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Hooda P, Al-Dosari M, Sinha N, Parvez MK, Sehgal D. Inhibition of HEV Replication by FDA-Approved RdRp Inhibitors. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:41570-41578. [PMID: 37969986 PMCID: PMC10633873 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c05637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is primarily a hepatotropic virus that is responsible for acute hepatitis E in the general population and for chronic hepatitis in immunocompromised individuals. In the absence of a globally accessible vaccine, pegylated interferon-α and ribavirin are the only antiviral agents available for the treatment of chronic patients. As viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerases (RdRps) are indispensable for RNA replication, they are considered potential drug targets. In this study, we screened some well-known RdRp inhibitor molecules, notably, favipiravir, sofosbuvir, remdesivir, filibuvir, and tegobuvir. Of these, monotherapy with favipiravir and sofosbuvir inhibited the RdRp activity with an IC50 value of 10.2 ± 4.9 and 5.2 ± 2.9 μM, respectively, compared to the reference drug ribavirin (3.5 ± 1.6 μM). Further investigation of the combination therapy showed a reduction in viral RNA copy numbers by approximately 90%. Therefore, favipiravir has an additive effect when used with sofosbuvir. Therefore, we propose that favipiravir is a promising anti-HEV drug that can be used in combination with sofosbuvir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Hooda
- Virology
Lab, Department of Life Sciences, Shiv Nadar
Institute of Eminence, Gautam Budh
Nagar 201314, India
| | - Mohammed Al-Dosari
- Department
of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King
Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Neha Sinha
- Department
of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Mohammad K. Parvez
- Department
of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King
Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Deepak Sehgal
- Virology
Lab, Department of Life Sciences, Shiv Nadar
Institute of Eminence, Gautam Budh
Nagar 201314, India
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2
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Khuroo MS. Discovery of Hepatitis E and Its Impact on Global Health: A Journey of 44 Years about an Incredible Human-Interest Story. Viruses 2023; 15:1745. [PMID: 37632090 PMCID: PMC10459142 DOI: 10.3390/v15081745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The story of the discovery of hepatitis E originated in the late 1970s with my extreme belief that there was a hidden saga in the relationship between jaundice and pregnancy in developing countries and the opportunity for a massive epidemic of viral hepatitis, which hit the Gulmarg Kashmir region in November 1978. Based on data collected from a door-to-door survey, the existence of a new disease, epidemic non-A, non-B hepatitis, caused by a hitherto unknown hepatitis virus, was announced. This news was received by the world community with hype and skepticism. In the early 1980s, the world watched in awe as an extreme example of human self-experimentation led to the identification of VLP. In 1990, a cDNA clone from the virus responsible for epidemic non-A, non-B hepatitis was isolated. Over the years, we traversed three eras of ambiguity, hope, and hype of hepatitis E research and conducted several seminal studies to understand the biology of HEV and manifestations of hepatitis E. Many milestones have been reached on the long and winding road of hepatitis E research to understand the structure, biology, and diversity of the agent, changing the behavior of the pathogen in developed countries, and the discovery of a highly effective vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Sultan Khuroo
- Digestive Diseases Centre, Dr. Khuroo's Medical Clinic, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir 190010, India
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3
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BAHA S, ZHANG M, BEHLOUL N, LIU Z, WEI W, MENG J. Efficient production and characterization of immunogenic HEV-PCV2 chimeric virus-like particles. Vet Microbiol 2022; 268:109410. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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The Capsid (ORF2) Protein of Hepatitis E Virus in Feces Is C-Terminally Truncated. Pathogens 2021; 11:pathogens11010024. [PMID: 35055972 PMCID: PMC8779013 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a causative agent of hepatitis E. HEV virions in circulating blood and culture media are quasi-enveloped, while those in feces are nonenveloped. The capsid (ORF2) protein associated with an enveloped HEV virion is reported to comprise the translation product of leucine 14/methionine 16 to 660 (C-terminal end). However, the nature of the ORF2 protein associated with fecal HEV remains unclear. In the present study, we compared the molecular size of the ORF2 protein among fecal HEV, cell-culture-generated HEV (HEVcc), and detergent-treated protease-digested HEVcc. The ORF2 proteins associated with fecal HEV were C-terminally truncated and showed the same size as those of the detergent-treated protease-digested HEVcc virions (60 kDa), in contrast to those of the HEVcc (68 kDa). The structure prediction of the ORF2 protein (in line with previous studies) demonstrated that the C-terminal region (54 amino acids) of an ORF2 protein is in flux, suggesting that proteases target this region. The nonenveloped nondigested HEV structure prediction indicates that the C-terminal region of the ORF2 protein moves to the surface of the virion and is unnecessary for HEV infection. Our findings clarify the maturation of nonenveloped HEV and will be useful for studies on the HEV lifecycle.
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Jofre BL, Eliçabe RJ, Silva JE, Pérez Sáez JM, Paez MD, Callegari E, Mariño KV, Di Genaro MS, Rabinovich GA, Davicino RC. Galectin-1 Cooperates with Yersinia Outer Protein (Yop) P to Thwart Protective Immunity by Repressing Nitric Oxide Production. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1636. [PMID: 34827634 PMCID: PMC8615707 DOI: 10.3390/biom11111636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Yersinia enterocolitica (Ye) inserts outer proteins (Yops) into cytoplasm to infect host cells. However, in spite of considerable progress, the mechanisms implicated in this process, including the association of Yops with host proteins, remain unclear. Here, we evaluated the functional role of Galectin-1 (Gal1), an endogenous β-galactoside-binding protein, in modulating Yop interactions with host cells. Our results showed that Gal1 binds to Yops in a carbohydrate-dependent manner. Interestingly, Gal1 binding to Yops protects these virulence factors from trypsin digestion. Given that early control of Ye infection involves activation of macrophages, we evaluated the role of Gal1 and YopP in the modulation of macrophage function. Although Gal1 and YopP did not influence production of superoxide anion and/or TNF by Ye-infected macrophages, they coordinately inhibited nitric oxide (NO) production. Notably, recombinant Gal1 (rGal1) did not rescue NO increase observed in Lgals1-/- macrophages infected with the YopP mutant Ye ∆yopP. Whereas NO induced apoptosis in macrophages, no significant differences in cell death were detected between Gal1-deficient macrophages infected with Ye ∆yopP, and WT macrophages infected with Ye wt. Strikingly, increased NO production was found in WT macrophages treated with MAPK inhibitors and infected with Ye wt. Finally, rGal1 administration did not reverse the protective effect in Peyer Patches (PPs) of Lgals1-/- mice infected with Ye ∆yopP. Our study reveals a cooperative role of YopP and endogenous Gal1 during Ye infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Lucila Jofre
- División de Inmunología, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis CP5700, Argentina; (B.L.J.); (R.J.E.); (J.E.S.); (M.S.D.G.)
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas (IMIBIO), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), San Luis C5700, Argentina
| | - Ricardo Javier Eliçabe
- División de Inmunología, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis CP5700, Argentina; (B.L.J.); (R.J.E.); (J.E.S.); (M.S.D.G.)
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas (IMIBIO), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), San Luis C5700, Argentina
| | - Juan Eduardo Silva
- División de Inmunología, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis CP5700, Argentina; (B.L.J.); (R.J.E.); (J.E.S.); (M.S.D.G.)
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas (IMIBIO), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), San Luis C5700, Argentina
| | - Juan Manuel Pérez Sáez
- Laboratorio de Glicomedicina, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IBYME-CONICET), Buenos Aires C1428ADN, Argentina; (J.M.P.S.); (G.A.R.)
| | - Maria Daniela Paez
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 66544, USA; (M.D.P.); (E.C.)
| | - Eduardo Callegari
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 66544, USA; (M.D.P.); (E.C.)
| | - Karina Valeria Mariño
- Laboratorio de Glicómica Funcional y Molecular, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IBYME-CONICET), Buenos Aires C1428ADN, Argentina;
| | - María Silvia Di Genaro
- División de Inmunología, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis CP5700, Argentina; (B.L.J.); (R.J.E.); (J.E.S.); (M.S.D.G.)
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas (IMIBIO), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), San Luis C5700, Argentina
| | - Gabriel Adrián Rabinovich
- Laboratorio de Glicomedicina, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IBYME-CONICET), Buenos Aires C1428ADN, Argentina; (J.M.P.S.); (G.A.R.)
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1428, Argentina
| | - Roberto Carlos Davicino
- División de Inmunología, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis CP5700, Argentina; (B.L.J.); (R.J.E.); (J.E.S.); (M.S.D.G.)
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas (IMIBIO), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), San Luis C5700, Argentina
- Roberto Davicino, División de Inmunología, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Ejercito de los Andes 950, San Luis CP5700, Argentina
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Lu T, Behloul N, Zhou Y, Baha S, Liu Z, Wei W, Shi RH, Meng J. Hepatitis E Virus Capsid as a Carrier of Exogenous Antigens for the Development of Chimeric Virus-Like Particles. Intervirology 2021; 65:37-48. [PMID: 34695827 DOI: 10.1159/000515719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Virus-like particles (VLPs), self-assembled multiprotein structures, can stimulate robust immune responses due to their structural similarity to native virions that allow the presentation of multiple copies of the target epitopes. Utilizing VLPs as vaccine platforms to present exogenous antigens is a promising and challenging approach in the vaccine development field. This study investigates the potential of the truncated hepatitis E virus (HEV) capsid as a VLP platform to present foreign antigens. METHODS The S and M domains of the HEV capsid protein were selected as the optimal carrier (CaSM). The exogenous antigen Seq8 containing 3 neutralizing epitopes from 3 different foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) strains was linked to the C-terminal of CaSM to construct a chimeric VLP (CaSM-Seq8). The chimeric particles were produced in Escherichia coli, and their morphology, physicochemical properties, antigenicity, and immunogenicity were analyzed. RESULTS Morphological analysis showed that CaSM-Seq8 self-assembled into VLPs similar to CaSM VLPs (∼26 nm in diameter) but smaller than native HEV virions. Further, the thermal stability and the resistance to enzymatic proteolysis of Seq8 were enhanced when it was attached to the CaSM carrier. The antigenicity analysis revealed a more robust reactivity against anti-FMDV antibodies when Seq8 was presented on CaSM particles. Upon injection into mice, FMDV-specific IgGs induced by CaSM-Seq8 appeared earlier, increased faster, and maintained higher levels for a longer time than those induced by Seq8 alone or the inactivated FMDV vaccine. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated the potential of utilizing the truncated HEV capsid as an antigen-presenting platform for the development of chimeric VLP immunogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Nouredine Behloul
- College of Basic Medicine, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Sarra Baha
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhenzhen Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenjuan Wei
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rui-Hua Shi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jihong Meng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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7
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Zhou Z, Xie Y, Wu C, Nan Y. The Hepatitis E Virus Open Reading Frame 2 Protein: Beyond Viral Capsid. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:739124. [PMID: 34690982 PMCID: PMC8529240 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.739124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a zoonotic pathogen causing hepatitis in both human and animal hosts, which is responsible for acute hepatitis E outbreaks worldwide. The 7.2 kb genome of the HEV encodes three well-defined open reading frames (ORFs), where the ORF2 translation product acts as the major virion component to form the viral capsid. In recent years, besides forming the capsid, more functions have been revealed for the HEV-ORF2 protein, and it appears that HEV-ORF2 plays multiple functions in both viral replication and pathogenesis. In this review, we systematically summarize the recent research advances regarding the function of the HEV-ORF2 protein such as application in the development of a vaccine, regulation of the innate immune response and cellular signaling, involvement in host tropism and participation in HEV pathogenesis as a novel secretory factor. Progress in understanding more of the function of HEV-ORF2 protein beyond the capsid protein would contribute to improved control and treatment of HEV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaobin Zhou
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, China
| | - Yinqian Xie
- Shaanxi Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Xi’an, China
| | - Chunyan Wu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, China
| | - Yuchen Nan
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, China
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Wei W, Behloul N, Wang W, Baha S, Liu Z, Shi R, Meng J. Chitosan Nanoparticles Loaded with Truncated ORF2 Protein as an Oral Vaccine Candidate against Hepatitis E. Macromol Biosci 2021; 21:e2000375. [PMID: 33624916 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202000375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In a continuous effort to develop effective vaccines against hepatitis E (HE), oral vaccine nanoparticles using the truncated capsid protein p146 (aa460-605) are formulated and characterized. To improve the immunogenicity of p146, chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) are used as a mucosal delivery system. Next, the physical-chemical properties, cytotoxic effects in vitro, and immunogenicity in mice of the produced NPs are analyzed. The results show that the produced CS/p146 NPs are stable and well dispersive and display a near-spherical shape with a mean size of 200-300 nm. The findings also demonstrate high encapsulation efficiency (65-73.9%) and loading capacity (27.7-67.5%) of the formulated nanoparticles. Further, the CS/p146 NPs exhibit low cytotoxicity and an obvious sustained-release effect in vitro. Immunogenicity experiments in mice indicate that CS/p146 NPs can induce antigen-specific systemic and mucosal immune responses higher than the purified p146 do. Besides, the expression levels and mRNA transcription of Interleukin (IL)-4 in spleen cells of CS/p146 NPs-immunized mice are higher than those of p146, indicating that a Th2-mediated cellular immune response is activated by the CS/p146 NPs. Overall, the synthesized CS/p146 NPs display promising properties as a potential HE oral vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Wei
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210029, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China
| | - Nouredine Behloul
- College of Basic Medicine, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, 201318, China
| | - Weiqi Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China
| | - Sarra Baha
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China
| | - Zhenzhen Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China
| | - Ruihua Shi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China
| | - Jihong Meng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China.,College of Basic Medicine, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, 201318, China
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Behloul N, Baha S, Liu Z, Wei W, Zhu Y, Rao Y, Shi R, Meng J. Design and development of a chimeric vaccine candidate against zoonotic hepatitis E and foot-and-mouth disease. Microb Cell Fact 2020; 19:137. [PMID: 32653038 PMCID: PMC7352093 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-020-01394-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Zoonotic hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection emerged as a serious threat in the industrialized countries. The aim of this study is exploring a new approach for the control of zoonotic HEV in its main host (swine) through the design and development of an economically interesting chimeric vaccine against HEV and against a devastating swine infection: the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) infection. Results First, we adopted a computational approach for rational and effective screening of the different HEV-FMDV chimeric proteins. Next, we further expressed and purified the selected chimeric immunogens in Escherichia coli (E. coli) using molecular cloning techniques. Finally, we assessed the antigenicity and immunogenicity profiles of the chimeric vaccine candidates. Following this methodology, we designed and successfully produced an HEV-FMDV chimeric vaccine candidate (Seq 8-P222) that was highly over-expressed in E. coli as a soluble protein and could self-assemble into virus-like particles. Moreover, the vaccine candidate was thermo-stable and exhibited optimal antigenicity and immunogenicity properties. Conclusion This study provides new insights into the vaccine development technology by using bioinformatics for the selection of the best candidates from larger sets prior to experimentation. It also presents the first HEV-FMDV chimeric protein produced in E. coli as a promising chimeric vaccine candidate that could participate in reducing the transmission of zoonotic HEV to humans while preventing the highly contagious foot-and-mouth disease in swine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nouredine Behloul
- College of Basic Medicine, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, 279 Zhouzhu Highway, Pudong New Area, Shanghai, 201318, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, 87 Dijiaqiao Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210009, China
| | - Sarra Baha
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, 87 Dijiaqiao Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210009, China
| | - Zhenzhen Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, 87 Dijiaqiao Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210009, China
| | - Wenjuan Wei
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, 87 Dijiaqiao Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210009, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhu
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Yuliang Rao
- College of Basic Medicine, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, 279 Zhouzhu Highway, Pudong New Area, Shanghai, 201318, China
| | - Ruihua Shi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, 87 Dijiaqiao Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210009, China.
| | - Jihong Meng
- College of Basic Medicine, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, 279 Zhouzhu Highway, Pudong New Area, Shanghai, 201318, China. .,Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, 87 Dijiaqiao Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210009, China.
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Di Martino B, Lanave G, Di Profio F, Melegari I, Marsilio F, Camero M, Catella C, Capozza P, Bányai K, Barrs VR, Buonavoglia C, Martella V. Identification of feline calicivirus in cats with enteritis. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:2579-2588. [PMID: 32359195 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Feline calicivirus (FCV) is a major pathogen of cats associated with either respiratory disease or systemic disease, but its possible role as an enteric pathogen is neglected. Using RT-PCR, the RNA of FCV was identified in 25.9% (62/239) of stools of cats with enteritis and in 0/58 (0%) of cats without diarrhoea or other clinical signs. Isolates of enteric origin were obtained and a large 3.2-kb portion of the genome was sequenced, encompassing the 3' end of the RNA polymerase, the capsid protein precursor and the minor capsid protein. Also, the complete genome sequence of one such strain, the 160/2015/ITA, was determined. Upon sequence analysis, the enteric viruses were found to be genetically heterogeneous and to differ from each other and from isolates of respiratory origin. The enteric isolates were found to be more resistant to low pH conditions, to trypsin and to bile treatment than respiratory isolates. Overall, these findings are consistent with the hypothesis that some FCVs may acquire enteric tropism and eventually act as enteric pathogens. Whether this enteric tropism is maintained stably and whether it may affect, to some extent, the ability of the virus to trigger the classical and/or hypervirulent forms of disease should be assessed. Also, FCV should be included in the diagnostic algorithms of enteric diseases of cats to gain further information about FCV strains displaying enteric pathotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Di Martino
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università Aldo Moro di Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | - Gianvito Lanave
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Federica Di Profio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università Aldo Moro di Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | - Irene Melegari
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università Aldo Moro di Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | - Fulvio Marsilio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università Aldo Moro di Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | - Michele Camero
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Cristiana Catella
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Paolo Capozza
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Krisztián Bányai
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Vanessa R Barrs
- Department of Public Health & Infectious Diseases, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Canio Buonavoglia
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Vito Martella
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Teramo, Teramo, Italy
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Liu Z, Behloul N, Baha S, Wei W, Tao W, Zhang T, Li W, Shi R, Meng J. Role of the C-terminal cysteines in virus-like particle formation and oligomerization of the hepatitis E virus ORF2 truncated proteins. Virology 2020; 544:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2020.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Revised: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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12
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Liu Z, Behloul N, Baha S, Wei W, Shi R, Meng J. Design and immunogenicity analysis of the combined vaccine against zoonotic hepatitis E and foot-and-mouth disease. Vaccine 2019; 37:6922-6930. [PMID: 31604580 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIM Design and immunogenicity assessment of the combined vaccine candidate against zoonotic hepatitis E virus (HEV) and foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV). METHODS Using the molecular cloning technology, we produced and purified 9 HEV ORF2-truncated proteins (HEV genotype 4). Then, we compared their thermal stability, antigenicity, and immunogenicity to select the best HEV immunogen. Next, we used the adjuvant Montanide ISA-206 to prepare different formulations of HEV vaccine alone, FMDV vaccine alone and HEV-FMDV combined vaccine. The formulations were injected into mice and the induced humoral immune responses were monitored up 12 weeks post-immunization. RESULTS The HEV p222 protein could self-assemble into VLPs (∼34 nm) and showed higher stability and better antigenicity/immunogenicity than the other HEV antigens, thus it was selected as the best HEV immunogen. Mice immunization with the FMDV vaccine alone induced high FMDV-specific antibody titers in a dose-dependent manner; the HEV p222 protein also induced high levels of anti-HEV antibodies but in a dose-independent manner. The HEV-FMDV combination induced anti-FMDV antibody titers 7-16-fold higher than the titers induced by the FMDV vaccine alone, and HEV-specific antibody titers 2.4-fold higher than those induced by the HEV p222 antigen alone. CONCLUSION Herein, we proposed a new approach for the control of zoonotic HEV infection through its control in its main host (pig). We also designed the first HEV-FMDV combined vaccine and the preliminary analyses revealed a synergistic effect on the immunogenicity of both HEV and FMDV antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Nouredine Behloul
- College of Basic Medicine, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Sarra Baha
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenjuan Wei
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ruihua Shi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Jihong Meng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; College of Basic Medicine, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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