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Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Modified Glycidyl Methacrylate-Ethyl Methacrylate Oligomers, Their Physico-Chemical and Biological Characteristics. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27020337. [PMID: 35056652 PMCID: PMC8779268 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27020337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, well-known oligomers containing ethyl methacrylate (EMA) and glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) components for the synthesis of the oligomeric network [P(EMA)-co-(GMA)] were used. In order to change the hydrophobic character of the [P(EMA)-co-(GMA)] to a more hydrophilic one, the oligomeric chain was functionalized with ethanolamine, xylitol (Xyl), and L-ornithine. The oligomeric materials were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and differential thermogravimetric analysis. In the final stage, thanks to the large amount of -OH groups, it was possible to obtain a three-dimensional hydrogel (HG) network. The HGs were used as a matrix for the immobilization of methylene blue, which was chosen as a model compound of active substances, the release of which from the matrix was examined using spectrophotometric detection. The cytotoxic test was performed using fluid extracts of the HGs and human skin fibroblasts. The cell culture experiment showed that only [P(EMA)-co-(GMA)] and [P(EMA)-co-(GMA)]-Xyl have the potential to be used in biomedical applications. The studies revealed that the obtained HGs were porous and non-cytotoxic, which gives them the opportunity to possess great potential for use as an oligomeric network for drug reservoirs in in vitro application.
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LaVallie AL, Bilek H, Andrianova A, Furey K, Voeller K, Yao B, Kozliak E, Kubátová A. Quantitative insights on de/repolymerization and deoxygenation of lignin in subcritical water. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 342:125974. [PMID: 34600320 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the study was to investigate alkali lignin polymerization/depolymerization pathways in subcritical water (SW) without additives. Following a SW treatment at 200, 250, 275 and 300 °C, the products were subjected to a comprehensive suite of analyses addressing the product speciation and molecular weight (MW) distribution. The MW reduction (1.4 times) in the solid products following the SW treatment indicated a surprisingly reduced impact of cross-linking/repolymerization at 300 °C and lower temperatures. This was further confirmed by thermal carbon analysis (TCA) showing a reduction in pyrolytic charring after the SW treatment. The TD-Py gas chromatography analysis of the SW treated lignin indicated that the solid residue is less oxygenated than the initial lignin (23 vs. 29% as confirmed by elemental analysis). Thus, deoxygenation rather than re-polymerization appears to be the main process route in the absence of catalysts within the temperature range considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey L LaVallie
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Dakota, 151 Cornell St. Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
| | - Honza Bilek
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Dakota, 151 Cornell St. Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA; PREOL, a.s. Terezínská 1214, 410 02 Lovosice, Czech Republic
| | - Anastasia Andrianova
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Dakota, 151 Cornell St. Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA; Agilent Technologies, Inc. 2850 Centerville Rd, Wilmington, DE 19808-1610, USA
| | - Kathryn Furey
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Dakota, 151 Cornell St. Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA; 3M Center, Building 260-3A-05, Saint Paul, MN 55119, USA
| | - Keith Voeller
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Dakota, 151 Cornell St. Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA; Sciex, Minneapolis, MN 58203, USA
| | - Bin Yao
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Dakota, 151 Cornell St. Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
| | - Evguenii Kozliak
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Dakota, 151 Cornell St. Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
| | - Alena Kubátová
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Dakota, 151 Cornell St. Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA.
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Calcium alginate and barium alginate hydrogel filtration membrane coated on fibers for molecule/ion separation. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.118761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Dinari A, Abdollahi M, Sadeghizadeh M. Design and fabrication of dual responsive lignin-based nanogel via "grafting from" atom transfer radical polymerization for curcumin loading and release. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1962. [PMID: 33479381 PMCID: PMC7820611 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81393-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The story of human dreams about curing all diseases, disorders and lesions is as old as human history. In the frontier of medical science, nanomedicine is trying to solve the problem. In this study, inspired by nanotechnology and using "grafting from" approach, a novel lignin-based nanogel was synthesized using atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) method. N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) and N,N-dimethylaminoethylmethacrylate (DMAEMA) comonomers were graft copolymerized from fully brominated lignin as ATRP macroinitiator to synthesize lignin-g-P(NIPAM-co-DMAEMA) nanogel (LNDNG). By controlling the initial comonomer compositions and ATRP conditions, four LNDNG systems with different lower critical solution temperatures (LCSTs) of 32, 34, 37 and 42 °C were prepared. The LNDNGs were evaluated by GPC, FT-IR, 1H NMR, UV-Vis, DLS, SEM and TEM analyses. The prepared nanogels exhibited an average diameter of 150 nm with dual temperature and pH responsiveness. Curcumin (CUR) loading capacity and encapsulation efficiency of the LNDNGs were 49.69% and 92.62% on average, respectively. The cumulative release amount of loaded CUR was observed to be 65.36% after 72 h. The new lignin-based NGs proposed in the present work seems to be a promising, safe and comparable system in a near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Dinari
- Polymer Reaction Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Abdollahi
- Polymer Reaction Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Majid Sadeghizadeh
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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Weiss R, Guebitz GM, Pellis A, Nyanhongo GS. Harnessing the Power of Enzymes for Tailoring and Valorizing Lignin. Trends Biotechnol 2020; 38:1215-1231. [PMID: 32423726 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2020.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lignin, a structural component of lignocellulosic plants, is an alternative raw material with enormous potential to replace diminishing fossil-based resources for the sustainable production of many chemicals and materials. Unfortunately, lignin's heterogeneity, low reactivity, and strong intra- and intermolecular hydrogen interactions and modifications introduced during the pulping process present significant technical challenges. However, the increasing ability to tailor lignin biosynthesis pathways by targeting enzymes and the continued discovery of more robust biocatalysts are enabling the synthesis of novel valuable products. This review summarizes how enzymes involved in lignin biosynthesis pathways and microbial enzymes are being harnessed to produce chemicals and materials and to upgrade lignin properties for the synthesis of a variety of value-added lignin industrial products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renate Weiss
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Konrad Lorenz Straße 20, 3430, Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Georg M Guebitz
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Konrad Lorenz Straße 20, 3430, Tulln an der Donau, Austria; Austrian Centre for Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB), Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20, 3430, Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Alessandro Pellis
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Konrad Lorenz Straße 20, 3430, Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Gibson S Nyanhongo
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Konrad Lorenz Straße 20, 3430, Tulln an der Donau, Austria; Austrian Centre for Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB), Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20, 3430, Tulln an der Donau, Austria.
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Zayed A, Ulber R. Fucoidans: Downstream Processes and Recent Applications. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:E170. [PMID: 32197549 PMCID: PMC7142712 DOI: 10.3390/md18030170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fucoidans are multifunctional marine macromolecules that are subjected to numerous and various downstream processes during their production. These processes were considered the most important abiotic factors affecting fucoidan chemical skeletons, quality, physicochemical properties, biological properties and industrial applications. Since a universal protocol for fucoidans production has not been established yet, all the currently used processes were presented and justified. The current article complements our previous articles in the fucoidans field, provides an updated overview regarding the different downstream processes, including pre-treatment, extraction, purification and enzymatic modification processes, and shows the recent non-traditional applications of fucoidans in relation to their characters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Zayed
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering, Technical University of Kaiserslautern, Gottlieb-Daimler-Straße 49, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany;
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Tanta University, College of Pharmacy, El Guish Street, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Roland Ulber
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering, Technical University of Kaiserslautern, Gottlieb-Daimler-Straße 49, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany;
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Weiss R, Ghitti E, Sumetzberger-Hasinger M, Guebitz GM, Nyanhongo GS. Lignin-Based Pesticide Delivery System. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:4322-4329. [PMID: 32149262 PMCID: PMC7057692 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b04275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The potential of lignosulfonates as widely underutilized byproducts of the pulp and paper industry for the synthesis of a biodegradable pesticide carrier system was assessed in this study. Design of experiment software MODDE Pro was for the first time applied to optimize lignosulfonate granule production using Myceliophthora thermophila laccase as a biocatalyst. Enzymatic cross-linking was monitored using size exclusion chromatography coupled online to multiangle laser light scattering, viscosity measurement, and enzyme activity. The determined optimal and experimentally confirmed incubation conditions were: 33 °C, 30 cm3/min O2 supply, and 190 min reaction time. The granules were thereafter loaded with 2 g/kg 3,6-dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid (Dicamba), a broad-spectrum herbicide. According to the HPLC analysis, complete release of Dicamba was achieved after 48 h of release. This study showed the green production of a 100% lignosulfonate-based biodegradable solid carrier with potential application in agriculture.
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Ravi K, Abdelaziz OY, Nöbel M, García-Hidalgo J, Gorwa-Grauslund MF, Hulteberg CP, Lidén G. Bacterial conversion of depolymerized Kraft lignin. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2019; 12:56. [PMID: 30923564 PMCID: PMC6420747 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-019-1397-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lignin is a potential feedstock for microbial conversion into various chemicals. However, the microbial degradation rate of native or technical lignin is low, and chemical depolymerization is needed to obtain reasonable conversion rates. In the current study, nine bacterial strains belonging to the Pseudomonas and Rhodococcus genera were evaluated for their ability to grow on alkaline-treated softwood lignin as a sole carbon source. RESULTS Pseudomonas fluorescens DSM 50090 and Rhodococcus opacus DSM1069 showed the best growth of the tested species on plates with lignin. Further evaluation of P. fluorescens and R. opacus was made in liquid cultivations with depolymerized softwood Kraft lignin (DL) at a concentration of 1 g/L. Size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) showed that R. opacus consumed most of the available lower-molecular weight compounds (approximately 0.1-0.4 kDa) in the DL, but the weight distribution of larger fractions was almost unaffected. Importantly, the consumed compounds included guaiacol-one of the main monomers in the DL. SEC analysis of P. fluorescens culture broth, in contrast, did not show a large conversion of low-molecular weight compounds, and guaiacol remained unconsumed. However, a significant shift in molecular weight distribution towards lower average weights was seen after cultivation with P. fluorescens. CONCLUSIONS Rhodococcus opacus and P. fluorescens were identified as two potential microbial candidates for the conversion/consumption of base-catalyzed depolymerized lignin, acting on low- and high-molecular weight lignin fragments, respectively. These findings will be of relevance for designing bioconversion of softwood Kraft lignin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krithika Ravi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Omar Y. Abdelaziz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Matthias Nöbel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
- Present Address: Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Javier García-Hidalgo
- Department of Chemistry, Applied Microbiology, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Marie F. Gorwa-Grauslund
- Department of Chemistry, Applied Microbiology, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Gunnar Lidén
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
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Ravi K, Abdelaziz OY, Nöbel M, García-Hidalgo J, Gorwa-Grauslund MF, Hulteberg CP, Lidén G. Bacterial conversion of depolymerized Kraft lignin. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2018; 11:240. [PMID: 30202435 PMCID: PMC6123935 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-018-1240-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lignin is a potential feedstock for microbial conversion into various chemicals. However, the degradation rate of native or technical lignin is low, and depolymerization is needed to obtain reasonable conversion rates. In the current study, base-catalyzed depolymerization-using NaOH (5 wt%)-of softwood Kraft lignin was conducted in a continuous-flow reactor system at temperatures in the range 190-240 °C and residence times of 1 or 2 min. The ability of growth of nine bacterial strains belonging to the genera Pseudomonas and Rhodococcus was tested using the alkaline-treated lignin as a sole carbon source. RESULTS Pseudomonas fluorescens and Rhodococcus opacus showed the best growth of the tested species on plates with lignin. Further evaluation of P. fluorescens and R. opacus was made in liquid cultivations with depolymerized lignin (DL) at a concentration of 1 g/L. Size exclusion chromatography (SEC) showed that R. opacus consumed most of the available lower molecular weight compounds (approximately 0.1-0.4 kDa) in the DL, but the weight distribution of larger fractions was almost unaffected. Importantly, the consumed compounds included guaiacol-one of the main monomers in the DL. SEC analysis of P. fluorescens culture broth, in contrast, did not show a large conversion of low molecular weight compounds, and guaiacol remained unconsumed. However, a significant shift in molecular weight distribution towards lower average weights was seen. CONCLUSIONS Rhodococcus opacus and P. fluorescens were identified as two potential microbial candidates for the conversion/consumption of base-catalyzed depolymerized lignin, acting on low and high molecular weight lignin fragments, respectively. These findings will be of relevance for designing bioconversion of softwood Kraft lignin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krithika Ravi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Omar Y. Abdelaziz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Matthias Nöbel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
- Present Address: Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Javier García-Hidalgo
- Department of Chemistry, Applied Microbiology, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Marie F. Gorwa-Grauslund
- Department of Chemistry, Applied Microbiology, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Gunnar Lidén
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
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