fu QQ, Zheng Z, Lao LX, Song HL, Shi Z. Verum- versus Sham-Acupuncture on Alzheimer's Disease (AD) in Animal Models: A Preclinical Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:5901573. [PMID: 32337259 PMCID: PMC7150729 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5901573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common health condition affecting senile people and leads to severe cognitive dysfunctions. Acupuncture has been shown to be a possible alternative natural remedy for AD in some animal studies. OBJECTIVE To perform a systematic review to identify the effect of verum-acupuncture compared with sham-acupuncture on learning and memory performance among animal models of AD. METHODS Experimental animal studies of treating AD via verum- and sham- acupuncture were searched in nine electronic databases, including Sciverse ScienceDirect, PubMed, Springer, Ebsco Medline, AMED, EMBASE (Elsevier), Scopus (Elsevier), PsycINFO (ProQuest), and OVID from the dates of the databases' inception to June 2019. The Morris water maze test was considered as an outcome measure. The software Revman 5.3 and Stata 16.0 were used to conduct the meta-analysis. Heterogeneity was examined by using I2 statistics. The publication bias was assessed via Begg's test by Stata 16.0. RESULTS Twelve studies involving 229 animals met the inclusion criteria. Most of the studies had a moderate quality according to SYRCLE's risk of bias tool for animal studies. The results of the meta-analysis indicated that verum-acupuncture could reduce the escape latency (MD = -12.90, 95% CI (-17.08, -8.71), p < 0.001) and increase the time spent in the original platform quadrant (MD = 7.28, 95% CI (4.23, 10.33), p < 0.001) and frequency of the crossing former platform (MD = 2.01, 95% CI (1.53, 2.50), p < 0.001) compared with the sham-acupuncture. CONCLUSIONS Acupuncture is effective in improving cognitive functions in AD animal models, and this benefit is more than just a placebo effect. Further clinical trials are needed to confirm the findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fei-Yi Zhao
- Department of Nursing, School of International Medical Technology, Shanghai Sanda University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang-Qiang Fu
- Yangpu Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen Zheng
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - Li-Xing Lao
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 10 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
- Virginia University of Integrative Medicine, Fairfax, VA 22031, USA
| | - Hua-Ling Song
- School of Public Health, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zumin Shi
- Human Nutrition Department, College of Health Science, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Husna Ibrahim N, Yahaya MF, Mohamed W, Teoh SL, Hui CK, Kumar J. Pharmacotherapy of Alzheimer's Disease: Seeking Clarity in a Time of Uncertainty. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:261. [PMID: 32265696 PMCID: PMC7105678 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is recognized as a major health hazard that mostly affects people older than 60 years. AD is one of the biggest medical, economic, and social concerns to patients and their caregivers. AD was ranked as the 5th leading cause of global deaths in 2016 by the World Health Organization (WHO). Many drugs targeting the production, aggregation, and clearance of Aβ plaques failed to give any conclusive clinical outcomes. This mainly stems from the fact that AD is not a disease attributed to a single-gene mutation. Two hallmarks of AD, Aβ plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), can simultaneously induce other AD etiologies where every pathway is a loop of consequential events. Therefore, the focus of recent AD research has shifted to exploring other etiologies, such as neuroinflammation and central hyperexcitability. Neuroinflammation results from the hyperactivation of microglia and astrocytes that release pro-inflammatory cytokines due to the neurological insults caused by Aβ plaques and NFTs, eventually leading to synaptic dysfunction and neuronal death. This review will report the failures and side effects of many anti-Aβ drugs. In addition, emerging treatments targeting neuroinflammation in AD, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and receptor-interacting serine/threonine protein kinase 1 (RIPK1), that restore calcium dyshomeostasis and microglia physiological function in clearing Aβ plaques, respectively, will be deliberately discussed. Other novel pharmacotherapy strategies in treating AD, including disease-modifying agents (DMTs), repurposing of medications used to treat non-AD illnesses, and multi target-directed ligands (MTDLs) are also reviewed. These approaches open new doors to the development of AD therapy, especially combination therapy that can cater for several targets simultaneously, hence effectively slowing or stopping AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nurul Husna Ibrahim
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohamad Fairuz Yahaya
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Wael Mohamed
- Basic Medical Science Department, Kulliyyah of Medicine, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Malaysia
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt
| | - Seong Lin Teoh
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chua Kien Hui
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Glycofood Sdn Bhd, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Jaya Kumar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Michon C, Kang CM, Karpenko S, Tanaka K, Ishikawa S, Yoshida KI. A bacterial cell factory converting glucose into scyllo-inositol, a therapeutic agent for Alzheimer's disease. Commun Biol 2020; 3:93. [PMID: 32123276 PMCID: PMC7052218 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-0814-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A rare stereoisomer of inositol, scyllo-inositol, is a therapeutic agent that has shown potential efficacy in preventing Alzheimer’s disease. Mycobacterium tuberculosis ino1 encoding myo-inositol-1-phosphate (MI1P) synthase (MI1PS) was introduced into Bacillus subtilis to convert glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) into MI1P. We found that inactivation of pbuE elevated intracellular concentrations of NAD+·NADH as an essential cofactor of MI1PS and was required to activate MI1PS. MI1P thus produced was dephosphorylated into myo-inositol by an intrinsic inositol monophosphatase, YktC, which was subsequently isomerized into scyllo-inositol via a previously established artificial pathway involving two inositol dehydrogenases, IolG and IolW. In addition, both glcP and glcK were overexpressed to feed more G6P and accelerate scyllo-inositol production. Consequently, a B. subtilis cell factory was demonstrated to produce 2 g L−1scyllo-inositol from 20 g L−1 glucose. This cell factory provides an inexpensive way to produce scyllo-inositol, which will help us to challenge the growing problem of Alzheimer’s disease in our aging society. Michon et al. describe the use of a recombinant Bacillus subtilis as a cell factory capable of producing scyllo-inositol, a therapeutic compound for Alzheimer’s disease, from inexpensive glucose. They demonstrate that it could produce 2 g L−1 of scyllo-inositol from 20 g L−1 glucose.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Michon
- Department of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, Kobe, 657 8501, Japan.,CHROMagar, 4 Place du 18 Juin 1940, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Choong-Min Kang
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Stanislaus, Turlock, CA, 95382, USA
| | - Sophia Karpenko
- Department of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, Kobe, 657 8501, Japan.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, UMR 8237, Laboratoire Jean Perrin, F-75005, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 8237, Laboratoire Jean Perrin, F-75005, Paris, France.,Paris Sciences & Lettres, 60 rue Mazarine, F-75006, Paris, France
| | - Kosei Tanaka
- Department of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, Kobe, 657 8501, Japan
| | - Shu Ishikawa
- Department of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, Kobe, 657 8501, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Yoshida
- Department of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, Kobe, 657 8501, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Salahuddin P, Khan RH, Uversky VN. Comprehensive analysis of the molecular docking of small molecule inhibitors to the Aβ1–40peptide and its Osaka-mutant: insights into the molecular mechanisms of Aβ-peptide inhibition. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2019; 38:4536-4566. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2019.1697367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Parveen Salahuddin
- DISC, Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Rizwan Hasan Khan
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Vladimir N. Uversky
- Protein Research Group, Institute for Biological Instrumentation of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Molecular Medicine and USF Health Byrd Alzheimer’s Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Duggal P, Mehan S. Neuroprotective Approach of Anti-Cancer Microtubule Stabilizers Against Tauopathy Associated Dementia: Current Status of Clinical and Preclinical Findings. J Alzheimers Dis Rep 2019; 3:179-218. [PMID: 31435618 PMCID: PMC6700530 DOI: 10.3233/adr-190125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal microtubule (MT) tau protein provides cytoskeleton to neuronal cells and plays a vital role including maintenance of cell shape, intracellular transport, and cell division. Tau hyperphosphorylation mediates MT destabilization resulting in axonopathy and neurotransmitter deficit, and ultimately causing Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a dementing disorder affecting vast geriatric populations worldwide, characterized by the existence of extracellular amyloid plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles in a hyperphosphorylated state. Pre-clinically, streptozotocin stereotaxically mimics the behavioral and biochemical alterations similar to AD associated with tau pathology resulting in MT assembly defects, which proceed neuropathological cascades. Accessible interventions like cholinesterase inhibitors and NMDA antagonist clinically provides only symptomatic relief. Involvement of microtubule stabilizers (MTS) prevents tauopathy particularly by targeting MT oriented cytoskeleton and promotes polymerization of tubulin protein. Multiple in vitro and in vivo research studies have shown that MTS can hold substantial potential for the treatment of AD-related tauopathy dementias through restoration of tau function and axonal transport. Moreover, anti-cancer taxane derivatives and epothiolones may have potential to ameliorate MT destabilization and prevent the neuronal structural and functional alterations associated with tauopathies. Therefore, this current review strictly focuses on exploration of various clinical and pre-clinical features available for AD to understand the neuropathological mechanisms as well as introduce pharmacological interventions associated with MT stabilization. MTS from diverse natural sources continue to be of value in the treatment of cancer, suggesting that these agents have potential to be of interest in the treatment of AD-related tauopathy dementia in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Duggal
- Neuropharmacology Division, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
| | - Sidharth Mehan
- Neuropharmacology Division, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kaufman MJ, Kanayama G, Hudson JI, Pope HG. Supraphysiologic-dose anabolic-androgenic steroid use: A risk factor for dementia? Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 100:180-207. [PMID: 30817935 PMCID: PMC6451684 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Supraphysiologic-dose anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) use is associated with physiologic, cognitive, and brain abnormalities similar to those found in people at risk for developing Alzheimer's Disease and its related dementias (AD/ADRD), which are associated with high brain β-amyloid (Aβ) and hyperphosphorylated tau (tau-P) protein levels. Supraphysiologic-dose AAS induces androgen abnormalities and excess oxidative stress, which have been linked to increased and decreased expression or activity of proteins that synthesize and eliminate, respectively, Aβ and tau-P. Aβ and tau-P accumulation may begin soon after initiating supraphysiologic-dose AAS use, which typically occurs in the early 20s, and their accumulation may be accelerated by other psychoactive substance use, which is common among non-medical AAS users. Accordingly, the widespread use of supraphysiologic-dose AAS may increase the numbers of people who develop dementia. Early diagnosis and correction of sex-steroid level abnormalities and excess oxidative stress could attenuate risk for developing AD/ADRD in supraphysiologic-dose AAS users, in people with other substance use disorders, and in people with low sex-steroid levels or excess oxidative stress associated with aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marc J Kaufman
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill St., Belmont, MA 02478, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Gen Kanayama
- Biological Psychiatry Laboratory, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill St., Belmont, MA 02478, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - James I Hudson
- Biological Psychiatry Laboratory, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill St., Belmont, MA 02478, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Harrison G Pope
- Biological Psychiatry Laboratory, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill St., Belmont, MA 02478, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ijare OB, Baskin DS, Pichumani K. Ex Vivo 1H NMR study of pituitary adenomas to differentiate various immunohistochemical subtypes. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3007. [PMID: 30816132 PMCID: PMC6395808 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-38542-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pituitary adenomas (PAs) are benign growths arising from epithelial cells in the adenohypophysis of the pituitary gland. To date, there has been no detailed metabolic characterization of PAs of various subtypes. In this study, we report nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) based metabolomic analysis of surgically resected tumors from forty five pituitary tumor patients [gonadotropic (LH/FSH-secreting) = 17; prolactinomas (PRL-secreting) = 11, Cushing’s disease (ACTH-secreting) = 4, non-functional = 5, and mixed = 8] who underwent transsphenoidal selective adenomectomy. Compared to LH/FSH-secreting tumors, PRL-secreting tumors showed statistically significant decrease in the levels of N-acetylaspartate (NAA), myo-inositol (mI), scyllo-inositol (sI), glycine, taurine, phosphoethanolamine (PE) and increase in the levels of glutamine. When compared with LH/FSH-secreting tumors, ACTH-secreting tumors showed statistically significant decrease in the levels of sI, glycine, PE and increase in the levels of aspartate. Although lipid extracts of PAs showed the presence of many common lipid molecules, only glycerophosphoethanolamine (GPE) showed statistically significant decrease in PRL, ACTH and non-functional subtypes when compared to LH/FSH-secreting tumors. Changes observed in these metabolite concentrations among various subtypes of PAs reflect metabolic heterogeneity in these tumors and may pave the way towards the development of metabolic markers to distinguish various immunohistochemical subtypes of PAs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Omkar B Ijare
- Kenneth R. Peak Brain and Pituitary Tumor Treatment Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Houston Methodist Neurological Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital and Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - David S Baskin
- Kenneth R. Peak Brain and Pituitary Tumor Treatment Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Houston Methodist Neurological Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital and Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA. .,Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Kumar Pichumani
- Kenneth R. Peak Brain and Pituitary Tumor Treatment Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Houston Methodist Neurological Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital and Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA. .,Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Jeong D, Pal T, Kim H, Kim TW, Biswas G, Lee D, Singh T, Murthy ASN, Kim W, Kim K, Im J. Preparation of a Camptothecin‐conjugated Molecular Carrier and its Cytotoxic Effect Toward Human Colorectal Carcinoma
In Vitro. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.11611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dongjun Jeong
- Department of Pathology, College of MedicineSoonchunhyang University Cheonan Republic of Korea
| | - Tarun Pal
- Department of ChemistryPohang University of Science and Technology Pohang Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungjoo Kim
- Soonchunhyang Medical Science Research Institute, College of MedicineSoonchunhyang University Cheonan Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Wan Kim
- Soonchunhyang Medical Science Research Institute, College of MedicineSoonchunhyang University Cheonan Republic of Korea
| | - Goutam Biswas
- Department of ChemistryCooch Behar Panchanan Barma University Cooch Behar India
| | - Daeun Lee
- Department of Chemical EngineeringSoonchunhyang University Asan Republic of Korea
| | - Tejinder Singh
- Department of Chemical EngineeringSoonchunhyang University Asan Republic of Korea
| | - Akula S. N. Murthy
- Department of Chemical EngineeringSoonchunhyang University Asan Republic of Korea
| | - Wanil Kim
- Department of Life Science, Division of Molecular and Life Science and Division of Integrative Biosciences and BiotechnologyPohang University of Science and Technology Pohang Republic of Korea
| | - Kyong‐Tai Kim
- Department of Life Science, Division of Molecular and Life Science and Division of Integrative Biosciences and BiotechnologyPohang University of Science and Technology Pohang Republic of Korea
| | - Jungkyun Im
- Department of Chemical EngineeringSoonchunhyang University Asan Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Itoh N. Biosynthesis and production of quercitols and their application in the production of pharmaceuticals: current status and prospects. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:4641-4651. [PMID: 29663050 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-8972-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
(-)-vibo-Quercitol is a deoxyinositol (1L-1,2,4/3,5-cyclohexanepentol) that occurs naturally in low concentrations in oak species, honeydew honey, and Gymnema sylvestre. The author's research group recently reported that (-)-vibo-quercitol and scyllo-quercitol (2-deoxy-myo-inositol, 1,3,5/2,4-cyclohexanepentol), a stereoisomer of (-)-vibo-quercitol, are stereoselectively synthesized from 2-deoxy-scyllo-inosose by the reductive reaction of a novel (-)-vibo-quercitol 1-dehydrogenase in Burkholderia terrae and of a known scyllo-inositol dehydrogenase in Bacillus subtilis, respectively. The author's research group therefore identified two enzymes capable of producing both stereoisomers of deoxyinositols, which are rare in nature. (-)-vibo-Quercitol and scyllo-quercitol are potential intermediates for pharmaceuticals. In this review, the author describes the biosynthesis and enzymatic production of quercitols and myo-inositol stereoisomers and their application in the production of potential pharmaceuticals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nobuya Itoh
- Biotechnology Research Center and Department of Biotechnology, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama, 939-0398, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|