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Prete G, D'Elia M, Ceccato I, Palumbo R, Di Crosta A, La Malva P, Mammarella N, Bonanni L, Tommasi L, Di Domenico A, Capotosto P. The role of the right supramarginal gyrus in time estimation: A TMS study. Clin Neurophysiol 2023; 156:16-18. [PMID: 37832321 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2023.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Prete
- Department of Psychological, Health and Territorial Sciences, 'G. d'Annunzio' University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Michele D'Elia
- Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, 'G. d'Annunzio' University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Irene Ceccato
- Department of Psychological, Health and Territorial Sciences, 'G. d'Annunzio' University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.
| | - Rocco Palumbo
- Department of Psychological, Health and Territorial Sciences, 'G. d'Annunzio' University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Adolfo Di Crosta
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, 'G. d'Annunzio' University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Pasquale La Malva
- Department of Psychological, Health and Territorial Sciences, 'G. d'Annunzio' University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Nicola Mammarella
- Department of Psychological, Health and Territorial Sciences, 'G. d'Annunzio' University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Laura Bonanni
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, 'G. d'Annunzio' University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Luca Tommasi
- Department of Psychological, Health and Territorial Sciences, 'G. d'Annunzio' University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Alberto Di Domenico
- Department of Psychological, Health and Territorial Sciences, 'G. d'Annunzio' University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Paolo Capotosto
- Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, 'G. d'Annunzio' University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
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Şen B, Kurtaran NE, Öztürk L. The effect of 24-hour sleep deprivation on subjective time perception. Int J Psychophysiol 2023; 192:91-97. [PMID: 37634768 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2023.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the effect of 24-h total sleep deprivation on subjective time perception. Twenty-five participants aged 18-35 years (13 female and 12 male) were recruited. Time perception and cognitive assessments were performed twice: after a regular night's sleep and following a 24-h sleep deprivation. The retrospective and prospective tasks were used to measure time perception. In order to prevent order effect, the test orders were randomized. The Stroop test and the Wechsler Memory Scale-III were used to evaluate attention, processing speed, and memory. The repeated measures ANOVA was used to examine gender-by-sleep deprivation interactions on time perception. We found that retrospective time perception was significantly prolonged after sleep deprivation (p < 0.05). Women had a shorter prospective time estimation rate after adequate sleep than men, but this difference disappeared after sleep deprivation. The Stroop test showed improvement in cognitive flexibility after sleep deprivation (p < 0.05), and short-term or working memory appeared unaffected by one night of sleep deprivation. There was a negative correlation between sleepiness rate and working memory function in female subgroup. The results suggest that even short-term sleep deprivation can significantly affect time perception, which may have important implications in critical situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Buket Şen
- Trakya University Faculty of Medicine, Edirne, Turkey.
| | | | - Levent Öztürk
- Trakya University Faculty of Medicine, Edirne, Turkey; Trakya University Physiology Department, Edirne, Turkey.
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Tortora F, Hadipour AL, Battaglia S, Falzone A, Avenanti A, Vicario CM. The Role of Serotonin in Fear Learning and Memory: A Systematic Review of Human Studies. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1197. [PMID: 37626553 PMCID: PMC10452575 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13081197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Fear is characterized by distinct behavioral and physiological responses that are essential for the survival of the human species. Fear conditioning (FC) serves as a valuable model for studying the acquisition, extinction, and expression of fear. The serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) system is known to play a significant role in emotional and motivational aspects of human behavior, including fear learning and expression. Accumulating evidence from both animal and human studies suggests that brain regions involved in FC, such as the amygdala, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex, possess a high density of 5-HT receptors, implicating the crucial involvement of serotonin in aversive learning. Additionally, studies exploring serotonin gene polymorphisms have indicated their potential influence on FC. Therefore, the objective of this work was to review the existing evidence linking 5-HT with fear learning and memory in humans. Through a comprehensive screening of the PubMed and Web of Science databases, 29 relevant studies were included in the final review. These studies investigated the relationship between serotonin and fear learning using drug manipulations or by studying 5-HT-related gene polymorphisms. The results suggest that elevated levels of 5-HT enhance aversive learning, indicating that the modulation of serotonin 5-HT2A receptors regulates the expression of fear responses in humans. Understanding the role of this neurochemical messenger in associative aversive learning can provide insights into psychiatric disorders such as anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), among others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Tortora
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cognitive, Psicologiche, Pedagogiche e Degli Studi Culturali, Università Degli Studi di Messina, Via Concezione 6, 98121 Messina, Italy; (F.T.); (A.F.)
| | - Abed L. Hadipour
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cognitive, Psicologiche, Pedagogiche e Degli Studi Culturali, Università Degli Studi di Messina, Via Concezione 6, 98121 Messina, Italy; (F.T.); (A.F.)
| | - Simone Battaglia
- Centro Studi e Ricerche in Neuroscienze Cognitive, Dipartimento di Psicologia “Renzo Canestrari”, Campus di Cesena, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Viale Rasi e Spinelli 176, 47521 Cesena, Italy;
| | - Alessandra Falzone
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cognitive, Psicologiche, Pedagogiche e Degli Studi Culturali, Università Degli Studi di Messina, Via Concezione 6, 98121 Messina, Italy; (F.T.); (A.F.)
| | - Alessio Avenanti
- Centro Studi e Ricerche in Neuroscienze Cognitive, Dipartimento di Psicologia “Renzo Canestrari”, Campus di Cesena, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Viale Rasi e Spinelli 176, 47521 Cesena, Italy;
- Centro de Investigación en Neuropsicología y Neurociencias Cognitivas, Universidad Católica Del Maule, Talca 3460000, Chile
| | - Carmelo M. Vicario
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cognitive, Psicologiche, Pedagogiche e Degli Studi Culturali, Università Degli Studi di Messina, Via Concezione 6, 98121 Messina, Italy; (F.T.); (A.F.)
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Vicario CM, Scavone V, Lucifora C, Falzone A, Pioggia G, Gangemi S, Craparo G, Martino G. Evidence of abnormal scalar timing property in alexithymia. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0278881. [PMID: 36689490 PMCID: PMC9870170 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0278881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests that incidental modulation of affective states affects the ability to keep track of time. Alexithymia represents an ideal condition to further address the emotion-time processing link, as it refers to a trait characterized by a deficit of affective processing. 31 healthy participants completed an online version of the TAS-20 scale, which measures alexithymia, and a time reproduction task of visual stimuli related to positive (i.e., happiness) and negative (i.e., anger) facial expressions. Results documented a positive correlation between TAS-20 score and the variability in reproducing sub-second durations of the anger expression stimuli We also found an overestimation of sub-second durations of non-affective expressions in borderline/alexithymic participants. Finally, in line with the literature, we confirmed the overall tendency to overestimate the duration of anger expression stimuli. These findings, which can be interpreted in terms of abnormal scalar timing property in alexithymia, expand previous investigations linking this personality trait with abnormal processing of negative emotions. The evidence that alexithymia predicts the reproduction variability of sub-second durations of negative affective stimuli corroborates previous neuroimaging studies documenting cerebellar deficits in these individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmelo Mario Vicario
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cognitive, Psicologiche, Pedagogiche e degli studi culturali, Università di Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Vito Scavone
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cognitive, Psicologiche, Pedagogiche e degli studi culturali, Università di Messina, Messina, Italy
| | | | - Alessandra Falzone
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cognitive, Psicologiche, Pedagogiche e degli studi culturali, Università di Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Giovanni Pioggia
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Messina, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Gangemi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università di Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Craparo
- Faculty of Human and Social Sciences, Kore University of Enna, Cittadella Universitaria, Enna, Italy
| | - Gabriella Martino
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università di Messina, Messina, Italy
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Holman EA, Jones NM, Garfin DR, Silver RC. Distortions in time perception during collective trauma: Insights from a national longitudinal study during the COVID-19 pandemic. PSYCHOLOGICAL TRAUMA : THEORY, RESEARCH, PRACTICE AND POLICY 2022:2022-88055-001. [PMID: 35925689 PMCID: PMC9898469 DOI: 10.1037/tra0001326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE During the protracted collective trauma of the COVID-19 pandemic, lay of distorted perceptions of time (e.g., time slowing, days blurring together, uncertainty about the future) have been widespread. Known as "temporal disintegration" in psychiatric literature, these distortions are associated with negative mental health consequences. However, the prevalence and predictors of temporal disintegration are poorly understood. We examined perceptions of time passing and their associations with lifetime stress and trauma and pandemic-related secondary stress as COVID-19 spread across the United States. METHOD A probability-based national sample (N = 5,661) from the NORC AmeriSpeak online panel, which had completed a mental and physical health survey prior to the pandemic, completed two surveys online during March 18-April 18, 2020, and September 26-October 16, 2020. Distorted time perceptions and other pandemic-related experiences were assessed. RESULTS Present focus, blurring weekdays and weekdays together, and uncertainty about the future were common experiences reported by over 65% of the sample 6 months into the pandemic. Half of the sample reported time speeding up or slowing down. Predictors of temporal disintegration include prepandemic mental health diagnoses, daily pandemic-related media exposure and secondary stress (e.g., school closures, lockdown), financial stress, and lifetime stress and trauma exposure. CONCLUSION During the first 6 months of the COVID-19 pandemic, distortions in time perception were very common and associated with prepandemic mental health, lifetime stress and trauma exposure, and pandemic-related media exposure and stressors. Given that temporal disintegration is a risk factor for mental health challenges, these findings have potential implications for public mental health. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Alison Holman
- Sue & Bill Gross School of Nursing, University of California, Irvine,Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine
| | - Nickolas M. Jones
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine
| | - Dana Rose Garfin
- Sue & Bill Gross School of Nursing, University of California, Irvine,Program in Public Health, University of California, Irvine
| | - Roxane Cohen Silver
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine,Program in Public Health, University of California, Irvine
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Correa R, Rodriguez N, Bortolaso M. What is the nature of the alteration of temporality in Trauma-Related Altered States of Consciousness? A neuro-phenomenological analysis✰,✰✰,★,★★. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF TRAUMA & DISSOCIATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejtd.2021.100227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Tasmia SA, Kibria MK, Tuly KF, Islam MA, Khatun MS, Hasan MM, Mollah MNH. Prediction of serine phosphorylation sites mapping on Schizosaccharomyces Pombe by fusing three encoding schemes with the random forest classifier. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2632. [PMID: 35173235 PMCID: PMC8850546 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06529-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Serine phosphorylation is one type of protein post-translational modifications (PTMs), which plays an essential role in various cellular processes and disease pathogenesis. Numerous methods are used for the prediction of phosphorylation sites. However, the traditional wet-lab based experimental approaches are time-consuming, laborious, and expensive. In this work, a computational predictor was proposed to predict serine phosphorylation sites mapping on Schizosaccharomyces pombe (SP) by the fusion of three encoding schemes namely k-spaced amino acid pair composition (CKSAAP), binary and amino acid composition (AAC) with the random forest (RF) classifier. So far, the proposed method is firstly developed to predict serine phosphorylation sites for SP. Both the training and independent test performance scores were used to investigate the success of the proposed RF based fusion prediction model compared to others. We also investigated their performances by 5-fold cross-validation (CV). In all cases, it was observed that the recommended predictor achieves the largest scores of true positive rate (TPR), true negative rate (TNR), accuracy (ACC), Mathew coefficient of correlation (MCC), Area under the ROC curve (AUC) and pAUC (partial AUC) at false positive rate (FPR) = 0.20. Thus, the prediction performance as discussed in this paper indicates that the proposed approach may be a beneficial and motivating computational resource for predicting serine phosphorylation sites in the case of Fungi. The online interface of the software for the proposed prediction model is publicly available at http://mollah-bioinformaticslab-stat.ru.ac.bd/PredSPS/ .
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Affiliation(s)
- Samme Amena Tasmia
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Statistics, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205, Bangladesh
| | - Md Kaderi Kibria
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Statistics, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205, Bangladesh
| | - Khanis Farhana Tuly
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Statistics, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205, Bangladesh
| | - Md Ariful Islam
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Statistics, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205, Bangladesh
| | - Mst Shamima Khatun
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Md Mehedi Hasan
- Tulane Center for Biomedical Informatics and Genomics, Division of Biomedical Informatics and Genomics, John W. Deming Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Md Nurul Haque Mollah
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Statistics, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205, Bangladesh.
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Vicario CM, Martino G, Lucifora C, Felmingham K. Preliminary evidence on the neural correlates of timing deficit in post-traumatic stress disorder. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2022; 13:2008151. [PMID: 35096283 PMCID: PMC8794066 DOI: 10.1080/20008198.2021.2008151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
It has recently been suggested that a deficit in time processing may be considered a cognitive marker of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). However, the neural correlates of this cognitive deficit in PTSD remain unknown. Voxel-based morphometry and supra-second perceptual time processing data from 8 participants with PTSD and 19 healthy controls have been examined. In line with previous investigations, PTSD patients overestimated the duration of the displayed stimuli. Moreover, their time estimation was more variable than that of controls. Critically, compared to controls, a higher grey matter volume was reported in most of neural regions of PTSD canonically associated with supra-second perceptual timing. These data provide preliminary evidence that the abnormal neuroplasticity of this neural network may be responsible for the altered experience of time in PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmelo M Vicario
- Dipartimento Di Scienze Cognitive, Psicologiche, Pedagogiche E Degli Studi Culturali, Università Di Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Gabriella Martino
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Chiara Lucifora
- Dipartimento Di Scienze Cognitive, Psicologiche, Pedagogiche E Degli Studi Culturali, Università Di Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Kim Felmingham
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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9
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Liu L, Bulley A, Irish M. Subjective Time in Dementia: A Critical Review. Brain Sci 2021; 11:1502. [PMID: 34827501 PMCID: PMC8616021 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11111502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The capacity for subjective time in humans encompasses the perception of time's unfolding from moment to moment, as well as the ability to traverse larger temporal expanses of past- and future-oriented thought via mental time travel. Disruption in time perception can result in maladaptive outcomes-from the innocuous lapse in timing that leads to a burnt piece of toast, to the grievous miscalculation that produces a traffic accident-while disruption to mental time travel can impact core functions from planning appointments to making long-term decisions. Mounting evidence suggests that disturbances to both time perception and mental time travel are prominent in dementia syndromes. Given that such disruptions can have severe consequences for independent functioning in everyday life, here we aim to provide a comprehensive exposition of subjective timing dysfunction in dementia, with a view to informing the management of such disturbances. We consider the neurocognitive mechanisms underpinning changes to both time perception and mental time travel across different dementia disorders. Moreover, we explicate the functional implications of altered subjective timing by reference to two key and representative adaptive capacities: prospective memory and intertemporal decision-making. Overall, our review sheds light on the transdiagnostic implications of subjective timing disturbances in dementia and highlights the high variability in performance across clinical syndromes and functional domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Liu
- School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (L.L.); (A.B.)
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Adam Bulley
- School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (L.L.); (A.B.)
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02138, USA
| | - Muireann Irish
- School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (L.L.); (A.B.)
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
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Alexithymia Is Linked with a Negative Bias for Past and Current Events in Healthy Humans. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18136696. [PMID: 34206284 PMCID: PMC8296935 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18136696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Although research provides a rich literature about the influence of emotional states on temporal cognition, evidence about the influence of the style of emotion processing, as a personality trait, on temporal cognition is extremely limited. We provide a novel contribution to the field by exploring the relationship between difficulties of identifying and describing feelings and emotions (alexithymia) and time perspective. One hundred and forty-two healthy participants completed an online version of the TAS-20 scale, which measures alexithymia, and the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory, which monitors individual differences in time-orientation regarding the past, present, and future. The results show greater attention to past negative aspects in participants whose TAS-20 score was indicating borderline or manifest alexithymia, as compared to non-alexithymic individuals. Moreover, the higher the TAS-20 score, the higher the tendency was to focus on negative aspects of the past and interpret the present fatalistically. These results suggest that difficulties in identifying and describing feelings and emotions are associated with a negative bias for past and present events. Theoretical and clinical implications of this finding are discussed.
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Neurophysiological relationship of neuromuscular fatigue and stress disorder in PTSD patients. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2020; 24:386-394. [PMID: 33218539 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2020.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Apart from mental disorders, other complications that have been reported in some patients with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), include physical pain and being quick to fatigue, which can severely affect the patients' daily life. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the relationship between PTSD and physical fatigue in people with PTSD. METHOD 18 military men with (n = 9) and without PTSD (n = 9), with an age range of 45-60 years, volunteered to participate. They were randomly assigned into two groups: PTSD and non-PTSD groups. Recording of the surface electromyography (EMG) in a specific muscle was conducted twice in both groups, once at baseline and then again after a single session of fatiguing exercise. Data were analyzed by ANOVA with repeated measure (2✕2) at the significance level of 0.05. RESULTS Results showed that there was a significant main effect of intervention on electrical activity and neural conduction variables in the PTSD group (p = 0.04, p = 0.02). There was also an effect of time for the both variables (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION Stress disorders may affect the time to fatigue in PTSD patients and subsequently cause some difficulties in their daily life.
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Cáceda R, Carbajal JM, Salomon RM, Moore JE, Perlman G, Padala PR, Hasan A, Delgado PL. Slower perception of time in depressed and suicidal patients. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2020; 40:4-16. [PMID: 33004229 PMCID: PMC7655720 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2020.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Effective suicide prevention is hindered by a limited understanding of the natural progression and neurobiology of the suicidal process. Our objective was to characterize the duration of the suicidal process and its relation to possible determinants: time judgment and cognitive impulsivity. In four groups of adults of both sexes including recent suicide attempters (n = 57), suicidal ideators (n = 131), non-suicidal depressed controls (n = 51) and healthy controls (n = 48) we examined time estimation and production, impulsivity and other cognitive variables. Duration of the suicidal process was recorded in suicide attempters. The suicide process duration, suicide contemplation and action intervals, had a bimodal distribution, ∼40% of attempters took less than 5 min from decision to attempt. Time slowing correlated negatively with the suicidal action interval (time from the decision to kill oneself to suicide attempt) (p = .003). Individuals with suicide contemplation interval shorter than three hours showed increased time slowing, measured as shorter time production at 35 s (p = .011) and 43 s (p = .036). Delay discounting for rewards correlated with time estimation at 25 min (p = .02) and 90 s (p = .01). Time slowing correlated positively with suicidal ideation severity, independently of depression severity (p < .001). Perception of time slowing may influence both the intensity and the duration of the suicidal process. Time slowing may initially be triggered by intense psychological pain, then worsen the perception of inescapability in suicidal patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Cáceda
- Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
| | | | - Ronald M Salomon
- Psychiatric Research Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Jordan E Moore
- Psychiatric Research Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Greg Perlman
- Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Prasad R Padala
- Psychiatric Research Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA; Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, North Little Rock VA Medical Center, USA
| | - Abdullah Hasan
- Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Pedro L Delgado
- Psychiatric Research Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
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Lobo I, Campagnoli RR, Figueira JS, Andrade I, Figueira I, Gama C, Gonçalves RM, Keil A, Pereira MG, Volchan E, Oliveira L, David IA. Hidden wounds of violence: Abnormal motor oscillatory brain activity is related to posttraumatic stress symptoms. Neuroimage 2020; 224:117404. [PMID: 32971264 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Victims of urban violence are at risk of developing Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), one of the most debilitating consequences of violence. Considering that PTSD may be associated with inefficient selection of defensive responses, it is important to understand the relation between motor processing and PTSD. The present study aims to investigate the extent to which the severity of posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) is related to motor preparation against visual threat cues in victims of urban violence. Participants performed a choice reaction time task while ignoring a picture that could be threating or neutral. The EEG indices extracted were the motor-related amplitude asymmetry (MRAA) in the alpha frequency range, and the lateralized readiness potential (LRP). We observed a linear relation between longer LRP latency and a slower reaction time, selectively during threat processing (compared to neutral) in low PTSS, but not in high PTSS participants. Alpha MRAA suppression and the PTSS were also linearly related: the smaller the alpha MRAA suppression in the threat condition relative to neutral, the greater the PTSS. These results provide evidence that threatening cues affect motor processing that is modulated by the severity of PTSS in victims of urban violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabela Lobo
- Grupo de Psicobiologia, Laboratório Integrado de Morfologia. Instituto de Biodiversidade e Sustentabilidade, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Macaé, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rafaela R Campagnoli
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia do Comportamento, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rua Hernani Pires de Mello, 101, Niterói, RJ 24210-130, Brazil; Departamento de Neurobiologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Jéssica S Figueira
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia do Comportamento, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rua Hernani Pires de Mello, 101, Niterói, RJ 24210-130, Brazil; Center for the Study of Emotion and Attention, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
| | - Isabela Andrade
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia do Comportamento, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rua Hernani Pires de Mello, 101, Niterói, RJ 24210-130, Brazil; Departamento de Neurobiologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ivan Figueira
- Laboratório Integrado de Pesquisa do Estresse. Instituto de Psiquiatria, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Camila Gama
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia do Comportamento, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rua Hernani Pires de Mello, 101, Niterói, RJ 24210-130, Brazil
| | - Raquel M Gonçalves
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia do Comportamento, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rua Hernani Pires de Mello, 101, Niterói, RJ 24210-130, Brazil
| | - Andreas Keil
- Center for the Study of Emotion and Attention, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
| | - Mirtes G Pereira
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia do Comportamento, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rua Hernani Pires de Mello, 101, Niterói, RJ 24210-130, Brazil
| | - Eliane Volchan
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia II. Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Leticia Oliveira
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia do Comportamento, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rua Hernani Pires de Mello, 101, Niterói, RJ 24210-130, Brazil
| | - Isabel A David
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia do Comportamento, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rua Hernani Pires de Mello, 101, Niterói, RJ 24210-130, Brazil; Departamento de Neurobiologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil.
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Vicario CM, Nitsche MA, Salehinejad MA, Avanzino L, Martino G. Time Processing, Interoception, and Insula Activation: A Mini-Review on Clinical Disorders. Front Psychol 2020; 11:1893. [PMID: 32973605 PMCID: PMC7461974 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Time processing is a multifaceted skill crucial for managing different aspects of life. In the current work, we explored the relationship between interoception and time processing by examining research on clinical models. We investigated whether time processing deficits are associated with dysfunction of the interoceptive system and/or insular cortex activity, which is crucial in decoding internal body signaling. Furthermore, we explored whether insular activation predicts the subjective experience of time (i.e., the subjective duration of a target stimulus to be timed). Overall, our work suggests that alteration of the interoceptive system could be a common psychophysiological hallmark of mental disorders affected by time processing deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmelo Mario Vicario
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cognitive, Psicologiche, Pedagogiche e Degli Studi Culturali, Università di Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Michael A Nitsche
- Department of Psychology and Neurosciences, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Mohammad A Salehinejad
- Department of Psychology and Neurosciences, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Laura Avanzino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology and Centro Polifunzionale di Scienze Motorie, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Gabriella Martino
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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15
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Anxiety makes time pass quicker while fear has no effect. Cognition 2019; 197:104116. [PMID: 31883966 PMCID: PMC7033556 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2019.104116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
People often say that during unpleasant events, e.g. traumatic incidents such as car accidents, time slows down (i.e. time is overestimated). However aversive events can elicit at least two dissociable subtypes of reactions: fear (transient and relating to an imminent event) and anxiety (diffuse and relating to an unpredictable event). We hypothesised that anxiety might have an opposite effect on time perception compared to fear. To test this we combined a robust anxiety manipulation (threat-of-shock) with a widely used timing task in which participants judged whether the duration of a stimulus was long or short. In line with our hypothesis, across three experiments (with varying stimulus timings and shock levels), participants significantly underestimated time under inducted anxiety, as indicated by a rightward shift of the psychophysical function (meta-analytic effect size: d = 0.68, 95% confidence interval: 0.42-0.94). In two further studies, we were unable to replicate previous findings that fear leads to time overestimation, after adapting our temporal cognition task, which suggests a dissociation between fear and anxiety on how they affect time perception. Our results suggest that experimentally inducing anxiety leads to underestimating the duration of temporal intervals, which might be a starting point in explaining different subjective experiences of disorders related to fear (e.g. post-traumatic stress disorder) and anxiety (e.g. generalised anxiety disorder).
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Vicario CM, Caruso V, Craparo G, Felmingham K. Time is overestimated in obesity: A cohort study. J Health Psychol 2019; 26:771-785. [PMID: 30990091 DOI: 10.1177/1359105319842937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Food addiction and high impulsivity are common traits in obesity. In accordance with the evidence that time is overestimated in patients with a history of impulsivity and/or drug addiction, we tested the hypothesis that duration is overestimated in obesity. A total of 92 obese participants and 182 healthy controls completed a timing task of visual stimuli. In line with our prediction, obese participants overestimated the duration of the displayed visual stimuli than controls. Our result has potential clinical implications in the field of obesity, as it suggests a potential contribution of this cognitive dysfunction in the emergence and maintenance of obesity-related behaviour.
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Vicario CM, Felmingham K. The Perception of Time Is Underestimated in Adolescents With Anorexia Nervosa. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:121. [PMID: 29686631 PMCID: PMC5900033 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Research has revealed reduced temporal discounting (i.e., increased capacity to delay reward) and altered interoceptive awareness in anorexia nervosa (AN). In line with the research linking temporal underestimation with a reduced tendency to devalue a reward and reduced interoceptive awareness, we tested the hypothesis that time duration might be underestimated in AN. Our findings revealed that patients with AN displayed lower timing accuracy in the form of timing underestimation compared with controls. These results were not predicted by clinical, demographic factors, attention, and working memory performance of the participants. The evidence of a temporal underestimation bias in AN might be clinically relevant to explain their abnormal motivation in pursuing a long-term restrictive diet, in line with the evidence that increasing the subjective temporal proximity of remote future goals can boost motivation and the actual behavior to reach them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmelo M Vicario
- School of Psychology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia.,Dipartimento di Scienze Cognitive, Psicologiche, Pedagogiche e degli Studi Culturali, Messina, Italy.,Department of Psychology and Neurosciences Leibniz Research Center for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Kim Felmingham
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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