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Naaz A, Turnquist HR, Gorantla VS, Little SR. Drug delivery strategies for local immunomodulation in transplantation: Bridging the translational gap. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2024; 213:115429. [PMID: 39142608 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2024.115429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 08/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
Drug delivery strategies for local immunomodulation hold tremendous promise compared to current clinical gold-standard systemic immunosuppression as they could improve the benefit to risk ratio of life-saving or life-enhancing transplants. Such strategies have facilitated prolonged graft survival in animal models at lower drug doses while minimizing off-target effects. Despite the promising outcomes in preclinical animal studies, progression of these strategies to clinical trials has faced challenges. A comprehensive understanding of the translational barriers is a critical first step towards clinical validation of effective immunomodulatory drug delivery protocols proven for safety and tolerability in pre-clinical animal models. This review overviews the current state-of-the-art in local immunomodulatory strategies for transplantation and outlines the key challenges hindering their clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afsana Naaz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States; Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, United States.
| | - Heth R Turnquist
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, United States; Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, United States; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, United States; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, United States.
| | - Vijay S Gorantla
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, United States; Departments of Surgery, Ophthalmology and Bioengineering, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Wake Forest Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, 27101, United States.
| | - Steven R Little
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States; Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, United States; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, United States; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, United States; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States.
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2
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Talitckii A, Mangal JL, Colbert BK, Acharya AP, Peet MM. Employing Feature Selection Algorithms to Determine the Immune State of Mice Model of Rheumatoid Arthritis. IEEE J Biomed Health Inform 2023; PP:10.1109/JBHI.2023.3327230. [PMID: 37883254 PMCID: PMC11111100 DOI: 10.1109/jbhi.2023.3327230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
The immune response is a dynamic process by which the body determines whether an antigen is self or nonself. The state of this dynamic process is defined by the relative balance and population of inflammatory and regulatory actors which comprise this decision making process. The goal of immunotherapy as applied to, e.g. Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA), then, is to bias the immune state in favor of the regulatory actors - thereby shutting down autoimmune pathways in the response. While there are several known approaches to immunotherapy, the effectiveness of the therapy will depend on how this intervention alters the evolution of this state. Unfortunately, this process is determined not only by the dynamics of the process, but the state of the system at the time of intervention - a state which is difficult if not impossible to determine prior to application of the therapy. To identify such states we consider a mouse model of RA (Collagen-Induced Arthritis (CIA)) immunotherapy; collect high dimensional data on T cell markers and populations of mice after treatment with a recently developed immunotherapy for CIA; and use feature selection algorithms in order to select a lower dimensional subset of this data which can be used to predict both the full set of T cell markers and populations, along with the efficacy of immunotherapy treatment.
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3
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van Setten GB. Ocular Surface Allostasis-When Homeostasis Is Lost: Challenging Coping Potential, Stress Tolerance, and Resilience. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1246. [PMID: 37627311 PMCID: PMC10452761 DOI: 10.3390/biom13081246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The loss of ocular surface (OS) homeostasis characterizes the onset of dry eye disease. Resilience defines the ability to withstand this threat, reflecting the ability of the ocular surface to cope with and bounce back after challenging events. The coping capacity of the OS defines the ability to successfully manage cellular stress. Cellular stress, which is central to the outcome of the pathophysiology of dry eye disease, is characterized by intensity, continuity, and receptivity, which lead to the loss of homeostasis, resulting in a phase of autocatalytic dysregulation, an event that is not well-defined. To better define this event, here, we present a model providing a potential approach when homeostasis is challenged and the coping capacities have reached their limits, resulting in the stage of heterostasis, in which the dysregulated cellular stress mechanisms take over, leading to dry eye disease. The main feature of the proposed model is the concept that, prior to the initiation of the events leading to cellular stress, there is a period of intense activation of all available coping mechanisms preventing the imminent dysregulation of ocular surface homeostasis. When the remaining coping mechanisms and resilience potential have been maximally exploited and have, finally, been exceeded, there will be a transition to manifest disease with all the well-known signs and symptoms, with a shift to allostasis, reflecting the establishment of another state of balance. The intention of this review was to show that it is possibly the phase of heterostasis preceding the establishment of allostasis that offers a better chance for therapeutic intervention and optimized recovery. Once allostasis has been established, as a new steady-state of balance at a higher level of constant cell stress and inflammation, treatment may be far more difficult, and the potential for reversal is drastically decreased. Homeostasis, once lost, can possibly not be fully recovered. The processes established during heterostasis and allostasis require different approaches and treatments for their control, indicating that the current treatment options for homeostasis need to be adapted to a more-demanding situation. The loss of homeostasis necessarily implies the establishment of a new balance; here, we refer to such a state as allostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gysbert-Botho van Setten
- St. Eriks Eye Hospital, 171 04 Solna, Sweden;
- Lab of DOHF and Wound Healing, Division of Eye and Vision, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Eugeniavägen 12/Level 6, 171 04 Solna, Sweden
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Li X, Chen K, Wang Z, Li J, Wang X, Xie C, Tong J, Shen Y. The mTOR signalling in corneal diseases: A recent update. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 213:115620. [PMID: 37217140 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Corneal diseases affect 4.2 million people worldwide and are a leading cause of vision impairment and blindness. Current treatments for corneal diseases, such as antibiotics, steroids, and surgical interventions, have numerous disadvantages and challenges. Thus, there is an urgent need for more effective therapies. Although the pathogenesis of corneal diseases is not fully understood, it is known that injury caused by various stresses and postinjury healing, such as epithelial renewal, inflammation, stromal fibrosis, and neovascularization, are highly involved. Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a key regulator of cell growth, metabolism, and the immune response. Recent studies have revealed that activation of mTOR signalling extensively contributes to the pathogenesis of various corneal diseases, and inhibition of mTOR with rapamycin achieves promising outcomes, supporting the potential of mTOR as a therapeutic target. In this review, we detail the function of mTOR in corneal diseases and how these characteristics contribute to disease treatment using mTOR-targeted drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Kuangqi Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Zixi Wang
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiayuan Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiawei Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Chen Xie
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Jianping Tong
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Ye Shen
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.
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5
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Suanno G, Fonteyne P, Ferrari G. Neurosensory abnormalities and stability of a mouse model of dry eye disease. Exp Eye Res 2023; 232:109516. [PMID: 37209768 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2023.109516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to use a mouse model of dry eye disease (DED) induced by topical administration of benzalkonium chloride (BAK) and assess its stability and the presence of neurosensory abnormalities, including ocular pain. Eight-week-old C57BL6/6 N male mice were used in this study. Mice were treated with 10 μL of 0.2% BAK dissolved in artificial tears (AT), administered twice daily for 7 days. After one week, animals were randomized into two groups: one was administered with 0.2% BAK in AT once per day for 7 days, while the other was not further treated. Corneal epitheliopathy was quantified at days 0, 3, 7, 12, and 14. Moreover, tear secretions, corneal nociception, and corneal nerve integrity were measured after BAK treatment. After sacrifice, corneas were dissected to assess nerve density and leukocyte infiltration by immunofluorescence. Topical BAK instillation for 14 days significantly increased corneal fluorescein staining (p < 0.0001) compared to day 0. On the other hand, interruption of BAK instillation was associated with improvement of corneal epitheliopathy (day 12, p < 0.0001; day 14, p < 0.001). BAK treatment increased ocular pain (p < 0.0001) and resulted in a significant increase in leukocyte infiltration in the cornea (p < 0.01). Moreover, corneal sensitivity was reduced (p < 0.0001), together with corneal nerve density (p < 0.0001) and tear secretion (p < 0.0001). One week twice a day, followed by one additional week once a day, of 0.2% BAK topical administration induces stable clinical and histological signs of DED, which is associated with neurosensory abnormalities, including pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Suanno
- Cornea and Ocular Surface Disease Unit, Eye Repair Lab, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Philippe Fonteyne
- Cornea and Ocular Surface Disease Unit, Eye Repair Lab, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulio Ferrari
- Cornea and Ocular Surface Disease Unit, Eye Repair Lab, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132, Milan, Italy.
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6
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Inamdar S, Tylek T, Thumsi A, Suresh AP, Jaggarapu MMCS, Halim M, Mantri S, Esrafili A, Ng ND, Schmitzer E, Lintecum K, de Ávila C, Fryer JD, Xu Y, Spiller KL, Acharya AP. Biomaterial mediated simultaneous delivery of spermine and alpha ketoglutarate modulate metabolism and innate immune cell phenotype in sepsis mouse models. Biomaterials 2023; 293:121973. [PMID: 36549041 PMCID: PMC9868086 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Although different metabolic pathways have been associated with distinct macrophage phenotypes, the field of utilizing metabolites to modulate macrophage phenotype is in a nascent stage. In this report, we developed microparticles based on polymerization of alpha-ketoglutarate (a Krebs cycle metabolite), with or without encapsulation of spermine (a polyamine metabolite), to modulate cell phenotype that are critical for resolution of inflammation. Poly (alpha-ketoglutarate) microparticles encapsulated and released spermine (spermine (encap)paKG MPs) in vitro, which was accelerated in an acidic environment. When delivered to bone marrow-derived-macrophages, spermine (encap)paKG MPs induced a complex phenotypic profile outside of the typical M1/M2 paradigm, with distinct effects in the presence or absence of the pro-inflammatory stimulus lipopolysaccharide. Of particular interest was the increase in expression of CD163, which has been linked to anti-inflammatory responses in sepsis. Therefore, we systemically administered spermine (encap)paKG MPs to two different murine models of sepsis using acute or chronic injection of LPS. Macrophages and neutrophils in the liver and spleen of animals treated with spermine (encap)paKG MPs increased expression of CD163, concomitant with normalizing of glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation, in both models. Overall, these results show that spermine (encap)paKG MPs modulate macrophage phenotype in vitro and in vivo, with potential applications in inflammation-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahil Inamdar
- Chemical Engineering, School for the Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA
| | - Tina Tylek
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science, and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Abhirami Thumsi
- Biological Design, School for the Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA
| | - Abhirami P Suresh
- Biological Design, School for the Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA
| | | | - Michelle Halim
- Chemical Engineering, School for the Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA
| | - Shivani Mantri
- Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA
| | - Arezoo Esrafili
- Chemical Engineering, School for the Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA
| | - Nathan D Ng
- Molecular Biosciences and Biotechnology, The College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA
| | - Elizabeth Schmitzer
- Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA
| | - Kelly Lintecum
- Chemical Engineering, School for the Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA
| | - Camila de Ávila
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, 85259, USA
| | - John D Fryer
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, 85259, USA
| | - Ying Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Kara L Spiller
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science, and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Abhinav P Acharya
- Chemical Engineering, School for the Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA; Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA; Materials Science and Engineering, School for the Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA; Biodesign Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA.
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7
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Engineering Advanced Drug Delivery Systems for Dry Eye: A Review. BIOENGINEERING (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 10:bioengineering10010053. [PMID: 36671625 PMCID: PMC9854618 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10010053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Dry eye disease (DED) is a widespread and frequently reported multifactorial ocular disease that not only causes ocular discomfort but also damages the cornea and conjunctiva. At present, topical administration is the most common treatment modality for DED. Due to the existence of multiple biological barriers, instilled drugs generally exhibit short action times and poor penetration on the ocular surface. To resolve these issues, several advanced drug delivery systems have been proposed. This review discusses new dosage forms of drugs for the treatment of DED in terms of their characteristics and advantages. Innovative formulations that are currently available in the market and under clinical investigation are elaborated. Meanwhile, their deficiencies are discussed. It is envisioned that the flourishing of advanced drug delivery systems will lead to improved management of DED in the near future.
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8
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Khodaei T, Schmitzer E, Suresh AP, Acharya AP. Immune response differences in degradable and non-degradable alloy implants. Bioact Mater 2022; 24:153-170. [PMID: 36606252 PMCID: PMC9793227 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Alloy based implants have made a great impact in the clinic and in preclinical research. Immune responses are one of the major causes of failure of these implants in the clinic. Although the immune responses toward non-degradable alloy implants are well documented, there is a poor understanding of the immune responses against degradable alloy implants. Recently, there have been several reports suggesting that degradable implants may develop substantial immune responses. This phenomenon needs to be further studied in detail to make the case for the degradable implants to be utilized in clinics. Herein, we review these new recent reports suggesting the role of innate and potentially adaptive immune cells in inducing immune responses against degradable implants. First, we discussed immune responses to allergen components of non-degradable implants to give a better overview on differences in the immune response between non-degradable and degradable implants. Furthermore, we also provide potential areas of research that can be undertaken that may shed light on the local and global immune responses that are generated in response to degradable implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taravat Khodaei
- Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological and Health System Engineering, Arizona State, University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA
| | - Elizabeth Schmitzer
- Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological and Health System Engineering, Arizona State, University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA
| | | | - Abhinav P. Acharya
- Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological and Health System Engineering, Arizona State, University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA,Biological Design, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA,Chemical Engineering, School for the Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State, University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA,Materials Science and Engineering, School for the Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA,Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA,Corresponding author. Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological and Health System Engineering, Arizona State, University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA.
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9
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Mangal JL, Inamdar S, Suresh AP, Jaggarapu MMCS, Esrafili A, Ng ND, Acharya AP. Short term, low dose alpha-ketoglutarate based polymeric nanoparticles with methotrexate reverse rheumatoid arthritis symptoms in mice and modulate T helper cell responses. Biomater Sci 2022; 10:6688-6697. [PMID: 36190458 PMCID: PMC9691612 DOI: 10.1039/d2bm00415a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Activated effector T cells induce pro-inflammatory responses in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) which then lead to inflammation of the joints. In this report, we demonstrate that polymeric nanoparticles with alpha keto-glutarate (aKG) in their polymer backbone (termed as paKG NPs) modulate T cell responses in vitro and in vivo. Impressively, a low dose of only three administrations of methotrexate, a clinically and chronically administered drug for RA, in conjunction with two doses of paKG NPs, reversed arthritis symptoms in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mice. This was further followed by significant decreases in pro-inflammatory antigen-specific T helper type 17 (TH17) responses and a significant increase in anti-inflammatory regulatory T cell (TREG) responses when CIA treated splenic cells were isolated and re-exposed to the CIA self-antigen. Overall, this study supports the concurrent and short term, low dose of paKG NPs and methotrexate for the reversal of RA symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joslyn L Mangal
- Department of Biological Design, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA.
| | - Sahil Inamdar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School for the Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA
| | - Abhirami P Suresh
- Department of Biological Design, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA.
| | | | - Arezoo Esrafili
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School for the Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA
| | - Nathan D Ng
- Molecular Biosciences and Biotechnology, The College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA
| | - Abhinav P Acharya
- Department of Biological Design, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School for the Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological and Health System Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School for the Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA
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10
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Local induction of regulatory T cells prevents inflammatory bone loss in ligature-induced experimental periodontitis in mice. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5032. [PMID: 35322204 PMCID: PMC8943171 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09150-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis (periodontal disease) is a highly prevalent disease, affecting over 65 million adults in the United States alone. Characterized by an overburden of invasive bacteria, gum inflammation and plaque buildup, over time, these symptoms can result in severe loss of gingival tissue attachment, bone resorption and even tooth loss. Although current treatments (local antibiotics and scaling and root planing procedures) target the bacterial dysbiosis, they do not address the underlying inflammatory imbalance in the periodontium. In the healthy steady state, the body naturally combats destructive, imbalanced inflammatory responses through regulatory pathways mediated by cells such as regulatory T cells (Tregs). Consequently, we hypothesized that local enrichment of regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs) could restore local, immunological homeostasis and prevent the main outcome of bone loss. Accordingly, we locally delivered a combination of TGFβ, Rapamycin, and IL2 microspheres in a ligature-induced murine periodontitis model. Herein, we have demonstrated this preventative treatment decreases alveolar bone loss, increases the local ratio of Tregs to T effector cells and changes the local microenvironment’s expression of inflammatory and regenerative markers. Ultimately, these Treg-inducing microspheres appear promising as a method to improve periodontitis outcomes and may be able to serve as a platform delivery system to treat other inflammatory diseases.
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11
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Le T, Aguilar B, Mangal JL, Acharya AP. Oral drug delivery for immunoengineering. Bioeng Transl Med 2022; 7:e10243. [PMID: 35111945 PMCID: PMC8780903 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The systemic pharmacotherapeutic efficacy of immunomodulatory drugs is heavily influenced by its route of administration. A few common routes for the systemic delivery of immunotherapeutics are intravenous, intraperitoneal, and intramuscular injections. However, the development of novel biomaterials, in adjunct to current progress in immunoengineering, is providing an exciting area of interest for oral drug delivery for systemic targeting. Oral immunotherapeutic delivery is a highly preferred route of administration due to its ease of administration, higher patient compliance, and increased ability to generate specialized immune responses. However, the harsh environment and slow systemic absorption, due to various biological barriers, reduces the immunotherapeutic bioavailability, and in turn prevents widespread use of oral delivery. Nonetheless, cutting edge biomaterials are being synthesized to combat these biological barriers within the gastrointestinal (GI) tract for the enhancement of drug bioavailability and targeting the immune system. For example, advancements in biomaterials and synthesized drug agents have provided distinctive methods to promote localized drug absorption for the modulation of local or systemic immune responses. Additionally, novel breakthroughs in the immunoengineering field show promise in the development of vaccine delivery systems for disease prevention as well as combating autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases, and cancer. This review will discuss current progress made within the field of biomaterials and drug delivery systems to enhance oral immunotherapeutic availability, and how these new delivery platforms can be utilized to deliver immunotherapeutics for resolution of immune-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tien Le
- Chemical Engineering, School for the Engineering of Matter, Transport, and EnergyArizona State UniversityTempeArizonaUSA
| | - Brian Aguilar
- Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological and Health Systems EngineeringArizona State UniversityTempeArizonaUSA
| | - Joslyn L. Mangal
- Biological Design, School for Biological and Health Systems EngineeringArizona State UniversityTempeArizonaUSA
| | - Abhinav P. Acharya
- Chemical Engineering, School for the Engineering of Matter, Transport, and EnergyArizona State UniversityTempeArizonaUSA
- Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological and Health Systems EngineeringArizona State UniversityTempeArizonaUSA
- Biological Design, School for Biological and Health Systems EngineeringArizona State UniversityTempeArizonaUSA
- Materials Science and Engineering, School for the Engineering of Matter, Transport, and energyArizona State UniversityTempeArizonaUSA
- Biodesign Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and VirotherapyArizona State UniversityTempeArizonaUSA
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12
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Nguyen DD, Luo LJ, Lai JY. Thermogels containing sulfated hyaluronan as novel topical therapeutics for treatment of ocular surface inflammation. Mater Today Bio 2021; 13:100183. [PMID: 34927046 PMCID: PMC8649391 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2021.100183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of long lasting therapeutic agents is critically important for efficient treatment of chronic diseases. We herein report a rational strategy to develop a therapeutic thermogel featured with prolonged anti-inflammatory and corneal-protective effects. Specifically, a hyaluronic acid with different sulfation degrees and an amine-terminated poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) are conjugated to achieve the thermogels. In vitro studies reveal that the thermogels are highly biocompatible to statens seruminstitut rabbit cornea cells and their anti-inflammatory properties are strongly dependent on the sulfation degree. In a rabbit model of ocular inflammation, single-dose topical administration of a thermogel formulation could repair defects in corneal epithelium (∼99% thickness restored), prevent corneal cell apoptosis (∼68.3% cells recovered), and suppress ocular surface inflammation (∼4-fold decrease) for a follow-up period of 7 days. This high treatment efficacy of the thermogel can be attributed to its potent inhibition in selectin-mediated leukocyte infiltration as well as effective corneal protection. These findings show a great promise for topical treatment of ocular inflammation and advancement of ophthalmic formulations using the bioactive thermogel as a therapeutic component that is not rapidly cleared from the eye and thus considerably reduces administration times. Sulfated hyaluronan thermogels served as intrinsic therapeutic agents. Thermogels exert inhibitory effects on selectin-mediated leukocyte infiltration. Sulfation degree is a key to achieve superior therapeutic thermogels. Highly sulfated agent reveals potent anti-inflammatory/corneal-protective effects. Single dose reduces corneal inflammation by 4-folds at 7 days post-instillation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duc Dung Nguyen
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan
| | - Li-Jyuan Luo
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Yang Lai
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, 33305, Taiwan
- Department of Materials Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, 24301, Taiwan
- Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, 33303, Taiwan
- Corresponding author. Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan.
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13
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Rahman MM, Kim DH, Park CK, Kim YH. Experimental Models, Induction Protocols, and Measured Parameters in Dry Eye Disease: Focusing on Practical Implications for Experimental Research. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12102. [PMID: 34830010 PMCID: PMC8622350 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dry eye disease (DED) is one of the major ophthalmological healthcare challenges worldwide. DED is a multifactorial disease characterized by a loss of homeostasis of the tear film, and its main pathogenesis is chronic ocular surface inflammation related with various cellular and molecular signaling cascades. The animal model is a reliable and effective tool for understanding the various pathological mechanisms and molecular cascades in DED. Considerable experimental research has focused on developing new strategies for the prevention and treatment of DED. Several experimental models of DED have been developed, and different animal species such as rats, mice, rabbits, dogs, and primates have been used for these models. Although the basic mechanisms of DED in animals are nearly identical to those in humans, proper knowledge about the induction of animal models is necessary to obtain better and more reliable results. Various experimental models (in vitro and in vivo DED models) were briefly discussed in this review, along with pathologic features, analytical approaches, and common measurements, which will help investigators to use the appropriate cell lines, animal, methods, and evaluation parameters depending on their study design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Mahbubur Rahman
- Gachon Pain Center and Department of Physiology, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon 21999, Korea
| | - Dong Hyun Kim
- Gil Medical Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon 21565, Korea
| | - Chul-Kyu Park
- Gachon Pain Center and Department of Physiology, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon 21999, Korea
| | - Yong Ho Kim
- Gachon Pain Center and Department of Physiology, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon 21999, Korea
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14
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Bentley ER, Little SR. Local delivery strategies to restore immune homeostasis in the context of inflammation. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 178:113971. [PMID: 34530013 PMCID: PMC8556365 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Immune homeostasis is maintained by a precise balance between effector immune cells and regulatory immune cells. Chronic deviations from immune homeostasis, driven by a greater ratio of effector to regulatory cues, can promote the development and propagation of inflammatory diseases/conditions (i.e., autoimmune diseases, transplant rejection, etc.). Current methods to treat chronic inflammation rely upon systemic administration of non-specific small molecules, resulting in broad immunosuppression with unwanted side effects. Consequently, recent studies have developed more localized and specific immunomodulatory approaches to treat inflammation through the use of local biomaterial-based delivery systems. In particular, this review focuses on (1) local biomaterial-based delivery systems, (2) common materials used for polymeric-delivery systems and (3) emerging immunomodulatory trends used to treat inflammation with increased specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R Bentley
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, 302 Benedum Hall, 3700 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, United States.
| | - Steven R Little
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, 302 Benedum Hall, 3700 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, United States; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, 940 Benedum Hall, 3700 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States; Department of Clinical and Translational Science, University of Pittsburgh, Forbes Tower, Suite 7057, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 450 Technology Drive, Suite 300, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, United States; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, 203 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States.
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15
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Yang Y, Santamaria P. Evolution of nanomedicines for the treatment of autoimmune disease: From vehicles for drug delivery to inducers of bystander immunoregulation. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 176:113898. [PMID: 34314782 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Over the last two decades, the nanomedicine field has witnessed an explosive growth of research on the development of nanoparticle/microparticle (NP/MP)-based compounds for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Studies have evaluated compounds generated with a broad range of materials with different shapes, sizes, surface chemistries and structures. A number of active pharmaceutical ingredients, including immunosuppressants, cytokines, nucleotides, peptides, proteins and immunomodulators of various types have been encapsulated into or incorporated onto the surface of these compounds, either individually or in combination, and delivered to animal models of autoimmune inflammation via different administration routes. These NP/MP-based compounds can be categorized into four different groups based on their intended mechanisms of action. Here, we review the engineering designs, the pharmacodynamic and therapeutic correlates and the disease specificity of nanomedicines belonging to each of these groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre (JMDRC) and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1 Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada.
| | - Pere Santamaria
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre (JMDRC) and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1 Canada; Institut D'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona 08036, Spain.
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16
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Mangal JL, Inamdar S, Le T, Shi X, Curtis M, Gu H, Acharya AP. Inhibition of glycolysis in the presence of antigen generates suppressive antigen-specific responses and restrains rheumatoid arthritis in mice. Biomaterials 2021; 277:121079. [PMID: 34454372 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.121079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) rely on glycolysis for their energy needs to induce pro-inflammatory antigen-specific immune responses. Therefore, inhibiting DC glycolysis, while presenting the self-antigen, may prevent pro-inflammatory antigen-specific immune responses. Previously we demonstrated that microparticles with alpha-ketoglutarate (aKG) in the polymer backbone (paKG MPs) were able to generate anti-inflammatory DCs by sustained delivery of the aKG metabolite, and by modulating energy metabolism of DCs. Herein, we demonstrate that paKG MPs-based delivery of a glycolytic inhibitor, PFK15, using paKG MPs induces anti-inflammatory DCs (CD86LoMHCII+) by down-regulating glycolysis, CD86, tnf and IL-6 genes, while upregulating oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and mitochondrial genes. Furthermore, paKG MPs delivering PFK15 and a self-antigen, collagen type II (bc2), in vivo, in a collagen-induced autoimmune arthritis (CIA) mouse model, normalized paw inflammation and arthritis score, by generating antigen-specific immune responses. Specifically, these formulations were able to reduce activation of DCs in draining lymph nodes and impressively generated proliferating bc2-specific anti-inflammatory regulatory T cells in joint-associated popliteal lymph nodes. These data strongly suggest that sustained glycolytic inhibition of DCs in the presence of an antigen can induce antigen-specific immunosuppressive responses, therefore, generating a technology that can be applicable for treating autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joslyn L Mangal
- Biological Design, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA
| | - Sahil Inamdar
- Chemical Engineering, School for the Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA
| | - Tien Le
- Chemical Engineering, School for the Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA
| | - Xiaojian Shi
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, 85281, USA
| | - Marion Curtis
- Mayo Clinic, Department of Immunology, Scottsdale, AZ, 85259, USA
| | - Haiwei Gu
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, 85281, USA
| | - Abhinav P Acharya
- Biological Design, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA; Chemical Engineering, School for the Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA; Materials Science and Engineering, School for the Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA; Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA; Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological and Health System Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA.
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17
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Acharya AP, Tang Y, Bertero T, Tai Y, Harvey LD, Woodcock CC, Sun W, Pineda R, Mitash N, Königshoff M, Little SR, Chan SY. Simultaneous Pharmacologic Inhibition of Yes-Associated Protein 1 and Glutaminase 1 via Inhaled Poly(Lactic-co-Glycolic) Acid-Encapsulated Microparticles Improves Pulmonary Hypertension. J Am Heart Assoc 2021; 10:e019091. [PMID: 34056915 PMCID: PMC8477870 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.120.019091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a deadly disease characterized by vascular stiffness and altered cellular metabolism. Current treatments focus on vasodilation and not other root causes of pathogenesis. Previously, it was demonstrated that glutamine metabolism, as catalyzed by GLS1 (glutaminase 1) activity, is mechanoactivated by matrix stiffening and the transcriptional coactivators YAP1 (yes-associated protein 1) and transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ), resulting in pulmonary vascular proliferation and PH. Pharmacologic inhibition of YAP1 (by verteporfin) or glutaminase (by CB-839) improved PH in vivo. However, systemic delivery of these agents, particularly YAP1 inhibitors, may have adverse chronic effects. Furthermore, simultaneous use of pharmacologic blockers may offer additive or synergistic benefits. Therefore, a strategy that delivers these drugs in combination to local lung tissue, thus avoiding systemic toxicity and driving more robust improvement, was investigated. Methods and Results We used poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid polymer-based microparticles for delivery of verteporfin and CB-839 simultaneously to the lungs of rats suffering from monocrotaline-induced PH. Microparticles released these drugs in a sustained fashion and delivered their payload in the lungs for 7 days. When given orotracheally to the rats weekly for 3 weeks, microparticles carrying this drug combination improved hemodynamic (right ventricular systolic pressure and right ventricle/left ventricle+septum mass ratio), histologic (vascular remodeling), and molecular markers (vascular proliferation and stiffening) of PH. Importantly, only the combination of drug delivery, but neither verteporfin nor CB-839 alone, displayed significant improvement across all indexes of PH. Conclusions Simultaneous, lung-specific, and controlled release of drugs targeting YAP1 and GLS1 improved PH in rats, addressing unmet needs for the treatment of this deadly disease.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Inhalation
- Animals
- Benzeneacetamides/administration & dosage
- Benzeneacetamides/chemistry
- Cells, Cultured
- Delayed-Action Preparations
- Disease Models, Animal
- Drug Carriers
- Drug Combinations
- Drug Compounding
- Enzyme Inhibitors/administration & dosage
- Enzyme Inhibitors/chemistry
- Glutaminase/antagonists & inhibitors
- Glutaminase/metabolism
- Hemodynamics/drug effects
- Humans
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/chemically induced
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/drug therapy
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/metabolism
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/physiopathology
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism
- Lung/drug effects
- Lung/metabolism
- Lung/physiopathology
- Male
- Mechanotransduction, Cellular
- Monocrotaline
- Particle Size
- Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer/chemistry
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Thiadiazoles/administration & dosage
- Thiadiazoles/chemistry
- Time Factors
- Vascular Remodeling/drug effects
- Ventricular Function, Right/drug effects
- Verteporfin/administration & dosage
- Verteporfin/chemistry
- YAP-Signaling Proteins
- Rats
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhinav P. Acharya
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum EngineeringUniversity of PittsburghPA
- Biological Design Graduate ProgramSchool for the Engineering of Matter, Transport, and EnergyArizona State UniversityTempeAZ
- Chemical EngineeringSchool for the Engineering of Matter, Transport, and EnergyArizona State UniversityTempeAZ
| | - Ying Tang
- Center for Pulmonary Vascular Biology and MedicinePittsburgh Heart, Lung, and Blood Vascular Medicine InstituteDivision of CardiologyDepartment of MedicineUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePA
| | - Thomas Bertero
- Université Côte d'AzurCentre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS) Bienvenue à l'Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IPMC)ValbonneFrance
| | - Yi‐Yin Tai
- Center for Pulmonary Vascular Biology and MedicinePittsburgh Heart, Lung, and Blood Vascular Medicine InstituteDivision of CardiologyDepartment of MedicineUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePA
| | - Lloyd D. Harvey
- Center for Pulmonary Vascular Biology and MedicinePittsburgh Heart, Lung, and Blood Vascular Medicine InstituteDivision of CardiologyDepartment of MedicineUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePA
| | - Chen‐Shan C. Woodcock
- Center for Pulmonary Vascular Biology and MedicinePittsburgh Heart, Lung, and Blood Vascular Medicine InstituteDivision of CardiologyDepartment of MedicineUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePA
| | - Wei Sun
- Center for Pulmonary Vascular Biology and MedicinePittsburgh Heart, Lung, and Blood Vascular Medicine InstituteDivision of CardiologyDepartment of MedicineUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePA
| | - Ricardo Pineda
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care MedicineDepartment of MedicineUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePA
| | - Nilay Mitash
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care MedicineDepartment of MedicineUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePA
| | - Melanie Königshoff
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care MedicineDepartment of MedicineUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePA
| | - Steven R. Little
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum EngineeringUniversity of PittsburghPA
- Department of ImmunologyUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePA
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of PittsburghPA
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of PittsburghPA
- Department of OphthalmologyUniversity of PittsburghPA
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative MedicineUniversity of PittsburghPA
| | - Stephen Y. Chan
- Center for Pulmonary Vascular Biology and MedicinePittsburgh Heart, Lung, and Blood Vascular Medicine InstituteDivision of CardiologyDepartment of MedicineUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePA
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18
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Emerson AE, Slaby EM, Hiremath SC, Weaver JD. Biomaterial-based approaches to engineering immune tolerance. Biomater Sci 2021; 8:7014-7032. [PMID: 33179649 DOI: 10.1039/d0bm01171a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The development of biomaterial-based therapeutics to induce immune tolerance holds great promise for the treatment of autoimmune diseases, allergy, and graft rejection in transplantation. Historical approaches to treat these immunological challenges have primarily relied on systemic delivery of broadly-acting immunosuppressive agents that confer undesirable, off-target effects. The evolution and expansion of biomaterial platforms has proven to be a powerful tool in engineering immunotherapeutics and enabled a great diversity of novel and targeted approaches in engineering immune tolerance, with the potential to eliminate side effects associated with systemic, non-specific immunosuppressive approaches. In this review, we summarize the technological advances within three broad biomaterials-based strategies to engineering immune tolerance: nonspecific tolerogenic agent delivery, antigen-specific tolerogenic therapy, and the emergent area of tolerogenic cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E Emerson
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
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19
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Bassin EJ, Piganelli JD, Little SR. Auto-antigen and Immunomodulatory Agent-Based Approaches for Antigen-Specific Tolerance in NOD Mice. Curr Diab Rep 2021; 21:9. [PMID: 33547977 DOI: 10.1007/s11892-021-01376-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Type 1 diabetes (T1D) can be managed by insulin replacement, but it is still associated with an increased risk of microvascular/cardiovascular complications. There is considerable interest in antigen-specific approaches for treating T1D due to their potential for a favorable risk-benefit ratio relative to non-specific immune-based treatments. Here we review recent antigen-specific tolerance approaches using auto-antigen and/or immunomodulatory agents in NOD mice and provide insight into seemingly contradictory findings. RECENT FINDINGS Although delivery of auto-antigen alone can prevent T1D in NOD mice, this approach may be prone to inconsistent results and has not demonstrated an ability to reverse established T1D. Conversely, several approaches that promote presentation of auto-antigen in a tolerogenic context through cell/tissue targeting, delivery system properties, or the delivery of immunomodulatory agents have had success in reversing recent-onset T1D in NOD mice. While initial auto-antigen based approaches were unable to substantially influence T1D progression clinically, recent antigen-specific approaches have promising potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan J Bassin
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Jon D Piganelli
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, 4401 Penn Avenue, 6125 Rangos Research Center, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA.
| | - Steven R Little
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, 3700 O'Hara Street, 940 Benedum Hall, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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20
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Bassin EJ, Buckley AR, Piganelli JD, Little SR. TRI microparticles prevent inflammatory arthritis in a collagen-induced arthritis model. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239396. [PMID: 32966314 PMCID: PMC7510963 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite recent progress in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), many patients still fail to achieve remission or low disease activity. An imbalance between auto-reactive effector T cells (Teff) and regulatory T cells (Treg) may contribute to joint inflammation and damage in RA. Therefore, restoring this balance is a promising approach for the treatment of inflammatory arthritis. Accordingly, our group has previously shown that the combination of TGF-β-releasing microparticles (MP), rapamycin-releasing MP, and IL-2-releasing MP (TRI MP) can effectively increase the ratio of Tregs to Teff in vivo and provide disease protection in several preclinical models. In this study TRI MP was evaluated in the collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) model. Although this formulation has been tested previously in models of destructive inflammation and transplantation, this is the first model of autoimmunity for which this therapy has been applied. In this context, TRI MP effectively reduced arthritis incidence, the severity of arthritis scores, and bone erosion. The proposed mechanism of action includes not only reducing CD4+ T cell proliferation, but also expanding a regulatory population in the periphery soon after TRI MP administration. These changes were reflected in the CD4+ T cell population that infiltrated the paws at the onset of arthritis and were associated with a reduction of immune infiltrate and inflammatory myeloid cells in the paws. TRI MP administration also reduced the titer of collagen antibodies, however the contribution of this reduced titer to disease protection remains uncertain since there was no correlation between collagen antibody titer and arthritis score.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan J. Bassin
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Abigail R. Buckley
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jon D. Piganelli
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Steven R. Little
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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21
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Greene AC, Acharya AP, Lee SB, Gottardi R, Zaleski E, Little SR. Cranberry extract-based formulations for preventing bacterial biofilms. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2020; 11:1144-1155. [PMID: 32783154 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-020-00837-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Generating formulations for the delivery of a mixture of natural compounds extracted from natural sources is a challenge because of unknown active and inactive ingredients and possible interactions between them. As one example, natural cranberry extracts have been proposed for the prevention of biofilm formation on dental pellicle or teeth. However, such extracts may contain phenolic acids, flavonol glycosides along with other constituents like coumaroyl iridoid glycosides, flavonoids, alpha-linolenic acid, n-6 (or n-3) fatty acids, and crude fiber. Due to the presence of a variety of compounds, determining which molecules (and how many molecules) are essential for preventing biofilm growth is nontrivial to ascertain. Therefore, a formulation that could contain natural, unrefined, cranberry extract (with all its constituent compounds) at high loading would be ideal. Accordingly, we have generated several candidate formulations including poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA)-based microencapsulation of cranberry extract (CE15) as well as formulations including stearic acid along with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) or Ethyl lauroyl arginate (LAE) complexed with cranberry extracts (CE15). We found that stearic acid in combination with PVP or LAE as excipients led to higher loading of the active and inactive compounds in CE15 as compared with a PLGA microencapsulation and also sustained release of CE15 in a tunable manner. Using this method, we have been able to generate two successful formulations (one preventative based, one treatment based) that effectively inhibit biofilm growth when incubated with saliva. In addition to cranberry extract, this technique could also be a promising candidate for other natural extracts to form controlled release systems.Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashlee C Greene
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Abhinav P Acharya
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85284, USA
| | - Sang B Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Riccardo Gottardi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.,Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA.,McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA.,Ri.MED Foundation, 90133, Palermo, Italy
| | - Erin Zaleski
- Johnson & Johnson Consumer Health, Skillman, NJ, 08558, USA
| | - Steven R Little
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA. .,McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA. .,Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA. .,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA. .,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA. .,Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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22
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Treg-inducing microparticles promote donor-specific tolerance in experimental vascularized composite allotransplantation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:25784-25789. [PMID: 31792185 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1910701116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
For individuals who sustain devastating composite tissue loss, vascularized composite allotransplantation (VCA; e.g., hand and face transplantation) has the potential to restore appearance and function of the damaged tissues. As with solid organ transplantation, however, rejection must be controlled by multidrug systemic immunosuppression with substantial side effects. As an alternative therapeutic approach inspired by natural mechanisms the body uses to control inflammation, we developed a system to enrich regulatory T cells (Tregs) in an allograft. Microparticles were engineered to sustainably release TGF-β1, IL-2, and rapamycin, to induce Treg differentiation from naïve T cells. In a rat hindlimb VCA model, local administration of this Treg-inducing system, referred to as TRI-MP, prolonged allograft survival indefinitely without long-term systemic immunosuppression. TRI-MP treatment reduced expression of inflammatory mediators and enhanced expression of Treg-associated cytokines in allograft tissue. TRI-MP also enriched Treg and reduced inflammatory Th1 populations in allograft draining lymph nodes. This local immunotherapy imparted systemic donor-specific tolerance in otherwise immunocompetent rats, as evidenced by acceptance of secondary skin grafts from the hindlimb donor strain and rejection of skin grafts from a third-party donor strain. Ultimately, this therapeutic approach may reduce, or even eliminate, the need for systemic immunosuppression in VCA or solid organ transplantation.
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23
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Lee C, Guo H, Klinngam W, Janga SR, Yarber F, Peddi S, Edman MC, Tiwari N, Liu S, Louie SG, Hamm-Alvarez SF, MacKay JA. Berunda Polypeptides: Biheaded Rapamycin Carriers for Subcutaneous Treatment of Autoimmune Dry Eye Disease. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:3024-3039. [PMID: 31095909 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The USFDA-approved immunosuppressive drug rapamycin (Rapa), despite its potency, is limited by poor bioavailability and a narrow therapeutic index. In this study, we sought to improve bioavailability of Rapa with subcutaneous (SC) administration and to test its therapeutic feasibility and practicality in a murine model of Sjögren's syndrome (SS), a systemic autoimmune disease with no approved therapies. To improve its therapeutic index, we formulated Rapa with a carrier termed FAF, a fusion of the human cytosolic FK506-binding protein 12 (FKBP12) and an elastin-like polypeptide (ELP). The resulting 97 kDa FAF (i) has minimal burst release, (ii) is "humanized", (iii) is biodegradable, (iv) solubilizes two Rapa per FAF, and (v) avoids organic solvents or amphiphilic carriers. Demonstrating high stability, FAF remained soluble and monodisperse with a hydrodynamic radius of 8 nm at physiological temperature. A complete pharmacokinetic (PK) analysis of FAF revealed that the bioavailability of SC FAF was 60%, with significantly higher blood concentration during the elimination phase compared to IV FAF. The plasma concentration of Rapa delivered by FAF was 8-fold higher with a significantly increased plasma-to-whole blood ratio relative to free Rapa, 24 h after injection. To evaluate therapeutic effects, FAF-Rapa was administered SC every other day for 2 weeks to male non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice, which develop an SS-like autoimmune-mediated lacrimal gland (LG) inflammation and other characteristic features of SS. Both FAF-Rapa and free Rapa exhibited immunomodulatory effects by significantly suppressing lymphocytic infiltration, gene expression of IFN-γ, MHC II, type I collagen and IL-12a, and cathepsin S (CTSS) activity in LG compared to controls. Serum chemistry and histopathological analyses in major organs revealed no apparent toxicity of FAF-Rapa. Given its improved PK and equipotent therapeutic efficacy compared to free Rapa, FAF-Rapa is of further interest for systemic treatments for autoimmune diseases like SS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changrim Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , California 90089 , United States
| | - Hao Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , California 90089 , United States
| | - Wannita Klinngam
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , California 90089 , United States
| | - Srikanth R Janga
- Department of Ophthalmology, USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , California 90089 , United States
| | - Frances Yarber
- Department of Ophthalmology, USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , California 90089 , United States
| | - Santosh Peddi
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , California 90089 , United States
| | - Maria C Edman
- Department of Ophthalmology, USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , California 90089 , United States
| | - Nishant Tiwari
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , California 90089 , United States
| | - Siyu Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , California 90089 , United States
| | - Stan G Louie
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , California 90089 , United States
| | - Sarah F Hamm-Alvarez
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , California 90089 , United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , California 90089 , United States
| | - J Andrew MacKay
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , California 90089 , United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , California 90089 , United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , California 90089 , United States
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Zhang FD, Hao ZQ, Gao W, Xing YQ. Effect of topical 0.05% cyclosporine A on the tear protein lacritin in a rat model of dry eye. Int J Ophthalmol 2019; 12:189-193. [PMID: 30809471 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2019.02.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To observe the effect of topical 0.05% cyclosporine A (CsA) on the ocular surface and tear protein lacritin in a botulinum B-induced dry eye rat model. METHODS A total of 36 female SD rats were randomly divided into 3 groups, botulinum B was injected into the right lacrimal gland of all rats. Group A and group B were treated with 0.05% CsA and 0.1% sodium hyaluronate, respectively, 3 times daily. The control group was not treated. Basal tear flow, corneal epithelial defects, and lacritin levels were measured. RESULTS Tear secretion in all rats was reduced on day 3 and was even lower on day 7 postoperation (P<0.05). Tear secretion in group A increased by day 14 and was at the preoperative level on day 42. Tear secretion in group B and control rats was lower on days 14 and 42 compared with preoperative level (P<0.05). Corneal fluorescein staining in group A was higher on day 3, peaked on day 7, and then decreased gradually from day 7 until day 14, returning to normal by day 42 post-procedure. However, in group B, corneal fluorescein staining had improved, but was not fully recovered by day 42. Corneal fluorescein staining was more intense than before the operation and then in the control group at all time points. Tear protein lacritin levels reached the lowest levels on day 7 in all groups. In group A, tear protein lacritin levels began to increase on day 14 and were normal on day 42. In group B, tear protein lacritin levels began to increase on day 14, but had not completely recovered on day 42. In the control group, tear protein lacritin levels remained low post-procedure. CONCLUSION CsA 0.05% prompts tear protein lacritin expression in a rat model of dry eye and improves the signs and symptoms of dry eye disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fen-Dui Zhang
- Eye Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei Province, China
| | - Zhao-Qin Hao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xi'an No.1 Hospital, Xi'an 710002, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Wei Gao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xi'an No.1 Hospital, Xi'an 710002, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yi-Qiao Xing
- Eye Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei Province, China
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25
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Gammon JM, Jewell CM. Engineering Immune Tolerance with Biomaterials. Adv Healthc Mater 2019; 8:e1801419. [PMID: 30605264 PMCID: PMC6384133 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201801419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases, rejection of transplanted organs and grafts, chronic inflammatory diseases, and immune-mediated rejection of biologic drugs impact a large number of people across the globe. New understanding of immune function is revealing exciting opportunities to help tackle these challenges by harnessing-or correcting-the specificity of immune function. However, realizing this potential requires precision control over the interaction between regulatory immune cues, antigens attacked during inflammation, and the tissues where these processes occur. Engineered materials-such as polymeric and lipid particles, scaffolds, and inorganic materials-offer powerful features that can help to selectively regulate immune function during disease without compromising healthy immune functions. This review highlights some of the exciting developments to leverage biomaterials as carriers, depots, scaffolds-and even as agents with intrinsic immunomodulatory features-to promote immunological tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M. Gammon
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 8278 Paint Branch Drive RM 5110, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Christopher M. Jewell
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 8278 Paint Branch Drive RM 5110, College Park, MD 20742, USA ; Robert E. Fischell Institute for Biomedical Devices, 8278 Paint Branch Drive, College Park, MD 20742, USA; United States Department of Veterans Affairs, Baltimore VA Medical center, 10. N Green Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland Medical School, 685 West Baltimore Street, HSF-I Suite 380, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA; Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, 22 South Greene Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Ratay ML, Balmert SC, Bassin EJ, Little SR. Controlled release of an HDAC inhibitor for reduction of inflammation in dry eye disease. Acta Biomater 2018. [PMID: 29526828 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Dry eye disease (DED), also known as keratoconjunctivitis sicca, is an ocular surface disease characterized by T-cell-mediated inflammation. Current therapeutics, such as immunosuppressive agents, act to suppress the clinical signs and inflammation. However, long-term usage of these treatments can cause severe side effects. In this study, we present an alternative therapeutic approach that utilizes a histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) to regulate transcription of a variety of immunomodulatory genes. Specifically, HDACi have emerged as a potential anti-inflammatory agent, which can modulate the functions of a subset of suppressive T lymphocytes known as regulatory T cells (Tregs), enhancing FoxP3 acetylation and subsequently guarding the transcription factor from proteasomal degradation. Here, a specific HDACi known as SAHA (suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid) was formulated to controllably release in the lacrimal gland. Intralacrimal gland injection of PLGA-based SAHA microspheres prevented clinical signs of DED in mice with Concanavalin A-induced DED, reduced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and increased expression of FoxP3 in the lacrimal glands. Murine T cell culture experiments also revealed that SAHA decreased effector T cell proliferation and enhanced suppressive function of Tregs in co-cultures of Tregs and effector T cells. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE In this study, we demonstrate a therapeutic approach that utilizes a histone deactylase inhibitor (HDACi) to regulate transcription of a variety of immunomodulatory genes. HDACi have emerged as a potential anti-inflammatory agent, which can modulate the functions of a subset of suppressive T lymphocytes known as regulatory T cells (Tregs). Here, HDACi microspheres composed of a biocompatible and biodegradable polymer (poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)), were able to locally release the HDACi and prevent clinical signs of DED. This work is timely given the recent shift in treatments of DED towards immunological based therapies to reduce ocular inflammation. However, notably, many of these treatments require large amounts of drug, and non-specifically suppress the immune system, leading to several systemic side effects. Instead of merely suppressing or blocking inflammation, the formulation described herein intends to balance the microenvironment promoting immunological homeostasis. This particular drug delivery system may also have broad implications in the field of inflammatory mediated ocular disorders such as uveitis, Sjögren's syndrome, allergic conjunctivitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Ratay
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States
| | - Stephen C Balmert
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States
| | - Ethan J Bassin
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
| | - Steven R Little
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15216, United States; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States.
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