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Bracci N, Baer A, Flor R, Petraccione K, Stocker T, Zhou W, Ammosova T, Dinglasan RR, Nekhai S, Kehn-Hall K. CK1 and PP1 regulate Rift Valley fever virus genome replication through L protein phosphorylation. Antiviral Res 2024; 226:105895. [PMID: 38679165 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2024.105895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is an arbovirus in the Phenuiviridae family identified initially by the large 'abortion storms' observed among ruminants; RVFV can also infect humans. In humans, there is a wide variation of clinical symptoms ranging from subclinical to mild febrile illness to hepatitis, retinitis, delayed-onset encephalitis, or even hemorrhagic fever. The RVFV is a tri-segmented negative-sense RNA virus consisting of S, M, and L segments. The L segment encodes the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), termed the L protein, which is responsible for both viral mRNA synthesis and genome replication. Phosphorylation of viral RdRps is known to regulate viral replication. This study shows that RVFV L protein is serine phosphorylated and identified Casein Kinase 1 alpha (CK1α) and protein phosphatase 1 alpha (PP1α) as L protein binding partners. Inhibition of CK1 and PP1 through small molecule inhibitor treatment, D4476 and 1E7-03, respectively, caused a change in the phosphorylated status of the L protein. Inhibition of PP1α resulted in increased L protein phosphorylation whereas inhibition of CK1α decreased L protein phosphorylation. It was also found that in RVFV infected cells, PP1α localized to the cytoplasmic compartment. Treatment of RVFV infected cells with CK1 inhibitors reduced virus production in both mammalian and mosquito cells. Lastly, inhibition of either CK1 or PP1 reduced viral genomic RNA levels. These data indicate that L protein is phosphorylated and that CK1 and PP1 play a crucial role in regulating the L protein phosphorylation cycle, which is critical to viral RNA production and viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Bracci
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Virginia, USA; Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Virginia, USA
| | - Alan Baer
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Rafaela Flor
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Virginia, USA; Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Virginia, USA
| | - Kaylee Petraccione
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Virginia, USA; Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Virginia, USA
| | - Timothy Stocker
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Virginia, USA; Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Virginia, USA
| | - Weidong Zhou
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Tatiana Ammosova
- Center for Sickle Cell Disease, Department of Medicine, Howard University, Washington D.C., USA
| | - Rhoel R Dinglasan
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Florida, USA; Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Florida, USA
| | - Sergei Nekhai
- Center for Sickle Cell Disease, Department of Medicine, Howard University, Washington D.C., USA
| | - Kylene Kehn-Hall
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Virginia, USA; Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Virginia, USA.
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Xu L, Paine AC, Barbeau DJ, Alencastro F, Duncan AW, McElroy AK. Limiting viral replication in hepatocytes alters Rift Valley fever virus disease manifestations. J Virol 2023; 97:e0085323. [PMID: 37695055 PMCID: PMC10537571 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00853-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) causes mild to severe disease in humans and livestock. Outbreaks of RVFV have been reported throughout Africa and have spread outside Africa since 2000, calling for urgent worldwide attention to this emerging virus. RVFV directly infects the liver, and elevated transaminases are a hallmark of severe RVFV infection. However, the specific contribution of viral replication in hepatocytes to pathogenesis of RVFV remains undefined. To address this, we generated a recombinant miRNA-targeted virus, RVFVmiR-122, to limit hepatocellular replication. MicroRNAs are evolutionarily conserved non-coding RNAs that regulate mRNA expression by targeting them for degradation. RVFVmiR-122 includes an insertion of four target sequences of the liver-specific miR-122. In contrast to control RVFVmiR-184, which contains four target sequences of mosquito-specific miR-184, RVFVmiR-122 has restricted replication in vitro in primary mouse hepatocytes. RVFVmiR-122-infected C57BL/6 mice survived acute hepatitis and instead developed late-onset encephalitis. This difference in clinical outcome was eliminated in Mir-122 KO mice, confirming the specificity of the finding. Interestingly, C57BL/6 mice infected with higher doses of RVFVmiR-122 had a higher survival rate which was correlated with faster clearance of virus from the liver, suggesting a role for activation of host immunity in the phenotype. Together, our data demonstrate that miR-122 can specifically restrict the replication of RVFVmiR-122 in liver tissue both in vitro and in vivo, and this restriction alters the clinical course of disease following RVFVmiR-122 infection. IMPORTANCE Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a hemorrhagic fever virus that causes outbreaks in humans and livestock throughout Africa and has spread to continents outside Africa since 2000. However, no commercial vaccine or treatment is currently available for human use against RVFV. Although the liver has been demonstrated as a key target of RVFV, the contribution of viral replication in hepatocytes to overall RVFV pathogenesis is less well defined. In this study we addressed this question by using a recombinant miRNA-targeted virus with restricted replication in hepatocytes. We gained a better understanding of how this individual cell type contributes to the development of disease caused by RVFV. Techniques used in this study provide an innovative tool to the RVFV field that could be applied to study the consequences of limited RVFV replication in other target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingqing Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alden C. Paine
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Dominique J. Barbeau
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Frances Alencastro
- Department of Pathology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Andrew W. Duncan
- Department of Pathology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anita K. McElroy
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Gitau JK, Macharia RW, Mwangi KW, Ongeso N, Murungi E. Gene co-expression network identifies critical genes, pathways and regulatory motifs mediating the progression of rift valley fever in Bostaurus. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18175. [PMID: 37519716 PMCID: PMC10375796 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley Fever (RVF) is a mosquito-borne viral disease caused by the Rift Valley Fever Virus. The disease is a zoonosis that largely affects domestic animals, including sheep, goats, and cattle, resulting in severe morbidity and mortality marked by massive storm abortions. To halt human and livestock deaths due to RVF, the development of efficacious vaccines and therapeutics is a compelling and urgent priority. We sought to identify potential key modules (gene clusters), hub genes, and regulatory motifs involved in the pathogenesis of RVF in Bos taurus that are amenable to inhibition. We analyzed 39 Bos taurus RNA-Seq samples using the weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) R package and uncovered significantly enriched modules containing genes with potential pivotal roles in RVF progression. Moreover, regulatory motif analysis conducted using the Multiple Expectation Maximization for Motif Elicitation (MEME) suite identified motifs that probably modulate vital biological processes. Gene ontology terms associated with identified motifs were inferred using the GoMo human database. The gene co-expression network constructed in WGCNA using 5000 genes contained seven (7) modules, out of which four were significantly enriched for terms associated with response to viruses, response to interferon-alpha, innate immune response, and viral defense. Additionally, several biological pathways implicated in developmental processes, anatomical structure development, and multicellular organism development were identified. Regulatory motifs analysis identified short, repeated motifs whose function(s) may be amenable to disruption by novel therapeutics. Predicted functions of identified motifs include tissue development, embryonic organ development, and organ morphogenesis. We have identified several hub genes in enriched co-expressed gene modules and regulatory motifs potentially involved in the pathogenesis of RVF in B. taurus that are likely viable targets for disruption by novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- John K. Gitau
- University of Nairobi, Biochemistry Department, P.O Box 30197, 00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Rosaline W. Macharia
- University of Nairobi, Biochemistry Department, P.O Box 30197, 00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Kennedy W. Mwangi
- Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O Box 62000, 00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Nehemiah Ongeso
- University of Nairobi, Biochemistry Department, P.O Box 30197, 00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Edwin Murungi
- Kisii University, Department of Medical Biochemistry, P.O Box 408, 40200, Kisii, Kenya
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Bermúdez-Méndez E, Angelino P, van Keulen L, van de Water S, Rockx B, Pijlman GP, Ciuffi A, Kortekaas J, Wichgers Schreur PJ. Transcriptomic Profiling Reveals Intense Host-Pathogen Dispute Compromising Homeostasis during Acute Rift Valley Fever Virus Infection. J Virol 2023; 97:e0041523. [PMID: 37306574 PMCID: PMC10308945 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00415-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) (family Phenuiviridae) can cause severe disease, and outbreaks of this mosquito-borne pathogen pose a significant threat to public and animal health. Yet many molecular aspects of RVFV pathogenesis remain incompletely understood. Natural RVFV infections are acute, characterized by a rapid onset of peak viremia during the first days post-infection, followed by a rapid decline. Although in vitro studies identified a major role of interferon (IFN) responses in counteracting the infection, a comprehensive overview of the specific host factors that play a role in RVFV pathogenesis in vivo is still lacking. Here, the host in vivo transcriptional profiles in the liver and spleen tissues of lambs exposed to RVFV are studied using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) technology. We validate that IFN-mediated pathways are robustly activated in response to infection. We also link the observed hepatocellular necrosis with severely compromised organ function, which is reflected as a marked downregulation of multiple metabolic enzymes essential for homeostasis. Furthermore, we associate the elevated basal expression of LRP1 in the liver with RVFV tissue tropism. Collectively, the results of this study deepen the knowledge of the in vivo host response during RVFV infection and reveal new insights into the gene regulation networks underlying pathogenesis in a natural host. IMPORTANCE Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a mosquito-transmitted pathogen capable of causing severe disease in animals and humans. Outbreaks of RVFV pose a significant threat to public health and can result in substantial economic losses. Little is known about the molecular basis of RVFV pathogenesis in vivo, particularly in its natural hosts. We employed RNA-seq technology to investigate genome-wide host responses in the liver and spleen of lambs during acute RVFV infection. We show that RVFV infection drastically decreases the expression of metabolic enzymes, which impairs normal liver function. Moreover, we highlight that basal expression levels of the host factor LRP1 may be a determinant of RVFV tissue tropism. This study links the typical pathological phenotype induced by RVFV infection with tissue-specific gene expression profiles, thereby improving our understanding of RVFV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erick Bermúdez-Méndez
- Department of Virology and Molecular Biology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Institute of Microbiology, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Paolo Angelino
- Institute of Microbiology, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lucien van Keulen
- Department of Bacteriology, Host-Pathogen Interaction and Diagnostics Development, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra van de Water
- Department of Virology and Molecular Biology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Barry Rockx
- Department of Virology and Molecular Biology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Gorben P. Pijlman
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Angela Ciuffi
- Institute of Microbiology, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jeroen Kortekaas
- Department of Virology and Molecular Biology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul J. Wichgers Schreur
- Department of Virology and Molecular Biology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
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Peinado RDS, Eberle RJ, Arni RK, Coronado MA. A Review of Omics Studies on Arboviruses: Alphavirus, Orthobunyavirus and Phlebovirus. Viruses 2022; 14:2194. [PMID: 36298749 PMCID: PMC9607206 DOI: 10.3390/v14102194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the intricate and complex steps in pathogenesis and host-viral interactions of arthropod-borne viruses or arboviruses are not completely understood, the multi-omics approaches, which encompass proteomics, transcriptomics, genomics and metabolomics network analysis, are of great importance. We have reviewed the omics studies on mosquito-borne viruses of the Togaviridae, Peribuyaviridae and Phenuiviridae families, specifically for Chikungunya, Mayaro, Oropouche and Rift Valley Fever viruses. Omics studies can potentially provide a new perspective on the pathophysiology of arboviruses, contributing to a better comprehension of these diseases and their effects and, hence, provide novel insights for the development of new antiviral drugs or therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela dos S. Peinado
- Multiuser Center for Biomolecular Innovation, Department of Physics, Sao Paulo State University, Sao Jose do Rio Preto 15054-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Raphael J. Eberle
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, IBI-7: Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Raghuvir K. Arni
- Multiuser Center for Biomolecular Innovation, Department of Physics, Sao Paulo State University, Sao Jose do Rio Preto 15054-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Mônika A. Coronado
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, IBI-7: Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
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Tsai MS, Chen SH, Chang CP, Hsiao YL, Wang LC. Integrin-Linked Kinase Reduces H3K9 Trimethylation to Enhance Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Replication. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:814307. [PMID: 35350437 PMCID: PMC8957879 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.814307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Histone modifications control the lytic gene expression of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1). The heterochromatin mark, trimethylation of histone H3 on lysine (K) 9 (H3K9me3), is detected on HSV-1 genomes at early phases of infection to repress viral gene transcription. However, the components and mechanisms involved in the process are mostly unknown. Integrin-linked kinase (ILK) is activated by PI3K to phosphorylate Akt and promote several RNA virus infections. Akt has been shown to enhance HSV-1 infection, suggesting a pro-viral role of ILK in HSV-1 infection that has not been addressed before. Here, we reveal that ILK enhances HSV-1 replication in an Akt-independent manner. ILK reduces the accumulation of H3K9me3 on viral promoters and replication compartments. Notably, ILK reduces H3K9me3 in a manner independent of ICP0. Instead, we show an increased binding of H3K9 methyltransferase SUV39H1 and corepressor TRIM28 on viral promoters in ILK knockdown cells. Knocking down SUV39H1 or TRIM28 increases HSV-1 lytic gene transcription in ILK knockdown cells. These results show that ILK antagonizes SVU39H1- and TRIM28-mediated repression on lytic gene transcription. We further demonstrate that ILK knockdown reduces TRIM28 phosphorylation on serine 473 and 824 in HSV-1-infected cells, suggesting that ILK facilitates TRIM28 phosphorylation to abrogate its inhibition on lytic gene transcription. OSU-T315, an ILK inhibitor, suppresses HSV-1 replication in cells and mice. In conclusion, we demonstrate that ILK decreases H3K9me3 on HSV-1 DNA by reducing SUV39H1 and TRIM28 binding. Moreover, our results suggest that targeting ILK could be a broad-spectrum antiviral strategy for DNA and RNA virus infections, especially for DNA viruses controlled by histone modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Shan Tsai
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Hua Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Peng Chang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ling Hsiao
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Li-Chiu Wang
- School of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Yan JM, Zhang WK, Li F, Zhou CM, Yu XJ. Integrated transcriptome profiling in THP-1 macrophages infected with bunyavirus SFTSV. Virus Res 2021; 306:198594. [PMID: 34637813 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) is a tick-borne bunyavirus that causes an emerging hemorrhagic fever termed SFTS with high mortality. However, knowledge of SFTSV-host interactions is largely limited. Here, we performed a global transcriptome analysis of mRNAs and lncRNAs in THP-1 macrophages infected with SFTSV for 24 and 48 h. A total of 2,334 differentially expressed mRNAs and 154 differentially expressed lncRNAs were identified with 577 mRNAs and 31 lncRNAs commonly changed at both time points. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis revealed that differentially expressed mRNAs were mainly associated with innate immune, cytokine signaling, systemic lupus erythematosus, and alcoholism. Differentially expressed lncRNAs were enriched in systemic lupus erythematosus, alcoholism, and ribosome. Bioinformatic analysis also revealed hub regulatory mRNAs including IL6, TNF, UBA52, SRC, IL10, CXCL10, and CDK1 and core regulatory lncRNAs including XLOC_083027 and XLOC_113317. Transcription factor analysis of the differentially expressed mRNAs revealed that IRF1, SPI1, SPIB, ELF5, and FEV were enriched during SFTSV infection. Taken together, our studies illustrate the complex interaction between THP-1 macrophages and SFTSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Min Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Wen-Kang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Fei Li
- School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Chuan-Min Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China; Zhongnan hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China.
| | - Xue-Jie Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China.
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Host Cell Restriction Factors of Bunyaviruses and Viral Countermeasures. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050784. [PMID: 33925004 PMCID: PMC8146327 DOI: 10.3390/v13050784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The Bunyavirales order comprises more than 500 viruses (generally defined as bunyaviruses) classified into 12 families. Some of these are highly pathogenic viruses infecting different hosts, including humans, mammals, reptiles, arthropods, birds, and/or plants. Host cell sensing of infection activates the innate immune system that aims at inhibiting viral replication and propagation. Upon recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by cellular pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), numerous signaling cascades are activated, leading to the production of interferons (IFNs). IFNs act in an autocrine and paracrine manner to establish an antiviral state by inducing the expression of hundreds of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). Some of these ISGs are known to restrict bunyavirus infection. Along with other constitutively expressed host cellular factors with antiviral activity, these proteins (hereafter referred to as “restriction factors”) target different steps of the viral cycle, including viral entry, genome transcription and replication, and virion egress. In reaction to this, bunyaviruses have developed strategies to circumvent this antiviral response, by avoiding cellular recognition of PAMPs, inhibiting IFN production or interfering with the IFN-mediated response. Herein, we review the current knowledge on host cellular factors that were shown to restrict infections by bunyaviruses. Moreover, we focus on the strategies developed by bunyaviruses in order to escape the antiviral state developed by the infected cells.
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Small molecule screening identified cepharanthine as an inhibitor of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection in vitro by suppressing integrins/ILK/RACK1/PKCα/NF-κB signalling axis. Vet Microbiol 2021; 255:109016. [PMID: 33677370 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) is a devastating disease among the most notorious threats to the swine industry worldwide and is characterized by respiratory distress and reproductive failure. Highly evolving porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) strains with complicated genetic diversity make the current vaccination strategy far from cost-effective and thus urge identification of potent lead candidates to provide prevention and treatment approaches. From an in vitro small molecule screening with the TargetMol Natural Compound Library comprising 623 small molecules, cytopathic effect (CPE) observations and RT-qPCR analysis of viral ORF7 gene expression identified cepharanthine (CEP) to be one of the most protent inhibitors of PRRSV infection in Marc-145 cells. When compared with tilmicosin, which is one of the most commonly used antibiotics in swine industry to inhibit infections, CEP more prominently inhibited PRRSV infection represented by both RNA and protein levels, further reduced the TCID50 by 5.6 times, and thus more remarkably protected Marc-145 cells against PRRSV infection. Mechanistically, western blot analyses of the Marc-145 cells and the porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) with or without CEP treatment and PRRSV infection at various time points revealed that CEP can inhibit the expression of integrins β1 and β3, integrin-linked kinase (ILK), RACK1 and PKCα, leading to NF-κB suppression and consequent alleviation of PRRSV infection. Collectively, our small molecule screening identified cepharanthine as an inhibitor of PRRSV infection in vitro by suppressing Integrins/ILK/RACK1/PKCα/NF-κB signalling axis, which may enlighten the deeper understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of PRRSV infection and more importantly, suggested CEP as a potential promising drug for PRRS control in veterinary clinics.
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10
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Spivack K, Muzzelo C, Hall M, Warga E, Neely C, Slepian H, Cunningham A, Tucker M, Elmer J. Enhancement of transgene expression by the β-catenin inhibitor iCRT14. Plasmid 2021; 114:102556. [PMID: 33472046 DOI: 10.1016/j.plasmid.2021.102556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The innate immune response is an essential defense mechanism that allows cells to detect pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) like endotoxin or cytosolic DNA and then induce the expression of defensive genes that restrict the replication of viruses and other pathogens. However, the therapeutic DNA used in some gene therapy treatments can also trigger the innate immune response, which activates host cell genes that may inhibit transgene expression. The goal of this study was to enhance transgene expression by inhibiting key components of the innate immune response with small molecule inhibitors (iCRT14, curcumin, Amlexanox, H-151, SC-514, & VX-702). Most of the inhibitors significantly increased transgene (luciferase) expression at least 2-fold, but the β-catenin/TCF4 inhibitor iCRT14 showed the highest enhancement (16 to 35-fold) in multiple cell lines (PC-3, MCF7, & MB49) without significantly decreasing cellular proliferation. Alternatively, cloning a β-catenin/TCF4 binding motif (TCAAAG) into the EF1α promoter also enhanced transgene expression up to 8-fold. To further investigate the role of β-catenin/TCF4 in transgene expression, mRNA-sequencing experiments were conducted to identify host cell genes that were upregulated following transfection with PEI but down-regulated after the addition of iCRT14. As expected, transfection with plasmid DNA activated the innate immune response and upregulated hundreds (687) of defensive genes, but only 7 of those genes were down-regulated in the presence of iCRT14 (e.g., PTGS2 & PLA1A). Altogether, these results show that transgene expression can be enhanced by inhibiting the innate immune response with SMIs like iCRT14, which inhibits β-catenin/TCF4 to prevent the expression of specific host cell genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Spivack
- Villanova University, Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, United States
| | - Christine Muzzelo
- Villanova University, Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, United States
| | - Matthew Hall
- Villanova University, Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, United States
| | - Eric Warga
- Villanova University, Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, United States
| | - Christopher Neely
- Villanova University, Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, United States
| | - Holly Slepian
- Villanova University, Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, United States
| | - Alyssa Cunningham
- Villanova University, Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, United States
| | - Matthew Tucker
- Villanova University, Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, United States
| | - Jacob Elmer
- Villanova University, Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, United States.
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Núñez AI, Esteve-Codina A, Gómez-Garrido J, Brustolin M, Talavera S, Berdugo M, Dabad M, Alioto T, Bensaid A, Busquets N. Alteration in the Culex pipiens transcriptome reveals diverse mechanisms of the mosquito immune system implicated upon Rift Valley fever phlebovirus exposure. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008870. [PMID: 33301456 PMCID: PMC7755283 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever phlebovirus (RVFV) causes an emerging zoonotic disease and is mainly transmitted by Culex and Aedes mosquitoes. While Aedes aegypti-dengue virus (DENV) is the most studied model, less is known about the genes involved in infection-responses in other mosquito-arboviruses pairing. The main objective was to investigate the molecular responses of Cx. pipiens to RVFV exposure focusing mainly on genes implicated in innate immune responses. Mosquitoes were fed with blood spiked with RVFV. The fully-engorged females were pooled at 3 different time points: 2 hours post-exposure (hpe), 3- and 14-days post-exposure (dpe). Pools of mosquitoes fed with non-infected blood were also collected for comparisons. Total RNA from each mosquito pool was subjected to RNA-seq analysis and a de novo transcriptome was constructed. A total of 451 differentially expressed genes (DEG) were identified. Most of the transcriptomic alterations were found at an early infection stage after RVFV exposure. Forty-eight DEG related to immune infection-response were characterized. Most of them were related with the RNAi system, Toll and IMD pathways, ubiquitination pathway and apoptosis. Our findings provide for the first time a comprehensive view on Cx. pipiens-RVFV interactions at the molecular level. The early depletion of RNAi pathway genes at the onset of the RVFV infection would allow viral replication in mosquitoes. While genes from the Toll and IMD immune pathways were altered in response to RVFV none of the DEG were related to the JAK/STAT pathway. The fact that most of the DEG involved in the Ubiquitin-proteasome pathway (UPP) or apoptosis were found at an early stage of infection would suggest that apoptosis plays a regulatory role in infected Cx. pipiens midguts. This study provides a number of target genes that could be used to identify new molecular targets for vector control. Rift valley fever (RVF) is an emerging zoonotic disease and it is caused by RVFV. This virus is commonly transmitted in endemic areas between wild ruminants and mosquitoes, mainly by mosquitoes of Culex and Aedes genus. Starting from the year 2000, several outbreaks have been reported outside Sub Saharan Africa, in countries facing the Mediterranean Sea (Egypt), or Yemen and Saudi Arabia. Available vaccines for ruminants present limited efficacy or residual pathogenic effects. Consequently, new strategies are urgently required to limit the expansion of this zoonotic virus. The main objective of this work is to investigate transcriptional alterations of Cx. pipiens to RVFV focusing mainly on genes implicated in conventional innate immunity pathways, RNAi mechanisms and the apoptotic process in order to evaluate the involvement of these genes in viral infection. The immune altered genes here described could be potential targets to control RVFV infection in mosquitoes. Some of the genes related to the immune defense response were previously described in others mosquito-arbovirus models, as well as in Drosophila and human. To our knowledge, this study highlights for the first time the Cx. pipiens-RVFV interactions in terms of defense infection-response and provides information for developing in the future new approaches to prevent and control the expansion of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana I. Núñez
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Anna Esteve-Codina
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jèssica Gómez-Garrido
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marco Brustolin
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sandra Talavera
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Miguel Berdugo
- Instituto de Biología Evolutiva, Universitat Pompeu i Fabra-CSIC, Dr. Aigüader 88, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc Dabad
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Tyler Alioto
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu i Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Albert Bensaid
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Núria Busquets
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- * E-mail:
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The NSs Protein Encoded by the Virulent Strain of Rift Valley Fever Virus Targets the Expression of Abl2 and the Actin Cytoskeleton of the Host, Affecting Cell Mobility, Cell Shape, and Cell-Cell Adhesion. J Virol 2020; 95:JVI.01768-20. [PMID: 33087469 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01768-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a highly pathogenic zoonotic arbovirus endemic in many African countries and the Arabian Peninsula. Animal infections cause high rates of mortality and abortion among sheep, goats, and cattle. In humans, an estimated 1 to 2% of RVFV infections result in severe disease (encephalitis, hepatitis, or retinitis) with a high rate of lethality when associated with hemorrhagic fever. The RVFV NSs protein, which is the main virulence factor, counteracts the host innate antiviral response to favor viral replication and spread. However, the mechanisms underlying RVFV-induced cytopathic effects and the role of NSs in these alterations remain for the most part unknown. In this work, we have analyzed the effects of NSs expression on the actin cytoskeleton while conducting infections with the NSs-expressing virulent (ZH548) and attenuated (MP12) strains of RVFV and the non-NSs-expressing avirulent (ZH548ΔNSs) strain, as well as after the ectopic expression of NSs. In macrophages, fibroblasts, and hepatocytes, NSs expression prevented the upregulation of Abl2 (a major regulator of the actin cytoskeleton) expression otherwise induced by avirulent infections and identified here as part of the antiviral response. The presence of NSs was also linked to an increased mobility of ZH548-infected cells compared to ZH548ΔNSs-infected fibroblasts and to strong changes in cell morphology in nonmigrating hepatocytes, with reduction of lamellipodia, cell spreading, and dissolution of adherens junctions reminiscent of the ZH548-induced cytopathic effects observed in vivo Finally, we show evidence of the presence of NSs within long actin-rich structures associated with NSs dissemination from NSs-expressing toward non-NSs-expressing cells.IMPORTANCE Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a dangerous human and animal pathogen that was ranked by the World Health Organization in 2018 as among the eight pathogens of most concern for being likely to cause wide epidemics in the near future and for which there are no, or insufficient, countermeasures. The focus of this work is to address the question of the mechanisms underlying RVFV-induced cytopathic effects that participate in RVFV pathogenicity. We demonstrate here that RVFV targets cell adhesion and the actin cytoskeleton at the transcriptional and cellular level, affecting cell mobility and inducing cell shape collapse, along with distortion of cell-cell adhesion. All these effects may participate in RVFV-induced pathogenicity, facilitate virulent RVFV dissemination, and thus constitute interesting potential targets for future development of antiviral therapeutic strategies that, in the case of RVFV, as with several other emerging arboviruses, are presently lacking.
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13
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Licciardi S, Loire E, Cardinale E, Gislard M, Dubois E, Cêtre-Sossah C. In vitro shared transcriptomic responses of Aedes aegypti to arboviral infections: example of dengue and Rift Valley fever viruses. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:395. [PMID: 32758286 PMCID: PMC7404916 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04253-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Arthropod borne virus infections are the cause of severe emerging diseases. Among the diseases due to arboviruses, dengue (DEN) and Rift Valley fever (RVF) are in the top ten in the list of diseases responsible of severe human cases worldwide. Understanding the effects of viral infection on gene expression in competent vectors is a challenge for the development of early diagnostic tools and may enable researchers and policy makers to better anticipate outbreaks in the next future. Methods In this study, alterations in gene expression across the entire Aedes aegypti genome during infection with DENV and RVFV were investigated in vitro at two time points of infection, the early phase (24 h) and the late phase (6 days) of infection using the RNA sequencing approach Results A total of 10 upregulated genes that share a similar expression profile during infection with both viruses at early and late phases of infection were identified. Family B and D clip-domain serine proteases (CLIP) were clearly overrepresented as well as C-type lectins and transferrin. Conclusions Our data highlight the presence of 10 viral genes upregulated in Ae. aegypti during infection. They may also be targeted in the case of the development of broad-spectrum anti-viral diagnostic tools focusing the mosquito vectors rather than the mammalian hosts as they may predict the emergence of outbreaks.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Séverine Licciardi
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, 97490, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France.,ASTRE, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAe, Montpellier, France
| | - Etienne Loire
- ASTRE, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAe, Montpellier, France.,CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, 34395, Montpellier, France
| | - Eric Cardinale
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, 97490, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France.,ASTRE, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAe, Montpellier, France
| | - Marie Gislard
- MGX-Montpellier Genomix, IGF, INSERM, CNRS, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Emeric Dubois
- MGX-Montpellier Genomix, IGF, INSERM, CNRS, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Catherine Cêtre-Sossah
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, 97490, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France. .,ASTRE, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAe, Montpellier, France.
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14
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Transcriptome profiling in Rift Valley fever virus infected cells reveals modified transcriptional and alternative splicing programs. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217497. [PMID: 31136639 PMCID: PMC6538246 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a negative-sense RNA virus belonging to the Phenuiviridae family that infects both domestic livestock and humans. The NIAID has designated RVFV as a Category A priority emerging pathogen due to the devastating public health outcomes associated with epidemic outbreaks. However, there is no licensed treatment or vaccine approved for human use. Therefore it is of great interest to understand RVFV pathogenesis in infected hosts in order to facilitate creation of targeted therapies and treatment options. Here we provide insight into the host-pathogen interface in human HEK293 cells during RVFV MP-12 strain infection using high-throughput mRNA sequencing technology. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis of differentially expressed genes showed robust innate immune and cytokine-mediated inflammatory pathway activation as well as alterations in pathways associated with fatty acid metabolism and extracellular matrix receptor signaling. We also analyzed the promoter regions of DEGs for patterns in transcription factor binding sites, and found several that are known to act synergistically to impact apoptosis, immunity, metabolism, and cell growth and differentiation. Lastly, we noted dramatic changes in host alternative splicing patterns in genes associated with mRNA decay and surveillance, RNA transport, and DNA repair. This study has improved our understanding of RVFV pathogenesis and has provided novel insight into pathways and signaling modules important for RVFV diagnostics and therapeutic development.
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Pinkham C, Ahmed A, Bracci N, Narayanan A, Kehn-Hall K. Host-based processes as therapeutic targets for Rift Valley fever virus. Antiviral Res 2018; 160:64-78. [PMID: 30316916 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is an enveloped, segmented, negative sense RNA virus that replicates within the host's cytoplasm. To facilitate its replication, RVFV must utilize host cell processes and as such, these processes may serve as potential therapeutic targets. This review summarizes key host cell processes impacted by RVFV infection. Specifically the influence of RVFV on host transcriptional regulation, post-transcriptional regulation, protein half-life and availability, host signal transduction, trafficking and secretory pathways, cytoskeletal modulation, and mitochondrial processes and oxidative stress are discussed. Therapeutics targeted towards host processes that are essential for RVFV to thrive as well as their efficacy and importance to viral pathogenesis are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea Pinkham
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Aslaa Ahmed
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Nicole Bracci
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Aarthi Narayanan
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Kylene Kehn-Hall
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA.
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16
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Cromer MK, Vaidyanathan S, Ryan DE, Curry B, Lucas AB, Camarena J, Kaushik M, Hay SR, Martin RM, Steinfeld I, Bak RO, Dever DP, Hendel A, Bruhn L, Porteus MH. Global Transcriptional Response to CRISPR/Cas9-AAV6-Based Genome Editing in CD34 + Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells. Mol Ther 2018; 26:2431-2442. [PMID: 30005866 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-editing technologies are currently being translated to the clinic. However, cellular effects of the editing machinery have yet to be fully elucidated. Here, we performed global microarray-based gene expression measurements on human CD34+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells that underwent editing. We probed effects of the entire editing process as well as each component individually, including electroporation, Cas9 (mRNA or protein) with chemically modified sgRNA, and AAV6 transduction. We identified differentially expressed genes relative to control treatments, which displayed enrichment for particular biological processes. All editing machinery components elicited immune, stress, and apoptotic responses. Cas9 mRNA invoked the greatest amount of transcriptional change, eliciting a distinct viral response and global transcriptional downregulation, particularly of metabolic and cell cycle processes. Electroporation also induced significant transcriptional change, with notable downregulation of metabolic processes. Surprisingly, AAV6 evoked no detectable viral response. We also found Cas9/sgRNA ribonucleoprotein treatment to be well tolerated, in spite of eliciting a DNA damage signature. Overall, this data establishes a benchmark for cellular tolerance of CRISPR/Cas9-AAV6-based genome editing, ensuring that the clinical protocol is as safe and efficient as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kyle Cromer
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | | | - Bo Curry
- Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA 95051, USA
| | | | - Joab Camarena
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Milan Kaushik
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sarah R Hay
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Renata M Martin
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Rasmus O Bak
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Daniel P Dever
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ayal Hendel
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel.
| | | | - Matthew H Porteus
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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17
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de la Fuente C, Pinkham C, Dabbagh D, Beitzel B, Garrison A, Palacios G, Hodge KA, Petricoin EF, Schmaljohn C, Campbell CE, Narayanan A, Kehn-Hall K. Phosphoproteomic analysis reveals Smad protein family activation following Rift Valley fever virus infection. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191983. [PMID: 29408900 PMCID: PMC5800665 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) infects both ruminants and humans leading to a wide variance of pathologies dependent on host background and age. Utilizing a targeted reverse phase protein array (RPPA) to define changes in signaling cascades after in vitro infection of human cells with virulent and attenuated RVFV strains, we observed high phosphorylation of Smad transcription factors. This evolutionarily conserved family is phosphorylated by and transduces the activation of TGF-β superfamily receptors. Moreover, we observed that phosphorylation of Smad proteins required active RVFV replication and loss of NSs impaired this activation, further corroborating the RPPA results. Gene promoter analysis of transcripts altered after RVFV infection identified 913 genes that contained a Smad-response element. Functional annotation of these potential Smad-regulated genes clustered in axonal guidance, hepatic fibrosis and cell signaling pathways involved in cellular adhesion/migration, calcium influx, and cytoskeletal reorganization. Furthermore, chromatin immunoprecipitation confirmed the presence of a Smad complex on the interleukin 1 receptor type 2 (IL1R2) promoter, which acts as a decoy receptor for IL-1 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia de la Fuente
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Chelsea Pinkham
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Deemah Dabbagh
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Brett Beitzel
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Aura Garrison
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Gustavo Palacios
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kimberley Alex Hodge
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Emanuel F. Petricoin
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Connie Schmaljohn
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Aarthi Narayanan
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Kylene Kehn-Hall
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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