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Chang M, He C, Du Y, Qiu Y, Wang L, Chen H. RaT: Raman Transformer for highly accurate melanoma detection with critical features visualization. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 305:123475. [PMID: 37806238 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.123475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma is an important cause of death from skin cancer. Early and accurate diagnosis can effectively reduce mortality. But the current diagnosis relies on the experience of pathologists, increasing the rate of misdiagnosis. In this paper, Raman Transformer (RaT) model is proposed by combining Raman spectroscopy and a Transformer encoder to distinguish the Raman spectra of melanoma and normal tissue. To make the spectral data more suitable for the Transformer encoder, we split the Raman spectrum into segments and map them into block vectors, which are then input into the Transformer encoder and classified using the multi-head self-attention mechanism and the Multilayer Perceptron (MLP). The RaT model achieves 99.69% accuracy, 99.61% sensitivity, and 99.82% specificity, which is higher than the classical principal component analysis with the neural network (PCA + NNET) method. In addition, we visualize and explain the fingerprint peaks found by the RaT model and their corresponding biological information. Our proposed RaT model provides a novel and reliable method for processing Raman spectral data, which is expected to help distinguish melanoma from normal cells, diagnose other diseases, and save human lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Chang
- Key Laboratory of Optical Technology and Instrument for Medicine, Ministry of Education, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China.
| | - Chen He
- Key Laboratory of Optical Technology and Instrument for Medicine, Ministry of Education, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Yi Du
- Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yemin Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Optical Technology and Instrument for Medicine, Ministry of Education, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Luyao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Optical Technology and Instrument for Medicine, Ministry of Education, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Optical Technology and Instrument for Medicine, Ministry of Education, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
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Hu R, Hou H, Li Y, Zhang M, Li X, Chen Y, Guo Y, Sun H, Zhao S, Liao M, Cao D, Yan Q, Chen X, Yin M. Combined BET and MEK Inhibition synergistically suppresses melanoma by targeting YAP1. Theranostics 2024; 14:593-607. [PMID: 38169595 PMCID: PMC10758063 DOI: 10.7150/thno.85437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Rationale: The response rate to the MEK inhibitor trametinib in BRAF-mutated melanoma patients is less than 30%, and drug resistance develops rapidly, but the mechanism is still unclear. Yes1-associated transcriptional regulator (YAP1) is highly expressed in melanoma and may be related to MEK inhibitor resistance. The purpose of this study was to investigate the mechanism of YAP1 in MEK inhibitor resistance in melanoma and to screen YAP1 inhibitors to further determine whether YAP1 inhibition reverses MEK inhibitor resistance. Methods: On the one hand, we analyzed paired melanoma and adjacent tissue samples using RNA-seq and found that the Hippo-YAP1 signaling pathway was the top upregulated pathway. On the other hand, we evaluated the transcriptomes of melanoma samples from patients before and after trametinib treatment and investigated the correlation between YAP1 expression and trametinib resistance. Then, we screened for inhibitors that repress YAP1 expression and investigated the mechanisms. Finally, we investigated the antitumor effect of YAP1 inhibition combined with MEK inhibition both in vitro and in vivo. Results: We found that YAP1 expression levels upon trametinib treatment in melanoma patients were correlated with resistance to trametinib. YAP1 was translocated into the nucleus after trametinib treatment in melanoma cells, which could render resistance to MEK inhibition. Thus, we screened for inhibitors that repress YAP1 expression and identified multiple bromodomain and extra-terminal (BET) inhibitors, including NHWD-870, as hits. BET inhibition repressed YAP1 expression by decreasing BRD4 binding to the YAP1 promoter. Consistently, YAP1 overexpression was sufficient to reverse the proliferation defect caused by BRD4 depletion. In addition, the BET inhibitor NHWD-870 acted synergistically with trametinib to suppress melanoma growth in vitro and in vivo. Conclusions: We identified a new vulnerability for MEK inhibitor-resistant melanomas, which activated Hippo pathway due to elevated YAP1 activity. Inhibition of BRD4 using BET inhibitors suppressed YAP1 expression and led to blunted melanoma growth when combined with treatment with the MEK inhibitor trametinib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Hu
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Huihui Hou
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Yao Li
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Minghui Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Yanzhong Chen
- The first clinical college of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ying Guo
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Hongyin Sun
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Shuang Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Mengting Liao
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
- Health Management of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Dongsheng Cao
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Qin Yan
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Mingzhu Yin
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
- Clinical Research Center (CRC), Clinical Pathology Center (CPC), Cancer Early Detection and Treatment Center (CEDTC), Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, Chongqing University, Wanzhou, Chongqing, China
- Translational Medicine Research Center (TMRC), School of Medicine Chongqing University, Shapingba, Chongqing, China
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Jia X, He L, Yang Z. Recent advances in the role of Yes-associated protein in dermatosis. Skin Res Technol 2023; 29:e13285. [PMID: 36973973 PMCID: PMC10155855 DOI: 10.1111/srt.13285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dermatosis is a general term for diseases of the skin and skin appendages including scleroderma, psoriasis, bullous disease, atopic dermatitis, basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma. These diseases affect millions of individuals globally and are a serious public health concern. However, the pathogenesis of skin diseases is not fully understood, and treatments are not optimal. Yes-associated protein (YAP) is a transcriptional coactivator that plays a role in the regulation of gene transcription and signal transduction. AIMS To study the role of Yes-associated protein in skin diseases. MATERIALS AND METHODS The present review summarizes recent advances in our understanding of the role of YAP in skin diseases, current treatments that target YAP, and potential avenues for novel therapies. RESULTS Abnormal YAP expression has been implicated in occurrence and development of dermatosis. YAP regulates the cell homeostasis, proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, angiopoiesis, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, among other processes. As well as, it serves as a potential target in many biological processes for treating dermatosis. CONCLUSIONS The effects of YAP on the skin are complex and require multidimensional investigational approaches. YAP functions as an oncoprotein that can promote the occurrence and development of cancer, but there is currently limited information on the therapeutic potential of YAP inhibition for cancer treatment. Additional studies are also needed to clarify the role of YAP in the development and maturation of dermal fibroblasts; skin barrier function, homeostasis, aging, and melanin production; and dermatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorong Jia
- Department of DermatologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical UniversityKunmingChina
| | - Li He
- Department of DermatologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical UniversityKunmingChina
| | - Zhi Yang
- Department of DermatologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical UniversityKunmingChina
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Nguyen D, Holien J, Dekiwadia C, Thrimawithana T, Piva T, Huynh T. Momordica cochinchinensis (Gấc) Seed Extracts Induce Apoptosis and Necrosis in Melanoma Cells. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16010100. [PMID: 36678596 PMCID: PMC9864523 DOI: 10.3390/ph16010100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Momordica cochinchinensis is a herbal medicine used throughout Asia and this study investigated the antimelanoma potentials and molecular mechanisms of M. cochinchinensis seed with emphasis on extraction to optimise bioactivity. Overall, the aqueous extract was superior, with a wider diversity and higher concentration of proteins and peptides that was more cytotoxic to the melanoma cells than other extraction solvents. The IC50 of the aqueous extract on melanoma cells were similar to treatment with current anticancer drugs, vemurafenib and cisplatin. This cytotoxicity was cancer-specific with lower cytotoxic effects on HaCaT epidermal keratinocytes. Cytotoxicity correlated with MAPK signalling pathways leading to apoptosis and necrosis induced by triggering tumour necrosis factor receptor-1 (TNFR1), reducing the expression of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB), and suppression of BRAF/MEK. This efficacy of M. cochinchinensis seed extracts on melanoma cells provides a platform for future clinical trials as potent adjunctive therapy for metastatic melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dao Nguyen
- School of Science, RMIT University, P.O. Box 71, Bundoora 3083, Australia
- Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Tay Nguyen University, 567 Le Duan Street, Buon Ma Thuot City 63000, Vietnam
- Correspondence: (D.N.); (T.H.)
| | - Jessica Holien
- School of Science, RMIT University, P.O. Box 71, Bundoora 3083, Australia
| | - Chaitali Dekiwadia
- RMIT Microscopy and Microanalysis Facility, GPO 2476, Melbourne 3001, Australia
| | - Thilini Thrimawithana
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, P.O. Box 71, Bundoora 3083, Australia
| | - Terrence Piva
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, P.O. Box 71, Bundoora 3083, Australia
| | - Tien Huynh
- School of Science, RMIT University, P.O. Box 71, Bundoora 3083, Australia
- Correspondence: (D.N.); (T.H.)
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YO2 Induces Melanoma Cell Apoptosis through p53-Mediated LRP1 Downregulation. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 15:cancers15010288. [PMID: 36612285 PMCID: PMC9818169 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15010288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The multifunctional endocytic receptor low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) has been implicated in melanoma growth. However, the mechanism of LRP1 expression in melanoma cells remains only partially understood. In most melanomas, the TP53 tumor suppressor is retained as a non-mutated, inactive form that fails to suppress tumors. We identify TP53 as a regulator of LRP1-mediated tumor growth. TP53 enhances the expression of miRNA miR-103/107. These miRNAs target LRP1 expression on melanoma cells. TP53 overexpression in human and murine melanoma cells was achieved using lentivirus or treatment with the small molecule YO-2, a plasmin inhibitor known to induce apoptosis in various cancer cell lines. TP53 restoration enhanced the expression of the tumor suppressor miR-103/107, resulting in the downregulation of LRP1 and suppression of tumor growth in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, LRP1 overexpression or p53 downregulation prevented YO-2-mediated melanoma growth inhibition. We identified YO-2 as a novel p53 inducer in melanoma cells. Cotreatment of YO-2 with doxorubicin blocked tumor growth in vivo and in a murine melanoma model, suggesting that YO-2 exerts anti-melanoma effects alone or in combination with conventional myelosuppressive drugs.
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Yuliani FS, Chen JY, Cheng WH, Wen HC, Chen BC, Lin CH. Thrombin induces IL-8/CXCL8 expression by DCLK1-dependent RhoA and YAP activation in human lung epithelial cells. J Biomed Sci 2022; 29:95. [PMID: 36369000 PMCID: PMC9650896 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-022-00877-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Doublecortin-like kinase 1 (DCLK1) has been recognized as a marker of cancer stem cell in several malignancies. Thrombin is crucial in asthma severity as it can promote IL-8/CXCL8 production in lung epithelial cells, which is a potent chemoattractant for neutrophils. However, the pathologic role of DCLK1 in asthma and its involvement in thrombin-stimulated IL-8/CXCL8 expression remain unknown. Methods IL-8/CXCL8, thrombin, and DCLK1 expression were observed in the lung tissues of severe asthma patients and ovalbumin (OVA)-induced asthmatic mice model. A549 and BEAS-2B cells were either pretreated with inhibitors or small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) before being treated with thrombin. IL-8/CXCL8 expression and the molecules involved in signaling pathway were performed using ELISA, luciferase activity assay, Western blot, or ChIP assay. Results IL-8/CXCL8, thrombin, and DCLK1 were overexpressed in the lung tissues of severe asthma patients and ovalbumin (OVA)-induced asthmatic mice model. Our in vitro study found that DCLK siRNA or LRKK2-IN-1 (DCLK1 inhibitor) attenuated IL-8/CXCL8 release after thrombin induction in A549 and BEAS-2B cells. Thrombin activated DCLK1, RhoA, and YAP in a time-dependent manner, in which DCLK1 siRNA inhibited RhoA and YAP activation. YAP was dephosphorylated on the Ser127 site after thrombin stimulation, resulting in YAP translocation to the nucleus from the cytosol. DCLK1, RhoA and YAP activation following thrombin stimulation were inhibited by U0126 (ERK inhibitor). Moreover, DCLK1 and YAP siRNA inhibited κB-luciferase activity. Thrombin stimulated the recruitment of YAP and p65 to the NF-κB site of the IL-8/CXCL8 promoter and was inhibited by DCLK1 siRNA. Conclusions Thrombin activates the DCLK1/RhoA signaling pathway, which promotes YAP activation and translocation to the nucleus from the cytosol, resulting in YAP/p65 formation, and binding to the NF-κB site, which enhances IL-8/CXCL8 expression. DCLK1 might be essential in thrombin-stimulated IL-8/CXCL8 expression in asthmatic lungs and indicates a potential therapeutic strategy for severe asthma treatment.
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Role of Yes-Associated Protein in Psoriasis and Skin Tumor Pathogenesis. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12060978. [PMID: 35743763 PMCID: PMC9225571 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12060978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis and skin tumors (such as basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma) are chronic diseases that endanger physical and mental health, and yet the causes are largely unknown and treatment options limited. The development of targeted drugs requires a better understanding of the exact pathogenesis of these diseases, and Yes-associated protein (YAP), a member of the Hippo signaling pathway, is believed to play an important role. Psoriasis and skin tumors are characterized by excessive cell proliferation, abnormal differentiation, vasodilation, and proliferation. Here, we review the literature related to YAP-associated disease mechanisms and discuss the latest research. YAP regulates cell apoptosis, proliferation, and differentiation; inhibits cell density and intercellular contacts and angiogenesis; and maintains the three-dimensional structure of the skin. These mechanisms may be associated with the occurrence and development of psoriasis and skin tumors. The results of recent studies have shown that YAP expression is increased in psoriasis and skin tumors. High expression of YAP in psoriasis and skin tumors may indicate its positive functions in skin inflammation and malignancies and may play an important role in disease pathogenesis. The study of new drugs targeting YAP can provide novel approaches for the treatment of skin diseases.
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Yao Q, Zhang X, Chen D. Emerging Roles and Mechanisms of lncRNA FOXD3-AS1 in Human Diseases. Front Oncol 2022; 12:848296. [PMID: 35280790 PMCID: PMC8914342 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.848296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been identified as powerful regulators of human diseases. The lncRNA FOXD3-AS1 is a novel lncRNA that was recently shown to exert imperative roles in the initialization and progression of several diseases. Emerging studies have shown aberrant expression of FOXD3-AS1 and close correlation with pathophysiological traits of numerous diseases, particularly cancers. More importantly, FOXD3-AS1 was also found to ubiquitously impact a range of biological functions. This study aims to summarize the expression, associated clinicopathological features, major functions and molecular mechanisms of FOXD3-AS1 in human diseases and to explore its possible clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinfan Yao
- Kidney Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Hangzhou, China
- National Key Clinical Department of Kidney Diseases, Institute of Nephrology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Clinical Research Center of Kidney and Urinary System Disease, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiuyuan Zhang
- Kidney Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Hangzhou, China
- National Key Clinical Department of Kidney Diseases, Institute of Nephrology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Clinical Research Center of Kidney and Urinary System Disease, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dajin Chen
- Kidney Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Hangzhou, China
- National Key Clinical Department of Kidney Diseases, Institute of Nephrology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Clinical Research Center of Kidney and Urinary System Disease, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Dajin Chen,
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Arrigo AB, Lin JHI. Endocytic Protein Defects in the Neural Crest Cell Lineage and Its Pathway Are Associated with Congenital Heart Defects. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168816. [PMID: 34445520 PMCID: PMC8396181 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocytic trafficking is an under-appreciated pathway in cardiac development. Several genes related to endocytic trafficking have been uncovered in a mutagenic ENU screen, in which mutations led to congenital heart defects (CHDs). In this article, we review the relationship between these genes (including LRP1 and LRP2) and cardiac neural crest cells (CNCCs) during cardiac development. Mice with an ENU-induced Lrp1 mutation exhibit a spectrum of CHDs. Conditional deletion using a floxed Lrp1 allele with different Cre drivers showed that targeting neural crest cells with Wnt1-Cre expression replicated the full cardiac phenotypes of the ENU-induced Lrp1 mutation. In addition, LRP1 function in CNCCs is required for normal OFT lengthening and survival/expansion of the cushion mesenchyme, with other cell lineages along the NCC migratory path playing an additional role. Mice with an ENU-induced and targeted Lrp2 mutation demonstrated the cardiac phenotype of common arterial trunk (CAT). Although there is no impact on CNCCs in Lrp2 mutants, the loss of LRP2 results in the depletion of sonic hedgehog (SHH)-dependent cells in the second heart field. SHH is known to be crucial for CNCC survival and proliferation, which suggests LRP2 has a non-autonomous role in CNCCs. In this article, other endocytic trafficking proteins that are associated with CHDs that may play roles in the NCC pathway during development, such as AP1B1, AP2B1, FUZ, MYH10, and HECTD1, are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo B. Arrigo
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA;
| | - Jiuann-Huey Ivy Lin
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA;
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-412-692-7366; Fax: +1-412-692-5169
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Rakhshan S, Alberti D, Stefania R, Bitonto V, Geninatti Crich S. LDL mediated delivery of Paclitaxel and MRI imaging probes for personalized medicine applications. J Nanobiotechnology 2021; 19:208. [PMID: 34256774 PMCID: PMC8276427 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-021-00955-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The combination of imaging and therapeutic agents in the same smart nanoparticle is a promising option to perform a minimally invasive imaging guided therapy. In this study, Low density lipoproteins (LDL), one of the most attractive biodegradable and biocompatible nanoparticles, were used for the simultaneous delivery of Paclitaxel (PTX), a hydrophobic antitumour drug and an amphiphilic contrast agent, Gd-AAZTA-C17, in B16-F10 melanoma cell line. These cells overexpress LDL receptors, as assessed by flow cytometry analysis. RESULTS PTX and Gd-AAZTA-C17 loaded LDLs (LDL-PTX-Gd) have been prepared, characterized and their stability was assessed under 72 h incubation at 37 °C and compared to LDL loaded with Gd-AAZTA-C17 (LDL-Gd) and LDL-PTX. The cytotoxic effect of LDL-PTX-Gd was evaluated by MTT assay. The anti-tumour drug loaded into LDLs showed a significantly higher toxicity on B16-F10 cells with respect to the commercially available formulation Paclitaxel kabi (PTX Kabi) used in clinical applications. Tumour cells uptake was initially assessed by ICP-MS and MRI on B16-F10 cell line. By the analysis of the image signal intensity, it was possible to extrapolate the amount of internalized PTX indirectly by the decrease of relaxation times caused by Gd, proportional to its concentration. Finally, the treatment with PTX loaded LDL on B16-F10 tumour bearing mice resulted in a marked reduction of tumour growth compared to the administration of PTX Kabi alone. CONCLUSIONS LDLs are selectively taken-up by tumour cells and can be successfully exploited for the selective delivery of Paclitaxel and imaging agents. For the first time the anon invasive "in vivo" determination of the amount of PTX accumulated in the tumour was possible, thanks to the use of theranostic agents of natural origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Rakhshan
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, via Nizza 52, Torino, Italy
| | - Diego Alberti
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, via Nizza 52, Torino, Italy
| | - Rachele Stefania
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, via Nizza 52, Torino, Italy
| | - Valeria Bitonto
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, via Nizza 52, Torino, Italy
| | - Simonetta Geninatti Crich
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, via Nizza 52, Torino, Italy.
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Wei Y, Jiang Z, Lu J. USP22 promotes melanoma and BRAF inhibitor resistance via YAP stabilization. Oncol Lett 2021; 21:394. [PMID: 33777217 PMCID: PMC7988733 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.12655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Yes-associated protein (YAP) is a conserved transcriptional coactivator that plays key roles in controlling organ size, tumorigenesis and drug resistance. Emerging evidence shows that YAP is overexpressed and associated with resistance to BRAF inhibitor treatment in melanoma. However, the mechanism accounting for YAP-overexpression in melanoma is largely unknown. The present study characterized ubiquitin-specific peptidase 22 (USP22) as a deubiquitinase controlling YAP abundance and biological functions in melanoma. Using western blotting and immunohistochemical staining, it was found that the expression of USP22 and YAP was associated in melanoma cell lines and patient samples. Moreover, USP22 interacted with and deubiquitinated YAP to prevent YAP turnover. Depletion of USP22 decreased YAP expression, which in turn suppressed cell proliferation and tumorigenesis. Furthermore, overexpression of USP22 conferred vemurafenib resistance in a YAP-dependent manner. Overall, the present study revealed the important role of the USP22/YAP axis in melanoma and BRAF inhibitor resistance, and provides a rationale to target USP22/YAP for melanoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wei
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Changxing People's Hospital, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313100, P.R. China
| | - Ziyun Jiang
- Research Department, Shanghai Zhuole Biotechnology Center, Shanghai 201499, P.R. China
| | - Jianfeng Lu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Changxing People's Hospital, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313100, P.R. China
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Low-Temperature Argon Plasma Regulates Skin Moisturizing and Melanogenesis-Regulating Markers through Yes-Associated Protein. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041895. [PMID: 33672928 PMCID: PMC7918577 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive water loss and melanin hyperproduction can cause various skin disorders. Low-temperature argon plasma (LTAP) has shown the possibility of being used for the treatment of various skin diseases, such as atopic dermatitis and skin cancer. However, the role of LTAP in regulating skin moisturizing and melanogenesis has not been investigated. In this study, we aimed to determine the effect of LTAP on yes-associated protein (YAP), a major transcriptional coactivator in the Hippo signaling pathway that is involved in skin moisturizing and melanogenesis-regulating markers. In normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs), the human epidermal keratinocyte line HaCaT, and human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs), we found that LTAP exhibited increased expression levels of YAP protein. In addition, the expression levels of filaggrin (FLG), which is involved in natural moisturizing factors (NMFs), and hyaluronic acid synthase (HAS), transglutaminase (TGM), and involucrin (IVL), which regulate skin barrier and moisturizing, were also increased after exposure to LTAP. Furthermore, collagen type I alpha 1 and type III alpha 1 (COL1A1, COL3A1) were increased after LTAP exposure, but the expression level of matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3) was reduced. Moreover, LTAP was found to suppress alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH)-induced melanogenesis in murine melanoma B16F10 cells and normal human melanocytes (NHEMs). LTAP regulates melanogenesis of the melanocytes through decreased YAP pathway activation in a melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R)-dependent manner. Taken together, our data show that LTAP regulates skin moisturizing and melanogenesis through modulation of the YAP pathway, and the effect of LTAP on the expression level of YAP varies from cell to cell. Thus, LTAP might be developed as a treatment method to improve the skin barrier, moisture content, and wrinkle formation, and to reduce melanin generation.
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Prodrugs in combination with nanocarriers as a strategy for promoting antitumoral efficiency. Future Med Chem 2019; 11:2131-2150. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2018-0388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Prodrug entrapment into nanocarriers for tumor delivery is a strategy to achieve a valid therapy with high efficiency. The prodrug contains anticancer agents conjugating with functional moieties or ligands so that the active component is released after metabolism in the body or tumor. The advantages of nanosystems for loading prodrugs include high loading, increased prodrug stability, improved bioavailability and enhanced targeting to tumor cells. In the present article, we introduce the prodrug delivery approaches according to nanomedicine and the recent advances in prodrug-loaded nanocarriers. First, we discuss the conceptional design of combined prodrugs and nanocarriers in response to the obstruction in anticancer therapy. Then we describe the cases of prodrug-loaded nanoparticles for cancer treatment during the past 5 years.
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Dong X, Meng L, Liu P, Ji R, Su X, Xin Y, Jiang X. YAP/TAZ: a promising target for squamous cell carcinoma treatment. Cancer Manag Res 2019; 11:6245-6252. [PMID: 31360073 PMCID: PMC6625644 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s197921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Yes-associated protein (YAP) and transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) are two homologous transcriptional coactivators and the final effectors of the Hippo signaling transduction pathway. The transcriptional activity of YAP/TAZ is dependent on their recruitment to the nucleus, which promotes binding to the transcription factor of TEA domain family members 1–4 (TEAD1-4). In Hippo-signaling pathway, YAP/TAZ is inactivated and its translocation to the nucleus is blocked via a core kinase cascade stimulated by a variety of upstream signals, such as G-protein-coupled receptor signaling, mechanical pressure, and adherens junction signaling. This pathway plays a very important role in regulating organ size, tissue homeostasis, and tumor development. In recent years, many studies have reported upregulation or nuclear localization of YAP/TAZ in a number of human malignancies, such as breast cancer, melanoma, lung cancer, especially squamous cell carcinoma in different organs. A large number of experiments demonstrate that YAP/TAZ activation promotes cancer formation, progression, and metastasis. Therefore, in this review, we summarize the evidence of regulation and function of YAP/TAZ and discuss its role in squamous cell carcinoma. Collectively, this summary strongly suggests that targeting aberrant YAP/TAZ activation is a promising strategy for the suppression of squamous cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Dong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingbin Meng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Florida Hospital, Orlando, FL 32804, USA
| | - Pinyi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Ji
- Department of Biology, Valencia College, Orlando, FL 32804, USA
| | - Xuling Su
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Xin
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Jiang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, People's Republic of China
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Rognoni E, Walko G. The Roles of YAP/TAZ and the Hippo Pathway in Healthy and Diseased Skin. Cells 2019; 8:cells8050411. [PMID: 31058846 PMCID: PMC6562585 DOI: 10.3390/cells8050411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin is the largest organ of the human body. Its architecture and physiological functions depend on diverse populations of epidermal cells and dermal fibroblasts. Reciprocal communication between the epidermis and dermis plays a key role in skin development, homeostasis and repair. While several stem cell populations have been identified in the epidermis with distinct locations and functions, there is additional heterogeneity within the mesenchymal cells of the dermis. Here, we discuss the current knowledge of how the Hippo pathway and its downstream effectors Yes-associated protein (YAP) and transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) contribute to the maintenance, activation and coordination of the epidermal and dermal cell populations during development, homeostasis, wound healing and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel Rognoni
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.
| | - Gernot Walko
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry & Centre for Therapeutic Innovation, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
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Salama Y, Lin SY, Dhahri D, Hattori K, Heissig B. The fibrinolytic factor tPA drives LRP1-mediated melanoma growth and metastasis. FASEB J 2018; 33:3465-3480. [PMID: 30458112 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201801339rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The multifunctional endocytic receptor low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP)1 has recently been identified as a hub within a biomarker network for multicancer clinical outcome prediction. The mechanism how LRP1 modulates cancer progression is poorly understood. In this study we found that LRP1 and one of its ligands, tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), are expressed in melanoma cells and control melanoma growth and lung metastasis in vivo. Mechanistic studies were performed on 2 melanoma cancer cell lines, B16F10 and the B16F1 cells, both of which form primary melanoma tumors, but only B16F10 cells metastasize to the lungs. Tumor-, but not niche cell-derived tPA, enhanced melanoma cell proliferation in tPA-/- mice. Gain-of-function experiments revealed that melanoma LRP1 is critical for tumor growth, recruitment of mesenchymal stem cells into the tumor bed, and metastasis. Melanoma LRP1 was found to enhance ERK activation, resulting in increased matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 RNA, protein, and secreted activity, a well-known modulator of melanoma metastasis. Restoration of LRP1 and tPA in the less aggressive, poorly metastatic B16F1 tumor cells enhanced tumor cell proliferation and led to massive lung metastasis in murine tumor models. Antimelanoma drug treatment induced tPA and LRP1 expression. tPA or LRP1 knockdown enhanced chemosensitivity in melanoma cells. Our results identify the tPA-LRP1 pathway as a key switch that drives melanoma progression, in part by modulating the cellular composition and proteolytic makeup of the tumor niche. Targeting this pathway may be a novel treatment strategy in combination treatments for melanoma.-Salama, Y., Lin, S.-Y., Dhahri, D., Hattori, K., Heissig, B. The fibrinolytic factor tPA drives LRP1-mediated melanoma growth and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousef Salama
- Division of Stem Cell Dynamics, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Shiou-Yuh Lin
- Division of Stem Cell Dynamics, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Douaa Dhahri
- Division of Stem Cell Dynamics, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Hattori
- Center for Genome and Regenerative Medicine Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; and
| | - Beate Heissig
- Division of Stem Cell Dynamics, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Atopy (Allergy) Center, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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