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Gong HS, Pan JP, Guo F, Wu MM, Dong L, Li Y, Rong WF. Sodium oligomannate activates the enteroendocrine-vagal afferent pathways in APP/PS1 mice. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2024:10.1038/s41401-024-01293-w. [PMID: 38702501 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-024-01293-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Enteroendocrine cells (EECs) and vagal afferent neurons constitute functional sensory units of the gut, which have been implicated in bottom-up modulation of brain functions. Sodium oligomannate (GV-971) has been shown to improve cognitive functions in murine models of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and recently approved for the treatment of AD patients in China. In this study, we explored whether activation of the EECs-vagal afferent pathways was involved in the therapeutic effects of GV-971. We found that an enteroendocrine cell line RIN-14B displayed spontaneous calcium oscillations due to TRPA1-mediated calcium entry; perfusion of GV-971 (50, 100 mg/L) concentration-dependently enhanced the calcium oscillations in EECs. In ex vivo murine jejunum preparation, intraluminal infusion of GV-971 (500 mg/L) significantly increased the spontaneous and distension-induced discharge rate of the vagal afferent nerves. In wild-type mice, administration of GV-971 (100 mg· kg-1 ·d-1, i.g. for 7 days) significantly elevated serum serotonin and CCK levels and increased jejunal afferent nerve activity. In 7-month-old APP/PS1 mice, administration of GV-971 for 12 weeks significantly increased jejunal afferent nerve activity and improved the cognitive deficits in behavioral tests. Sweet taste receptor inhibitor Lactisole (0.5 mM) and the TRPA1 channel blocker HC-030031 (10 µM) negated the effects of GV-971 on calcium oscillations in RIN-14B cells as well as on jejunal afferent nerve activity. In APP/PS1 mice, co-administration of Lactisole (30 mg ·kg-1 ·d-1, i.g. for 12 weeks) attenuated the effects of GV-971 on serum serotonin and CCK levels, vagal afferent firing, and cognitive behaviors. We conclude that GV-971 activates sweet taste receptors and TRPA1, either directly or indirectly, to enhance calcium entry in enteroendocrine cells, resulting in increased CCK and 5-HT release and consequent increase of vagal afferent activity. GV-971 might activate the EECs-vagal afferent pathways to modulate cognitive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Shan Gong
- Songjiang Research Institute, Shanghai Songjiang District Central Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201600, China
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Jing-Pei Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Fei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Mei-Mei Wu
- Songjiang Research Institute, Shanghai Songjiang District Central Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201600, China
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Li Dong
- Songjiang Research Institute, Shanghai Songjiang District Central Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201600, China
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China.
| | - Wei-Fang Rong
- Songjiang Research Institute, Shanghai Songjiang District Central Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201600, China.
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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Xie YF, Yang J, Ratté S, Prescott SA. Similar excitability through different sodium channels and implications for the analgesic efficacy of selective drugs. eLife 2024; 12:RP90960. [PMID: 38687187 PMCID: PMC11060714 DOI: 10.7554/elife.90960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Nociceptive sensory neurons convey pain-related signals to the CNS using action potentials. Loss-of-function mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel NaV1.7 cause insensitivity to pain (presumably by reducing nociceptor excitability) but clinical trials seeking to treat pain by inhibiting NaV1.7 pharmacologically have struggled. This may reflect the variable contribution of NaV1.7 to nociceptor excitability. Contrary to claims that NaV1.7 is necessary for nociceptors to initiate action potentials, we show that nociceptors can achieve similar excitability using different combinations of NaV1.3, NaV1.7, and NaV1.8. Selectively blocking one of those NaV subtypes reduces nociceptor excitability only if the other subtypes are weakly expressed. For example, excitability relies on NaV1.8 in acutely dissociated nociceptors but responsibility shifts to NaV1.7 and NaV1.3 by the fourth day in culture. A similar shift in NaV dependence occurs in vivo after inflammation, impacting ability of the NaV1.7-selective inhibitor PF-05089771 to reduce pain in behavioral tests. Flexible use of different NaV subtypes exemplifies degeneracy - achieving similar function using different components - and compromises reliable modulation of nociceptor excitability by subtype-selective inhibitors. Identifying the dominant NaV subtype to predict drug efficacy is not trivial. Degeneracy at the cellular level must be considered when choosing drug targets at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Feng Xie
- Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick ChildrenTorontoCanada
| | - Jane Yang
- Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick ChildrenTorontoCanada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of TorontoTorontoCanada
| | - Stéphanie Ratté
- Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick ChildrenTorontoCanada
| | - Steven A Prescott
- Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick ChildrenTorontoCanada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of TorontoTorontoCanada
- Department of Physiology, University of TorontoTorontoCanada
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3
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Touhara KK, Rossen ND, Deng F, Chu T, Harrington AM, Garcia Caraballo S, Brizuela M, O'Donnell T, Cil O, Brierley SM, Li Y, Julius D. Crypt and Villus Enterochromaffin Cells are Distinct Stress Sensors in the Gut. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.06.579180. [PMID: 38370814 PMCID: PMC10871270 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.06.579180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
The crypt-villus structure of the small intestine serves as an essential protective barrier, with its integrity monitored by the gut's sensory system. Enterochromaffin (EC) cells, which are rare sensory epithelial cells that release serotonin (5-HT), surveil the mucosal environment and signal both within and outside the gut. However, it remains unclear whether EC cells in intestinal crypts and villi respond to different stimuli and elicit distinct responses. In this study, we introduce a new reporter mouse model to observe the release and propagation of serotonin in live intestines. Using this system, we show that crypt EC cells exhibit two modes of serotonin release: transient receptor potential A1 (TRPA1)-dependent tonic serotonin release that controls basal ionic secretion, and irritant-evoked serotonin release that activates gut sensory neurons. Furthermore, we find that a thick protective mucus layer prevents TRPA1 receptors on crypt EC cells from responding to luminal irritants such as reactive electrophiles; if this mucus layer is compromised, then crypt EC cells become susceptible to activation by luminal irritants. On the other hand, villus EC cells detect oxidative stress through TRPM2 channels and co-release serotonin and ATP to activate nearby gut sensory fibers. Our work highlights the physiological importance of intestinal architecture and differential TRP channel expression in sensing noxious stimuli that elicit nausea and/or pain sensations in the gut.
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Barton JR, Londregan AK, Alexander TD, Entezari AA, Covarrubias M, Waldman SA. Enteroendocrine cell regulation of the gut-brain axis. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1272955. [PMID: 38027512 PMCID: PMC10662325 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1272955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Enteroendocrine cells (EECs) are an essential interface between the gut and brain that communicate signals about nutrients, pain, and even information from our microbiome. EECs are hormone-producing cells expressed throughout the gastrointestinal epithelium and have been leveraged by pharmaceuticals like semaglutide (Ozempic, Wegovy), terzepatide (Mounjaro), and retatrutide (Phase 2) for diabetes and weight control, and linaclotide (Linzess) to treat irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and visceral pain. This review focuses on role of intestinal EECs to communicate signals from the gut lumen to the brain. Canonically, EECs communicate information about the intestinal environment through a variety of hormones, dividing EECs into separate classes based on the hormone each cell type secretes. Recent studies have revealed more diverse hormone profiles and communication modalities for EECs including direct synaptic communication with peripheral neurons. EECs known as neuropod cells rapidly relay signals from gut to brain via a direct communication with vagal and primary sensory neurons. Further, this review discusses the complex information processing machinery within EECs, including receptors that transduce intraluminal signals and the ion channel complement that govern initiation and propagation of these signals. Deeper understanding of EEC physiology is necessary to safely treat devastating and pervasive conditions like irritable bowel syndrome and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua R. Barton
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Annie K. Londregan
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Tyler D. Alexander
- Department of Neurosciences, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ariana A. Entezari
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Manuel Covarrubias
- Department of Neurosciences, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Scott A. Waldman
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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5
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Bayrer JR, Castro J, Venkataraman A, Touhara KK, Rossen ND, Morrie RD, Maddern J, Hendry A, Braverman KN, Garcia-Caraballo S, Schober G, Brizuela M, Castro Navarro FM, Bueno-Silva C, Ingraham HA, Brierley SM, Julius D. Gut enterochromaffin cells drive visceral pain and anxiety. Nature 2023; 616:137-142. [PMID: 36949192 PMCID: PMC10827380 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-05829-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) discomfort is a hallmark of most gut disorders and represents an important component of chronic visceral pain1. For the growing population afflicted by irritable bowel syndrome, GI hypersensitivity and pain persist long after tissue injury has resolved2. Irritable bowel syndrome also exhibits a strong sex bias, afflicting women three times more than men1. Here, we focus on enterochromaffin (EC) cells, which are rare excitable, serotonergic neuroendocrine cells in the gut epithelium3-5. EC cells detect and transduce noxious stimuli to nearby mucosal nerve endings3,6 but involvement of this signalling pathway in visceral pain and attendant sex differences has not been assessed. By enhancing or suppressing EC cell function in vivo, we show that these cells are sufficient to elicit hypersensitivity to gut distension and necessary for the sensitizing actions of isovalerate, a bacterial short-chain fatty acid associated with GI inflammation7,8. Remarkably, prolonged EC cell activation produced persistent visceral hypersensitivity, even in the absence of an instigating inflammatory episode. Furthermore, perturbing EC cell activity promoted anxiety-like behaviours which normalized after blockade of serotonergic signalling. Sex differences were noted across a range of paradigms, indicating that the EC cell-mucosal afferent circuit is tonically engaged in females. Our findings validate a critical role for EC cell-mucosal afferent signalling in acute and persistent GI pain, in addition to highlighting genetic models for studying visceral hypersensitivity and the sex bias of gut pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Bayrer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Joel Castro
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, Lifelong Health, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Archana Venkataraman
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kouki K Touhara
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nathan D Rossen
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Tetrad Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ryan D Morrie
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Maze Therapeutics, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jessica Maddern
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, Lifelong Health, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Aenea Hendry
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, Lifelong Health, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Kristina N Braverman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Jansen, Johnson & Johnson, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Sonia Garcia-Caraballo
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, Lifelong Health, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Gudrun Schober
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, Lifelong Health, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Mariana Brizuela
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, Lifelong Health, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | | | - Carla Bueno-Silva
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Holly A Ingraham
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Stuart M Brierley
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
- Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, Lifelong Health, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
| | - David Julius
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Tao E, Zhu Z, Hu C, Long G, Chen B, Guo R, Fang M, Jiang M. Potential Roles of Enterochromaffin Cells in Early Life Stress-Induced Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:837166. [PMID: 35370559 PMCID: PMC8964523 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.837166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is one of the most common functional gastrointestinal disorders, also known as disorders of the gut–brain interaction; however, the pathophysiology of IBS remains unclear. Early life stress (ELS) is one of the most common risk factors for IBS development. However, the molecular mechanisms by which ELS induces IBS remain unclear. Enterochromaffin cells (ECs), as a prime source of peripheral serotonin (5-HT), play a pivotal role in intestinal motility, secretion, proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory effects, and visceral sensation. ECs can sense various stimuli and microbiota metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and secondary bile acids. ECs can sense the luminal environment and transmit signals to the brain via exogenous vagal and spinal nerve afferents. Increasing evidence suggests that an ECs-5-HT signaling imbalance plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of ELS-induced IBS. A recent study using a maternal separation (MS) animal model mimicking ELS showed that MS induced expansion of intestinal stem cells and their differentiation toward secretory lineages, including ECs, leading to ECs hyperplasia, increased 5-HT production, and visceral hyperalgesia. This suggests that ELS-induced IBS may be associated with increased ECs-5-HT signaling. Furthermore, ECs are closely related to corticotropin-releasing hormone, mast cells, neuron growth factor, bile acids, and SCFAs, all of which contribute to the pathogenesis of IBS. Collectively, ECs may play a role in the pathogenesis of ELS-induced IBS. Therefore, this review summarizes the physiological function of ECs and focuses on their potential role in the pathogenesis of IBS based on clinical and pre-clinical evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enfu Tao
- Endoscopy Center and Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children’s Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
- Wenling Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Wenling, China
| | - Zhenya Zhu
- Endoscopy Center and Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children’s Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chenmin Hu
- Endoscopy Center and Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children’s Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Gao Long
- Endoscopy Center and Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children’s Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bo Chen
- Endoscopy Center and Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children’s Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rui Guo
- Endoscopy Center and Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children’s Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Marong Fang
- Institute of Neuroscience and Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mizu Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children’s Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Mizu Jiang,
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In Silico Analysis of Ion Channels and Their Correlation with Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition in Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14061444. [PMID: 35326596 PMCID: PMC8946083 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14061444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Breast cancer involves changes in the healthy cells of the breast resulting in rapid and abnormal division of cells that later spread to other parts of the body through the process of metastasis, which involves epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT). Ion channels play a significant role in the switch from epithelial to mesenchymal transition through their contributions to cellular motility, cell volume regulation and cell cycle progression. Comprehensive computational analyses were performed to understand the role of ion channels in tumor/metastatic samples of breast cancer and their correlation with EMT. Abstract Uncontrolled growth of breast cells due to altered gene expression is a key feature of breast cancer. Alterations in the expression of ion channels lead to variations in cellular activities, thus contributing to attributes of cancer hallmarks. Changes in the expression levels of ion channels were observed as a consequence of EMT. Additionally, ion channels were reported in the activation of EMT and maintenance of a mesenchymal phenotype. Here, to identify altered ion channels in breast cancer patients, differential gene expression and weighted gene co-expression network analyses were performed using transcriptomic data. Protein–protein interactions network analysis was carried out to determine the ion channels interacting with hub EMT-related genes in breast cancer. Thirty-two ion channels were found interacting with twenty-six hub EMT-related genes. The identified ion channels were further correlated with EMT scores, indicating mesenchymal phenotype. Further, the pathway map was generated to represent a snapshot of deregulated cellular processes by altered ion channels and EMT-related genes. Kaplan–Meier five-year survival analysis and Cox regressions indicated the expression of CACNA1B, ANO6, TRPV3, VDAC1 and VDAC2 to be potentially associated with poor survival. Deregulated ion channels correlate with EMT-related genes and have a crucial role in breast cancer-associated tumorigenesis. Most likely, they are potential candidates for the determination of prognosis in patients with breast cancer.
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Poole K. The Diverse Physiological Functions of Mechanically Activated Ion Channels in Mammals. Annu Rev Physiol 2021; 84:307-329. [PMID: 34637325 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-060721-100935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Many aspects of mammalian physiology are mechanically regulated. One set of molecules that can mediate mechanotransduction are the mechanically activated ion channels. These ionotropic force sensors are directly activated by mechanical inputs, resulting in ionic flux across the plasma membrane. While there has been much research focus on the role of mechanically activated ion channels in touch sensation and hearing, recent data have highlighted the broad expression pattern of these molecules in mammalian cells. Disruption of mechanically activated channels has been shown to impact (a) the development of mechanoresponsive structures, (b) acute mechanical sensing, and (c) mechanically driven homeostatic maintenance in multiple tissue types. The diversity of processes impacted by these molecules highlights the importance of mechanically activated ion channels in mammalian physiology. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Physiology, Volume 84 is February 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Poole
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; .,Cellular and Systems Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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9
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Beck VC, Isom LL, Berg AT. Gastrointestinal Symptoms and Channelopathy-Associated Epilepsy. J Pediatr 2021; 237:41-49.e1. [PMID: 34181986 PMCID: PMC8478841 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2021.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence of and identify factors associated with gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms among children with channelopathy-associated developmental and epileptic encephalopathy (DEE). STUDY DESIGN Parents of 168 children with DEEs linked to SCN1A (n = 59), KCNB1 (n = 31), or KCNQ2 (n = 78) completed online CLIRINX surveys about their children's GI symptoms. Our analysis examined the prevalence, frequency, and severity of GI symptoms, as well as DEE type, functional mobility, feeding difficulties, ketogenic diet, antiseizure medication, autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and seizures. Statistical analyses included the χ2 test, Wilcoxon rank-sum analysis, and multiple logistic regression. RESULTS GI symptoms were reported in 92 of 168 patients (55%), among whom 63 of 86 (73%) reported daily or weekly symptoms, 29 of 92 (32%) had frequent or serious discomfort, and 13 of 91 (14%) had frequent or serious appetite disturbances as a result. The prevalence of GI symptoms varied across DEE cohorts with 44% of SCN1A-DEE patients, 35% of KCNB1-DEE patients, and 71% of KCNQ2-DEE patients reporting GI symptoms in the previous month. After adjustment for DEE type, current use of ketogenic diet (6% reported), and gastrostomy tube (13% reported) were both associated with GI symptoms in a statistically, but not clinically, significant manner (P < .05). Patient age, functional mobility, feeding difficulties, ASD, and seizures were not clearly associated with GI symptoms. Overall, no individual antiseizure medication was significantly associated with GI symptoms across all DEE cohorts. CONCLUSIONS GI symptoms are common and frequently severe in patients with DEE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica C Beck
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Lori L Isom
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Anne T Berg
- Division of Neurology, Epilepsy Center, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL.
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10
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Mokha JS, Hyams JS, Glidden NC, Balarezo F, Young E. Characterizing clinical features and location-specific gene expression profiles associated with pain burden in children with functional dyspepsia. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2021; 33:e14185. [PMID: 34120385 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.14185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In children with functional dyspepsia (FD), genes involved in pain modulation may be differentially expressed contributing to chronic pain. METHODS Children with suspected FD (cases) and known eosinophilic esophagitis (controls) undergoing esophagogastroduodenoscopy completed the Rome IV Diagnostic, Pain Burden and Frequency Severity-Duration questionnaires. Two antral and two duodenal biopsies were collected and relative fold differences in gene expression for 84 pain-associated genes compared to pain-free controls were calculated. RESULTS Sixty-six subjects with FD (postprandial distress syndrome = 34, epigastric pain syndrome = 7, both = 25; 65% female; mean age 13.7 years) and 13 pain-free controls (8% female; mean age 12.7) were studied. There were no significant differences in antral and duodenal eosinophilic counts or distribution between the pain and pain-free groups. Pain severity and burden did not differ significantly between FD subgroups and neither measure significantly correlated with eosinophil counts in the antrum or duodenum. Analysis of 47 antral and 39 duodenal biospecimens revealed 5 candidate genes significantly associated with pain burden: antral EDN1, PTGES3 and duodenal HTR1A, P2Y1, SCN3A (p < 0.01). Subsequent stringent statistical analysis comparing those with significant pain versus no pain revealed antral PTGES3 and duodenal SCN3A were the highest priority candidate genes (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Pain burden in pediatric FD may be linked to antral EDN1, PTGES3 and duodenal HTR1A, P2Y1, SCN3A differential expression. These genes are known to be involved in pain conduction, modulation, and neurotransmission, suggesting potential therapeutic targets for managing pain in FD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmeet S Mokha
- 1Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Digestive diseases, Hartford, CT, US
| | - Jeffrey S Hyams
- 1Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Digestive diseases, Hartford, CT, US
| | - Nicole C Glidden
- Genetics, and Genome Sciences, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, US
| | - Fabiola Balarezo
- Hartford Hospital Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hartford, CT, US
| | - Erin Young
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Connecticut School of Nursing, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Storrs, CT, US
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11
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Tetrodotoxin: A New Strategy to Treat Visceral Pain? Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13070496. [PMID: 34357968 PMCID: PMC8310099 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13070496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral pain is one of the most common symptoms associated with functional gastrointestinal (GI) disorders. Although the origin of these symptoms has not been clearly defined, the implication of both the central and peripheral nervous systems in visceral hypersensitivity is well established. The role of several pathways in visceral nociception has been explored, as well as the influence of specific receptors on afferent neurons, such as voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs). VGSCs initiate action potentials and dysfunction of these channels has recently been associated with painful GI conditions. Current treatments for visceral pain generally involve opioid based drugs, which are associated with important side-effects and a loss of effectiveness or tolerance. Hence, efforts have been intensified to find new, more effective and longer-lasting therapies. The implication of VGSCs in visceral hypersensitivity has drawn attention to tetrodotoxin (TTX), a relatively selective sodium channel blocker, as a possible and promising molecule to treat visceral pain and related diseases. As such, here we will review the latest information regarding this toxin that is relevant to the treatment of visceral pain and the possible advantages that it may offer relative to other treatments, alone or in combination.
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Goblet cell LRRC26 regulates BK channel activation and protects against colitis in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2019149118. [PMID: 33431687 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2019149118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Goblet cells (GCs) are specialized cells of the intestinal epithelium contributing critically to mucosal homeostasis. One of the functions of GCs is to produce and secrete MUC2, the mucin that forms the scaffold of the intestinal mucus layer coating the epithelium and separates the luminal pathogens and commensal microbiota from the host tissues. Although a variety of ion channels and transporters are thought to impact on MUC2 secretion, the specific cellular mechanisms that regulate GC function remain incompletely understood. Previously, we demonstrated that leucine-rich repeat-containing protein 26 (LRRC26), a known regulatory subunit of the Ca2+-and voltage-activated K+ channel (BK channel), localizes specifically to secretory cells within the intestinal tract. Here, utilizing a mouse model in which MUC2 is fluorescently tagged, thereby allowing visualization of single GCs in intact colonic crypts, we show that murine colonic GCs have functional LRRC26-associated BK channels. In the absence of LRRC26, BK channels are present in GCs, but are not activated at physiological conditions. In contrast, all tested MUC2- cells completely lacked BK channels. Moreover, LRRC26-associated BK channels underlie the BK channel contribution to the resting transepithelial current across mouse distal colonic mucosa. Genetic ablation of either LRRC26 or BK pore-forming α-subunit in mice results in a dramatically enhanced susceptibility to colitis induced by dextran sodium sulfate. These results demonstrate that normal potassium flux through LRRC26-associated BK channels in GCs has protective effects against colitis in mice.
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Lingle CJ. Slow recovery from fast inactivation of Nav1.3 channels: a common gating mechanism shared in sweet- and sour-sensing cells. Pflugers Arch 2021; 473:855-857. [PMID: 33970334 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-021-02575-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Lingle
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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Mussel M, Schneider MF. Sound pulses in lipid membranes and their potential function in biology. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 162:101-110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2020.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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15
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Enteric nervous system: sensory transduction, neural circuits and gastrointestinal motility. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 17:338-351. [PMID: 32152479 PMCID: PMC7474470 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-020-0271-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract is the only internal organ to have evolved with its own independent nervous system, known as the enteric nervous system (ENS). This Review provides an update on advances that have been made in our understanding of how neurons within the ENS coordinate sensory and motor functions. Understanding this function is critical for determining how deficits in neurogenic motor patterns arise. Knowledge of how distension or chemical stimulation of the bowel evokes sensory responses in the ENS and central nervous system have progressed, including critical elements that underlie the mechanotransduction of distension-evoked colonic peristalsis. Contrary to original thought, evidence suggests that mucosal serotonin is not required for peristalsis or colonic migrating motor complexes, although it can modulate their characteristics. Chemosensory stimuli applied to the lumen can release substances from enteroendocrine cells, which could subsequently modulate ENS activity. Advances have been made in optogenetic technologies, such that specific neurochemical classes of enteric neurons can be stimulated. A major focus of this Review will be the latest advances in our understanding of how intrinsic sensory neurons in the ENS detect and respond to sensory stimuli and how these mechanisms differ from extrinsic sensory nerve endings in the gut that underlie the gut-brain axis.
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Liu MX, Zhong J, Xia L, Dou NN, Li ST. IL-6 contributes to Na v1.3 up-regulation in trigeminal nerve following chronic constriction injury. Neurol Res 2020; 42:504-514. [PMID: 32279611 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2020.1747719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Background: To verify the hypothesis that the nature of trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is an ectopic impulse induced by sodium channel modulated by cytokines, we conducted an animal study using the infraorbital nerve chronic constriction injury (CCI) model in rats.Method: The expression of Nav1.3 or IL-6 in the infraorbital nerve (ION) and trigeminal ganglion (TG) were detected by western blot and immunocytochemistry after administration of antisense oligodeoxynucleotide sequence (AS), IL-6 or Anti-IL-6.Results: With intrathecal administration of AS or mismatch oligodeoxynucleotide sequence (MM) in the CCI rats, the Nav1.3-IR in ION and TG accounted for 2.2 ± 0.51% and 8.5 ± 3.1% in AS+CCI group vs. 6.9 ± 1.3% and 38.7 ± 4.8% in MM+CCI group (p < 0.05), respectively. While with local administration of IL-6 in those with sham operation, it accounted for 7.4 ± 2.1% and 45.5 ± 3.4% in IL-6+ sham group vs. 1.9 ± 0.67% and 8.1 ± 1.3% in vehicle+sham group (p < 0.05); with local administration of anti-IL-6 in CCI rats, 4.5 ± 0.78% and 32.1 ± 9.6% in Anti-IL-6+ CCI group vs 8.9 ± 2.1% and 61.4 ± 11.2% in vehicle+CCI group (p < 0.05).Discussion: We believe that the emergence of Nav1.3 from the compressed trigeminal nerve might be an important structural basis for the development of the ectopic excitability on the axon and IL-6 may play a role of necessary precondition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Xing Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Jun Zhong
- Department of Neurosurgery, XinHua Hospital (The Cranial Nerve Disease Center of Shanghai), Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Xia
- Department of Neurosurgery, XinHua Hospital (The Cranial Nerve Disease Center of Shanghai), Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ning-Ning Dou
- Department of Neurosurgery, XinHua Hospital (The Cranial Nerve Disease Center of Shanghai), Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shi-Ting Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, XinHua Hospital (The Cranial Nerve Disease Center of Shanghai), Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Spider Knottin Pharmacology at Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels and Their Potential to Modulate Pain Pathways. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11110626. [PMID: 31671792 PMCID: PMC6891507 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11110626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Voltage-gated sodium channels (NaVs) are a key determinant of neuronal signalling. Neurotoxins from diverse taxa that selectively activate or inhibit NaV channels have helped unravel the role of NaV channels in diseases, including chronic pain. Spider venoms contain the most diverse array of inhibitor cystine knot (ICK) toxins (knottins). This review provides an overview on how spider knottins modulate NaV channels and describes the structural features and molecular determinants that influence their affinity and subtype selectivity. Genetic and functional evidence support a major involvement of NaV subtypes in various chronic pain conditions. The exquisite inhibitory properties of spider knottins over key NaV subtypes make them the best lead molecules for the development of novel analgesics to treat chronic pain.
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18
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Mussel M, Schneider MF. Similarities between action potentials and acoustic pulses in a van der Waals fluid. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2467. [PMID: 30792493 PMCID: PMC6385226 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-38826-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
An action potential is typically described as a purely electrical change that propagates along the membrane of excitable cells. However, recent experiments have demonstrated that non-linear acoustic pulses that propagate along lipid interfaces and traverse the melting transition, share many similar properties with action potentials. Despite the striking experimental similarities, a comprehensive theoretical study of acoustic pulses in lipid systems is still lacking. Here we demonstrate that an idealized description of an interface near phase transition captures many properties of acoustic pulses in lipid monolayers, as well as action potentials in living cells. The possibility that action potentials may better be described as acoustic pulses in soft interfaces near phase transition is illustrated by the following similar properties: correspondence of time and velocity scales, qualitative pulse shape, sigmoidal response to stimulation amplitude (an 'all-or-none' behavior), appearance in multiple observables (particularly, an adiabatic change of temperature), excitation by many types of stimulations, as well as annihilation upon collision. An implication of this work is that crucial functional information of the cell may be overlooked by focusing only on electrical measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matan Mussel
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Dortmund, 44227, Dortmund, Germany.
- Department of Physics, University of Augsburg, 86159, Augsburg, Germany.
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Matthias F Schneider
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Dortmund, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
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Coates MD, Vrana KE, Ruiz-Velasco V. The influence of voltage-gated sodium channels on human gastrointestinal nociception. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2019; 31:e13460. [PMID: 30216585 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abdominal pain is a frequent and persistent problem in the most common gastrointestinal disorders, including irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease. Pain adversely impacts quality of life, incurs significant healthcare expenditures, and remains a challenging issue to manage with few safe therapeutic options currently available. It is imperative that new methods are developed for identifying and treating this symptom. A variety of peripherally active neuroendocrine signaling elements have the capability to influence gastrointestinal pain perception. A large and growing body of evidence suggests that voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) play a critical role in the development and modulation of nociceptive signaling associated with the gut. Several VGSC isoforms demonstrate significant promise as potential targets for improved diagnosis and treatment of gut-based disorders associated with hyper- and hyposensitivity to abdominal pain. PURPOSE In this article, we critically review key investigations that have evaluated the potential role that VGSCs play in visceral nociception and discuss recent advances related to this topic. Specifically, we discuss the following: (a) what is known about the structure and basic function of VGSCs, (b) the role that each VGSC plays in gut nociception, particularly as it relates to human physiology, and (c) potential diagnostic and therapeutic uses of VGSCs to manage disorders associated with chronic abdominal pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Coates
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Kent E Vrana
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Victor Ruiz-Velasco
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
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20
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Zhu MJ, Yang ZJ, Wang FF, Di ZS, Wang YX, Li LS, Xu JD. Enterochromaffin cells and gastrointestinal diseases. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2019; 27:117-124. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v27.i2.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterochromaffin cells (ECs), known for their special histochemical characteristics, originate from enteroblasts. For their important role in physiological and pathophysiological conditions, ECs in the gut could synthesize and secrete about 95% of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in the body, which is an important humoral factor. As a chemosensor, ECs can regulate nutrition absorption and satiety through the sensory neural pathways. In addition, ECs participate in immune regulation. What's more, ECs and 5-HT are closely related to many kinds of gastrointestinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Jia Zhu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Ze-Jun Yang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Fei-Fei Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Zhi-Shan Di
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yue-Xiu Wang
- International College, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Li-Sheng Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Jing-Dong Xu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
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21
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Goldspink DA, Reimann F, Gribble FM. Models and Tools for Studying Enteroendocrine Cells. Endocrinology 2018; 159:3874-3884. [PMID: 30239642 PMCID: PMC6215081 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Gut hormones produced by gastrointestinal enteroendocrine cells modulate key physiological processes including glucose homeostasis and food intake, making them potential therapeutic candidates to treat obesity and diabetes. Understanding the function of enteroendocrine cells and the molecular mechanisms driving hormone production is a key step toward mobilizing endogenous hormone reserves in the gut as a therapeutic strategy. In this review, we will discuss the variety of ex vivo and in vitro model systems driving this research and their contributions to our current understanding of nutrient-sensing mechanisms in enteroendocrine cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah A Goldspink
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Frank Reimann
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona M Gribble
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Correspondence: Fiona M. Gribble, DPhil, BM, BCh, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom. E-mail:
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22
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Kulkarni S, Ganz J, Bayrer J, Becker L, Bogunovic M, Rao M. Advances in Enteric Neurobiology: The "Brain" in the Gut in Health and Disease. J Neurosci 2018; 38:9346-9354. [PMID: 30381426 PMCID: PMC6209840 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1663-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The enteric nervous system (ENS) is a large, complex division of the peripheral nervous system that regulates many digestive, immune, hormonal, and metabolic functions. Recent advances have elucidated the dynamic nature of the mature ENS, as well as the complex, bidirectional interactions among enteric neurons, glia, and the many other cell types that are important for mediating gut behaviors. Here, we provide an overview of ENS development and maintenance, and focus on the latest insights gained from the use of novel model systems and live-imaging techniques. We discuss major advances in the understanding of enteric glia, and the functional interactions among enteric neurons, glia, and enteroendocrine cells, a large class of sensory epithelial cells. We conclude by highlighting recent work on muscularis macrophages, a group of immune cells that closely interact with the ENS in the gut wall, and the importance of neurological-immune system communication in digestive health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhash Kulkarni
- Department of Medicine, The John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205,
| | - Julia Ganz
- Department of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - James Bayrer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143
| | - Laren Becker
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Milena Bogunovic
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, and
| | - Meenakshi Rao
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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Knutson K, Strege PR, Li J, Leiter AB, Farrugia G, Beyder A. Whole Cell Electrophysiology of Primary Cultured Murine Enterochromaffin Cells. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 30320764 DOI: 10.3791/58112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterochromaffin (EC) cells in the gastrointestinal (GI) epithelium constitute the largest subpopulation of enteroendocrine cells. As specialized sensory cells, EC cells sense luminal stimuli and convert them into serotonin (5-hyroxytryptamine, 5-HT) release events. However, the electrophysiology of these cells is poorly understood because they are difficult to culture and to identify. The method presented in this paper outlines primary EC cell cultures optimized for single cell electrophysiology. This protocol utilizes a transgenic cyan fluorescent protein (CFP) reporter to identify mouse EC cells in mixed primary cultures, advancing the approach to obtaining high-quality recordings of whole cell electrophysiology in voltage- and current-clamp modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katilyn Knutson
- Enteric Neuroscience Program, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology,Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic
| | - Peter R Strege
- Enteric Neuroscience Program, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology,Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic
| | - Joyce Li
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School
| | - Andrew B Leiter
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School
| | - Gianrico Farrugia
- Enteric Neuroscience Program, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology,Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic
| | - Arthur Beyder
- Enteric Neuroscience Program, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology,Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic;
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Fernández-Reina A, Urdiales JL, Sánchez-Jiménez F. What We Know and What We Need to Know about Aromatic and Cationic Biogenic Amines in the Gastrointestinal Tract. Foods 2018; 7:E145. [PMID: 30181486 PMCID: PMC6164962 DOI: 10.3390/foods7090145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Biogenic amines derived from basic and aromatic amino acids (B/A-BAs), polyamines, histamine, serotonin, and catecholamines are a group of molecules playing essential roles in many relevant physiological processes, including cell proliferation, immune response, nutrition and reproduction. All these physiological effects involve a variety of tissue-specific cellular receptors and signalling pathways, which conforms to a very complex network that is not yet well-characterized. Strong evidence has proved the importance of this group of molecules in the gastrointestinal context, also playing roles in several pathologies. This work is based on the hypothesis that integration of biomedical information helps to reach new translational actions. Thus, the major aim of this work is to combine scientific knowledge on biomolecules, metabolism and physiology of the main B/A-BAs involved in the pathophysiology of the gastrointestinal tract, in order to point out important gaps in information and other facts deserving further research efforts in order to connect molecular information with pathophysiological observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Fernández-Reina
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain.
| | - José Luis Urdiales
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain.
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras & IBIMA, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 29010 Málaga, Spain.
| | - Francisca Sánchez-Jiménez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain.
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras & IBIMA, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 29010 Málaga, Spain.
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Alcaino C, Knutson KR, Treichel AJ, Yildiz G, Strege PR, Linden DR, Li JH, Leiter AB, Szurszewski JH, Farrugia G, Beyder A. A population of gut epithelial enterochromaffin cells is mechanosensitive and requires Piezo2 to convert force into serotonin release. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E7632-E7641. [PMID: 30037999 PMCID: PMC6094143 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1804938115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterochromaffin (EC) cells constitute the largest population of intestinal epithelial enteroendocrine (EE) cells. EC cells are proposed to be specialized mechanosensory cells that release serotonin in response to epithelial forces, and thereby regulate intestinal fluid secretion. However, it is unknown whether EE and EC cells are directly mechanosensitive, and if so, what the molecular mechanism of their mechanosensitivity is. Consequently, the role of EE and EC cells in gastrointestinal mechanobiology is unclear. Piezo2 mechanosensitive ion channels are important for some specialized epithelial mechanosensors, and they are expressed in mouse and human EC cells. Here, we use EC and EE cell lineage tracing in multiple mouse models to show that Piezo2 is expressed in a subset of murine EE and EC cells, and it is distributed near serotonin vesicles by superresolution microscopy. Mechanical stimulation of a subset of isolated EE cells leads to a rapid inward ionic current, which is diminished by Piezo2 knockdown and channel inhibitors. In these mechanosensitive EE cells force leads to Piezo2-dependent intracellular Ca2+ increase in isolated cells as well as in EE cells within intestinal organoids, and Piezo2-dependent mechanosensitive serotonin release in EC cells. Conditional knockout of intestinal epithelial Piezo2 results in a significant decrease in mechanically stimulated epithelial secretion. This study shows that a subset of primary EE and EC cells is mechanosensitive, uncovers Piezo2 as their primary mechanotransducer, defines the molecular mechanism of their mechanotransduction and mechanosensitive serotonin release, and establishes the role of epithelial Piezo2 mechanosensitive ion channels in regulation of intestinal physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constanza Alcaino
- Enteric Neuroscience Program, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Kaitlyn R Knutson
- Enteric Neuroscience Program, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Anthony J Treichel
- Enteric Neuroscience Program, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Gulcan Yildiz
- Enteric Neuroscience Program, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Peter R Strege
- Enteric Neuroscience Program, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - David R Linden
- Enteric Neuroscience Program, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
- Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Joyce H Li
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655
| | - Andrew B Leiter
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655
| | - Joseph H Szurszewski
- Enteric Neuroscience Program, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
- Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Gianrico Farrugia
- Enteric Neuroscience Program, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
- Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Arthur Beyder
- Enteric Neuroscience Program, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905;
- Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
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26
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Erickson A, Deiteren A, Harrington AM, Garcia‐Caraballo S, Castro J, Caldwell A, Grundy L, Brierley SM. Voltage-gated sodium channels: (Na V )igating the field to determine their contribution to visceral nociception. J Physiol 2018; 596:785-807. [PMID: 29318638 PMCID: PMC5830430 DOI: 10.1113/jp273461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic visceral pain, altered motility and bladder dysfunction are common, yet poorly managed symptoms of functional and inflammatory disorders of the gastrointestinal and urinary tracts. Recently, numerous human channelopathies of the voltage-gated sodium (NaV ) channel family have been identified, which induce either painful neuropathies, an insensitivity to pain, or alterations in smooth muscle function. The identification of these disorders, in addition to the recent utilisation of genetically modified NaV mice and specific NaV channel modulators, has shed new light on how NaV channels contribute to the function of neuronal and non-neuronal tissues within the gastrointestinal tract and bladder. Here we review the current pre-clinical and clinical evidence to reveal how the nine NaV channel family members (NaV 1.1-NaV 1.9) contribute to abdominal visceral function in normal and disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andelain Erickson
- Visceral Pain Research Group, Human Physiology, Centre for Neuroscience, College of Medicine and Public HealthFlinders UniversityBedford ParkSouth Australia5042Australia
- Centre for Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Discipline of Medicine, University of AdelaideSouth Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI)North TerraceAdelaideSouth Australia 5000Australia
| | - Annemie Deiteren
- Visceral Pain Research Group, Human Physiology, Centre for Neuroscience, College of Medicine and Public HealthFlinders UniversityBedford ParkSouth Australia5042Australia
- Centre for Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Discipline of Medicine, University of AdelaideSouth Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI)North TerraceAdelaideSouth Australia 5000Australia
| | - Andrea M. Harrington
- Visceral Pain Research Group, Human Physiology, Centre for Neuroscience, College of Medicine and Public HealthFlinders UniversityBedford ParkSouth Australia5042Australia
- Centre for Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Discipline of Medicine, University of AdelaideSouth Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI)North TerraceAdelaideSouth Australia 5000Australia
| | - Sonia Garcia‐Caraballo
- Visceral Pain Research Group, Human Physiology, Centre for Neuroscience, College of Medicine and Public HealthFlinders UniversityBedford ParkSouth Australia5042Australia
- Centre for Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Discipline of Medicine, University of AdelaideSouth Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI)North TerraceAdelaideSouth Australia 5000Australia
| | - Joel Castro
- Visceral Pain Research Group, Human Physiology, Centre for Neuroscience, College of Medicine and Public HealthFlinders UniversityBedford ParkSouth Australia5042Australia
- Centre for Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Discipline of Medicine, University of AdelaideSouth Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI)North TerraceAdelaideSouth Australia 5000Australia
| | - Ashlee Caldwell
- Visceral Pain Research Group, Human Physiology, Centre for Neuroscience, College of Medicine and Public HealthFlinders UniversityBedford ParkSouth Australia5042Australia
- Centre for Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Discipline of Medicine, University of AdelaideSouth Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI)North TerraceAdelaideSouth Australia 5000Australia
| | - Luke Grundy
- Visceral Pain Research Group, Human Physiology, Centre for Neuroscience, College of Medicine and Public HealthFlinders UniversityBedford ParkSouth Australia5042Australia
- Centre for Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Discipline of Medicine, University of AdelaideSouth Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI)North TerraceAdelaideSouth Australia 5000Australia
| | - Stuart M. Brierley
- Visceral Pain Research Group, Human Physiology, Centre for Neuroscience, College of Medicine and Public HealthFlinders UniversityBedford ParkSouth Australia5042Australia
- Centre for Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Discipline of Medicine, University of AdelaideSouth Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI)North TerraceAdelaideSouth Australia 5000Australia
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Beyder A. In Pursuit of the Epithelial Mechanosensitivity Mechanisms. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:804. [PMID: 30697191 PMCID: PMC6340920 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanosensation is critical for normal gastrointestinal (GI) function. Disruption in GI mechanosensation leads to human diseases. Mechanical forces in the GI tract are sensed by specialized mechanosensory cells, as well as non-specialized mechanosensors, like smooth muscle cells. Together, these cellular mechanosensors orchestrate physiologic responses. GI epithelium is at the interface of the body and the environment. It encounters a variety of mechanical forces that range from shear stress due to flow of luminal contents to extrinsic compression due to smooth muscle contraction. Mechanical forces applied to the GI mucosa lead to a large outflow of serotonin, and since serotonin is concentrated in a single type of an epithelial cell, called enterochromaffin cell (ECC), it was assumed that ECC is mechanosensitive. Recent studies show that a subset of ECCs is indeed mechanosensitive and that Piezo2 mechanosensitive ion channels are necessary for coupling force to serotonin release. This review aims to place this mechanism into the larger context of ECC mechanotransduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Beyder
- Enteric Neuroscience Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- *Correspondence: Arthur Beyder
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