1
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Petit-Hartlein I, Vermot A, Thepaut M, Humm AS, Dupeux F, Dupuy J, Chaptal V, Marquez JA, Smith SME, Fieschi F. X-ray structure and enzymatic study of a bacterial NADPH oxidase highlight the activation mechanism of eukaryotic NOX. eLife 2024; 13:RP93759. [PMID: 38640072 PMCID: PMC11031084 DOI: 10.7554/elife.93759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2024] Open
Abstract
NADPH oxidases (NOX) are transmembrane proteins, widely spread in eukaryotes and prokaryotes, that produce reactive oxygen species (ROS). Eukaryotes use the ROS products for innate immune defense and signaling in critical (patho)physiological processes. Despite the recent structures of human NOX isoforms, the activation of electron transfer remains incompletely understood. SpNOX, a homolog from Streptococcus pneumoniae, can serves as a robust model for exploring electron transfers in the NOX family thanks to its constitutive activity. Crystal structures of SpNOX full-length and dehydrogenase (DH) domain constructs are revealed here. The isolated DH domain acts as a flavin reductase, and both constructs use either NADPH or NADH as substrate. Our findings suggest that hydride transfer from NAD(P)H to FAD is the rate-limiting step in electron transfer. We identify significance of F397 in nicotinamide access to flavin isoalloxazine and confirm flavin binding contributions from both DH and Transmembrane (TM) domains. Comparison with related enzymes suggests that distal access to heme may influence the final electron acceptor, while the relative position of DH and TM does not necessarily correlate with activity, contrary to previous suggestions. It rather suggests requirement of an internal rearrangement, within the DH domain, to switch from a resting to an active state. Thus, SpNOX appears to be a good model of active NOX2, which allows us to propose an explanation for NOX2's requirement for activation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Annelise Vermot
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Institut de Biologie StructuraleGrenobleFrance
| | - Michel Thepaut
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Institut de Biologie StructuraleGrenobleFrance
| | | | - Florine Dupeux
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Institut de Biologie StructuraleGrenobleFrance
- European Molecular Biology LaboratoryGrenobleFrance
| | - Jerome Dupuy
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Institut de Biologie StructuraleGrenobleFrance
| | | | | | - Susan ME Smith
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kennesaw State UniversityKennesawUnited States
| | - Franck Fieschi
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Institut de Biologie StructuraleGrenobleFrance
- Institut Universitaire de FranceParisFrance
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2
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Gobet A, Moissonnier L, Chaptal V. CryoEM Data Analysis of Membrane Proteins. Practical Considerations on Amphipathic Belts, Ligands, and Variability Analysis. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2715:471-483. [PMID: 37930545 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3445-5_28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Membrane proteins data analysis by cryoEM shows some specificities, as can be found in other typical investigations such as biochemistry, biophysics, or X-ray crystallography. Membrane proteins are typically surrounded by an amphipathic belt that will have some degree of influence on the 3D reconstruction and analysis. In this chapter, we review our experience with the ABC transporter BmrA, as well as our statistical analysis of amphipathic belts around membrane proteins, to bring awareness on some particular features of membrane protein investigations by cryoEM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexia Gobet
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, UMR5086 CNRS University Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Loïck Moissonnier
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, UMR5086 CNRS University Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Vincent Chaptal
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, UMR5086 CNRS University Lyon 1, Lyon, France.
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3
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Kolenko P, Mikulecký P, Pham PN, Malý M, Schneider B. Diffraction anisotropy and paired refinement: crystal structure of H33, a protein binder to interleukin 10. J Appl Crystallogr 2023; 56:1261-1266. [PMID: 37555209 PMCID: PMC10405593 DOI: 10.1107/s160057672300479x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Binder H33 is a small protein binder engineered by ribosome display to bind human interleukin 10. Crystals of binder H33 display severe diffraction anisotropy. A set of data files with correction for diffraction anisotropy based on different local signal-to-noise ratios was prepared. Paired refinement was used to find the optimal anisotropic high-resolution diffraction limit of the data: 3.13-2.47 Å. The structure of binder H33 belongs to the 2% of crystal structures with the highest solvent content in the Protein Data Bank.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Kolenko
- Czech Technical University in Prague, Brehova 7, Prague 115 19, Czech Republic
- Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Biocev, Průmyslová 595, Vestec 25250, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Mikulecký
- Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Biocev, Průmyslová 595, Vestec 25250, Czech Republic
| | - Phuong Ngoc Pham
- Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Biocev, Průmyslová 595, Vestec 25250, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Malý
- Czech Technical University in Prague, Brehova 7, Prague 115 19, Czech Republic
- Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Biocev, Průmyslová 595, Vestec 25250, Czech Republic
| | - Bohdan Schneider
- Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Biocev, Průmyslová 595, Vestec 25250, Czech Republic
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4
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Martin J, Robert X, Gouet P, Falson P, Chaptal V. Specific Xray diffraction patterns of membrane proteins caused by secondary structure collinearity. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2023; 1865:184065. [PMID: 36206830 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2022.184065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Diffraction anisotropy is a phenomenon that impacts more specifically membrane proteins, compared to soluble ones, but the reasons for this discrepancy remained unclear. Often, it is referred to a difference in resolution limits between highest and lowest diffraction limits as a signature for anisotropy. We show in this article that there is no single correlation between anisotropy and difference in resolution limits, with notably a substantial number of structures displaying various anisotropy with no difference in resolution limits. We further investigated diffraction intensity profiles, and observed a peak centred on 4.9 Å resolution more predominant in membrane proteins. Since this peak is in the region corresponding to secondary structures, we investigated the influence of secondary structure ratio. We showed that secondary structure content has little influence on this profile, while secondary structure collinearity in membrane proteins correlate with a stronger peak. Finally, we could further show that the presence of this peak is linked to higher diffraction anisotropy. These results bring to light a specific diffraction of membrane protein crystals, which calls for a specific handling by crystallographic software. It also brings an explanation for investigators struggling with their anisotropic data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Martin
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry Laboratory, CNRS UMR 5086, University of Lyon, IBCP, 7, passage du Vercors, 69367 Lyon, France
| | - Xavier Robert
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry Laboratory, CNRS UMR 5086, University of Lyon, IBCP, 7, passage du Vercors, 69367 Lyon, France
| | - Patrice Gouet
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry Laboratory, CNRS UMR 5086, University of Lyon, IBCP, 7, passage du Vercors, 69367 Lyon, France
| | - Pierre Falson
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry Laboratory, CNRS UMR 5086, University of Lyon, IBCP, 7, passage du Vercors, 69367 Lyon, France
| | - Vincent Chaptal
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry Laboratory, CNRS UMR 5086, University of Lyon, IBCP, 7, passage du Vercors, 69367 Lyon, France.
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5
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Banerjee A, Bansal N, Kumar J, Bhaskar T, Ray A, Ghosh D. Characterization of the de-oiled yeast biomass for plausible value mapping in a biorefinery perspective. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 337:125422. [PMID: 34186333 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Oleaginous yeast fermentation process has gained attention for yeast single cell oil production. However, after lipid extraction, the leftover de-oiled yeast biomass has not been investigated in detail for its suitability for thermochemical conversion. To understand the structural and morphological changes, the comparative characterization of yeast and de-oiled yeast biomass before and post lipid extraction is necessary. The present study investigates the characteristics of an oleaginous yeast Rhodotorula mucilaginosa IIPL32's de-oiled biomass for its potential utilization. FTIR, XRD, SEM, EDX, XRF, and TGA analysis were performed to understand the biomass properties. Increased surface area and structural changes were observed in de-oiled yeast biomass with an increase in crystallinity, indicating chitosan availability. Maximum thermal degradation temperature was reduced to 260 °C for de-oiled yeast biomass from 300 °C for dried yeast after lipid extraction. The findings favored de-oiled yeast biomass for multiple applications that merit further detailed investigation with different thermochemical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayan Banerjee
- Material Resource Efficiency Division (MRED), CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum, Mohkampur, Haridwar Road, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248005, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-HRDC Campus, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 210002, India
| | - Neha Bansal
- Material Resource Efficiency Division (MRED), CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum, Mohkampur, Haridwar Road, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248005, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-HRDC Campus, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 210002, India
| | - Jitendra Kumar
- Material Resource Efficiency Division (MRED), CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum, Mohkampur, Haridwar Road, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248005, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-HRDC Campus, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 210002, India
| | - Thallada Bhaskar
- Material Resource Efficiency Division (MRED), CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum, Mohkampur, Haridwar Road, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248005, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-HRDC Campus, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 210002, India
| | - Anjan Ray
- Material Resource Efficiency Division (MRED), CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum, Mohkampur, Haridwar Road, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248005, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-HRDC Campus, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 210002, India
| | - Debashish Ghosh
- Material Resource Efficiency Division (MRED), CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum, Mohkampur, Haridwar Road, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248005, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-HRDC Campus, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 210002, India.
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6
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Kermani AA. A guide to membrane protein X‐ray crystallography. FEBS J 2020; 288:5788-5804. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.15676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ali A. Kermani
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA
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7
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Svensson O, Gilski M, Nurizzo D, Bowler MW. A comparative anatomy of protein crystals: lessons from the automatic processing of 56 000 samples. IUCRJ 2019; 6:822-831. [PMID: 31576216 PMCID: PMC6760449 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252519008017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The fully automatic processing of crystals of macromolecules has presented a unique opportunity to gather information on the samples that is not usually recorded. This has proved invaluable in improving sample-location, characterization and data-collection algorithms. After operating for four years, MASSIF-1 has now processed over 56 000 samples, gathering information at each stage, from the volume of the crystal to the unit-cell dimensions, the space group, the quality of the data collected and the reasoning behind the decisions made in data collection. This provides an unprecedented opportunity to analyse these data together, providing a detailed landscape of macromolecular crystals, intimate details of their contents and, importantly, how the two are related. The data show that mosaic spread is unrelated to the size or shape of crystals and demonstrate experimentally that diffraction intensities scale in proportion to crystal volume and molecular weight. It is also shown that crystal volume scales inversely with molecular weight. The results set the scene for the development of X-ray crystallography in a changing environment for structural biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olof Svensson
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS 40220, F-38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Maciej Gilski
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Grenoble Outstation, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS 90181, F-38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Didier Nurizzo
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS 40220, F-38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Matthew W. Bowler
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Grenoble Outstation, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS 90181, F-38042 Grenoble, France
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8
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Wu HH, Symersky J, Lu M. Structure of an engineered multidrug transporter MdfA reveals the molecular basis for substrate recognition. Commun Biol 2019; 2:210. [PMID: 31240248 PMCID: PMC6572762 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0446-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
MdfA is a prototypical H+-coupled multidrug transporter that is characterized by extraordinarily broad substrate specificity. The involvement of specific H-bonds in MdfA-drug interactions and the simplicity of altering the substrate specificity of MdfA contradict the promiscuous nature of multidrug recognition, presenting a baffling conundrum. Here we show the X-ray structures of MdfA variant I239T/G354E in complexes with three electrically different ligands, determined at resolutions up to 2.2 Å. Our structures reveal that I239T/G354E interacts with these compounds differently from MdfA and that I239T/G354E possesses two discrete, non-overlapping substrate-binding sites. Our results shed new light on the molecular design of multidrug-binding and protonation sites and highlight the importance of often-neglected, long-range charge-charge interactions in multidrug recognition. Beyond helping to solve the ostensible conundrum of multidrug recognition, our findings suggest the mechanistic difference between substrate and inhibitor for any H+-dependent multidrug transporter, which may open new vistas on curtailing efflux-mediated multidrug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Hui Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, 3333 Green Bay Road, North Chicago, IL 60064 USA
| | - Jindrich Symersky
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, 3333 Green Bay Road, North Chicago, IL 60064 USA
| | - Min Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, 3333 Green Bay Road, North Chicago, IL 60064 USA
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9
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Successful amphiphiles as the key to crystallization of membrane proteins: Bridging theory and practice. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2018; 1863:437-455. [PMID: 30419284 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Membrane proteins constitute a major group of proteins and are of great significance as pharmaceutical targets, but underrepresented in the Protein Data Bank. Particular reasons are their low expression yields and the constant need for cautious and diligent handling in a sufficiently stable hydrophobic environment substituting for the native membrane. When it comes to protein crystallization, such an environment is often established by detergents. SCOPE OF REVIEW In this review, 475 unique membrane protein X-ray structures from the online data bank "Membrane proteins of known 3D structure" are presented with a focus on the detergents essential for protein crystallization. By systematic analysis of the most successful compounds, including current trends in amphiphile development, we provide general insights for selection and design of detergents for membrane protein crystallization. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The most successful detergents share common features, giving rise to favorable protein interactions. The hydrophile-lipophile balance concept of well-balanced hydrophilic and hydrophobic detergent portions is still the key to successful protein crystallization. Although a single detergent compound is sufficient in most cases, sometimes a suitable mixture of detergents has to be found to alter the resulting protein-detergent complex. Protein crystals with a high diffraction limit involve a tight crystal packing generally favored by detergents with shorter alkyl chains. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The formation of well-diffracting membrane protein crystals strongly depends on suitable surfactants, usually screened in numerous crystallization trials. The here-presented findings provide basic criteria for the assessment of surfactants within the vast space of potential crystallization conditions for membrane proteins.
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10
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Csizmadia G, Farkas B, Spagina Z, Tordai H, Hegedűs T. Quantitative comparison of ABC membrane protein type I exporter structures in a standardized way. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2018; 16:396-403. [PMID: 30425800 PMCID: PMC6222291 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
An increasing number of ABC membrane protein structures are determined by cryo-electron microscopy and X-ray crystallography, consequently identifying differences between their conformations has become an arising issue. Therefore, we propose to define standardized measures for ABC Type I exporter structure characterization. We set conformational vectors, conftors, which describe the relative orientation of domains and can highlight structural differences. In addition, continuum electrostatics calculations were performed to characterize the energetics of membrane insertion illuminating functionally crucial regions. In summary, the proposed metrics contribute to deeper understanding of ABC membrane proteins' structural features, structure validation, and analysis of movements observed in a molecular dynamics trajectory. Moreover, the concept of standardized metrics can be applied not only to ABC membrane protein structures (http://conftors.hegelab.org).
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Key Words
- ABC proteins
- ABC, ATP binding cassette
- CFTR, cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator
- CG, coarse grained
- CH, coupling helix
- COG, center of geometry
- ICD, intracellular domain
- Membrane proteins
- NBD, nucleotide binding domain
- Quantitative structural properties
- Structure comparison
- Structure validation
- TH, transmembrane helix
- TM, transmembrane
- TMD, transmembrane domain
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina Csizmadia
- MTA-SE Molecular Biophysics Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bianka Farkas
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Faculty of Information Technology, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Spagina
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Faculty of Information Technology, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Hedvig Tordai
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás Hegedűs
- MTA-SE Molecular Biophysics Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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11
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Robert X, Kassis-Sahyoun J, Ceres N, Martin J, Sawaya MR, Read RJ, Gouet P, Falson P, Chaptal V. Au courant computation of the PDB to audit diffraction anisotropy of soluble and membrane proteins. Data Brief 2018; 19:753-757. [PMID: 30225276 PMCID: PMC6139481 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2018.05.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
This data article makes available the informed computation of the whole Protein Data Bank (PDB) to investigate diffraction anisotropy on a large scale and to perform statistics. This data has been investigated in detail in "X-ray diffraction reveals the intrinsic difference in the physical properties of membrane and soluble proteins" [1]. Diffraction anisotropy is traditionally associated with absence of contacts in-between macromolecules within the crystals in a given direction of space. There are however many case that do not follow this empirical rule. To investigate and sort out this discrepancy, we computed diffraction anisotropy for every entry of the PDB, and put them in context of relevant metrics to compare X-ray diffraction in reciprocal space to the crystal packing in real space. These metrics were either extracted from PDB files when available (resolution, space groups, cell parameters, solvent content), or calculated using standard procedures (anisotropy, crystal contacts, presence of ligands). More specifically, we separated entries to compare soluble vs membrane proteins, and further separated the later in subcategories according to their insertion in the membrane, function, or type of crystallization (Type I vs Type II crystal packing). This informed database is being made available to investigators in the raw and curated formats that can be re-used for further downstream studies. This dataset is useful to test ideas and to ascertain hypothesis based on statistical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Robert
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry institute, UMR5086 CNRS Univ-Lyon, F-69367 Cedex 7, Lyon, France
| | - Josiane Kassis-Sahyoun
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry institute, UMR5086 CNRS Univ-Lyon, F-69367 Cedex 7, Lyon, France
| | - Nicoletta Ceres
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry institute, UMR5086 CNRS Univ-Lyon, F-69367 Cedex 7, Lyon, France
| | - Juliette Martin
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry institute, UMR5086 CNRS Univ-Lyon, F-69367 Cedex 7, Lyon, France
| | - Michael R. Sawaya
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA,Molecular Biology Institute, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Randy J. Read
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Welcome Trust/MRC Building, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, England, UK
| | - Patrice Gouet
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry institute, UMR5086 CNRS Univ-Lyon, F-69367 Cedex 7, Lyon, France
| | - Pierre Falson
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry institute, UMR5086 CNRS Univ-Lyon, F-69367 Cedex 7, Lyon, France
| | - Vincent Chaptal
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry institute, UMR5086 CNRS Univ-Lyon, F-69367 Cedex 7, Lyon, France,Correspondence to: IBCP – CNRS-MMSB, 7 passage du vercors, 69367 Lyon Cedex 7, France.
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