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Cushing CA, Dawes AJ, Hofmann SG, Lau H, LeDoux JE, Taschereau-Dumouchel V. A generative adversarial model of intrusive imagery in the human brain. PNAS NEXUS 2023; 2:pgac265. [PMID: 36733294 PMCID: PMC9887942 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgac265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying the subjective experiences of mental disorders remain poorly understood. This is partly due to long-standing over-emphasis on behavioral and physiological symptoms and a de-emphasis of the patient's subjective experiences when searching for treatments. Here, we provide a new perspective on the subjective experience of mental disorders based on findings in neuroscience and artificial intelligence (AI). Specifically, we propose the subjective experience that occurs in visual imagination depends on mechanisms similar to generative adversarial networks that have recently been developed in AI. The basic idea is that a generator network fabricates a prediction of the world, and a discriminator network determines whether it is likely real or not. Given that similar adversarial interactions occur in the two major visual pathways of perception in people, we explored whether we could leverage this AI-inspired approach to better understand the intrusive imagery experiences of patients suffering from mental illnesses such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and acute stress disorder. In our model, a nonconscious visual pathway generates predictions of the environment that influence the parallel but interacting conscious pathway. We propose that in some patients, an imbalance in these adversarial interactions leads to an overrepresentation of disturbing content relative to current reality, and results in debilitating flashbacks. By situating the subjective experience of intrusive visual imagery in the adversarial interaction of these visual pathways, we propose testable hypotheses on novel mechanisms and clinical applications for controlling and possibly preventing symptoms resulting from intrusive imagery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody A Cushing
- Department of Psychology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Alexei J Dawes
- RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0106, Japan
| | - Stefan G Hofmann
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Philipps-University Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Hakwan Lau
- RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0106, Japan
| | - Joseph E LeDoux
- Center for Neural Science and Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY, 10012, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical School, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Vincent Taschereau-Dumouchel
- Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H1N 3M5, Canada
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2
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Battaglia S, Fabius JH, Moravkova K, Fracasso A, Borgomaneri S. The Neurobiological Correlates of Gaze Perception in Healthy Individuals and Neurologic Patients. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10030627. [PMID: 35327431 PMCID: PMC8945205 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10030627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to adaptively follow conspecific eye movements is crucial for establishing shared attention and survival. Indeed, in humans, interacting with the gaze direction of others causes the reflexive orienting of attention and the faster object detection of the signaled spatial location. The behavioral evidence of this phenomenon is called gaze-cueing. Although this effect can be conceived as automatic and reflexive, gaze-cueing is often susceptible to context. In fact, gaze-cueing was shown to interact with other factors that characterize facial stimulus, such as the kind of cue that induces attention orienting (i.e., gaze or non-symbolic cues) or the emotional expression conveyed by the gaze cues. Here, we address neuroimaging evidence, investigating the neural bases of gaze-cueing and the perception of gaze direction and how contextual factors interact with the gaze shift of attention. Evidence from neuroimaging, as well as the fields of non-invasive brain stimulation and neurologic patients, highlights the involvement of the amygdala and the superior temporal lobe (especially the superior temporal sulcus (STS)) in gaze perception. However, in this review, we also emphasized the discrepancies of the attempts to characterize the distinct functional roles of the regions in the processing of gaze. Finally, we conclude by presenting the notion of invariant representation and underline its value as a conceptual framework for the future characterization of the perceptual processing of gaze within the STS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Battaglia
- Centro Studi e Ricerche in Neuroscienze Cognitive, Dipartimento di Psicologia, Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, 47521 Cesena, Italy
- Correspondence: (S.B.); (S.B.)
| | - Jasper H. Fabius
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G128QB, UK; (J.H.F.); (K.M.); (A.F.)
| | - Katarina Moravkova
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G128QB, UK; (J.H.F.); (K.M.); (A.F.)
| | - Alessio Fracasso
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G128QB, UK; (J.H.F.); (K.M.); (A.F.)
| | - Sara Borgomaneri
- Centro Studi e Ricerche in Neuroscienze Cognitive, Dipartimento di Psicologia, Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, 47521 Cesena, Italy
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (S.B.); (S.B.)
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3
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Differential neurodynamics and connectivity in the dorsal and ventral visual pathways during perception of emotional crowds and individuals: a MEG study. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2021; 21:776-792. [PMID: 33725334 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-021-00880-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Reading the prevailing emotion of groups of people ("crowd emotion") is critical to understanding their overall intention and disposition. It alerts us to potential dangers, such as angry mobs or panicked crowds, giving us time to escape. A critical aspect of processing crowd emotion is that it must occur rapidly, because delays often are costly. Although knowing the timing of neural events is crucial for understanding how the brain guides behaviors using coherent signals from a glimpse of multiple faces, this information is currently lacking in the literature on face ensemble coding. Therefore, we used magnetoencephalography to examine the neurodynamics in the dorsal and ventral visual streams and the periamygdaloid cortex to compare perception of groups of faces versus individual faces. Forty-six participants compared two groups of four faces or two individual faces with varying emotional expressions and chose which group or individual they would avoid. We found that the dorsal stream was activated as early as 68 msec after the onset of stimuli containing groups of faces. In contrast, the ventral stream was activated later and predominantly for individual face stimuli. The latencies of the dorsal stream activation peaks correlated with participants' response times for facial crowds. We also found enhanced connectivity earlier between the periamygdaloid cortex and the dorsal stream regions for crowd emotion perception. Our findings suggest that ensemble coding of facial crowds proceeds rapidly and in parallel by engaging the dorsal stream to mediate adaptive social behaviors, via a distinct route from single face perception.
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4
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Monk AM, Barnes GR, Maguire EA. The Effect of Object Type on Building Scene Imagery-an MEG Study. Front Hum Neurosci 2020; 14:592175. [PMID: 33240069 PMCID: PMC7683518 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.592175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have reported that some objects evoke a sense of local three-dimensional space (space-defining; SD), while others do not (space-ambiguous; SA), despite being imagined or viewed in isolation devoid of a background context. Moreover, people show a strong preference for SD objects when given a choice of objects with which to mentally construct scene imagery. When deconstructing scenes, people retain significantly more SD objects than SA objects. It, therefore, seems that SD objects might enjoy a privileged role in scene construction. In the current study, we leveraged the high temporal resolution of magnetoencephalography (MEG) to compare the neural responses to SD and SA objects while they were being used to build imagined scene representations, as this has not been examined before using neuroimaging. On each trial, participants gradually built a scene image from three successive auditorily-presented object descriptions and an imagined 3D space. We then examined the neural dynamics associated with the points during scene construction when either SD or SA objects were being imagined. We found that SD objects elicited theta changes relative to SA objects in two brain regions, the right ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) and the right superior temporal gyrus (STG). Furthermore, using dynamic causal modeling, we observed that the vmPFC drove STG activity. These findings may indicate that SD objects serve to activate schematic and conceptual knowledge in vmPFC and STG upon which scene representations are then built.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Monk
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth R Barnes
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eleanor A Maguire
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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5
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Ellena G, Battaglia S, Làdavas E. The spatial effect of fearful faces in the autonomic response. Exp Brain Res 2020; 238:2009-2018. [PMID: 32617883 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-020-05829-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Peripersonal space (PPS) corresponds to the space around the body and it is defined by the location in space where multimodal inputs from bodily and external stimuli are integrated. Its extent varies according to the characteristics of external stimuli, e.g., the salience of an emotional facial expression. In the present study, we investigated the psycho-physiological correlates of the extension phenomenon. Specifically, we investigated whether an approaching human face showing either an emotionally negative (fearful) or positive (joyful) facial expression would differentially modulate PPS representation, compared to the same face with a neutral expression. To this aim, we continuously recorded the skin conductance response (SCR) of 27 healthy participants while they watched approaching 3D avatar faces showing fearful, joyful or neutral expressions, and then pressed a button to respond to tactile stimuli delivered on their cheeks at three possible delays (visuo-tactile trials). The results revealed that the SCR to fearful faces, but not joyful or neutral faces, was modulated by the apparent distance from the participant's body. SCR increased from very far space to far and then to near space. We propose that the proximity of the fearful face provided a cue to the presence of a threat in the environment and elicited a robust and urgent organization of defensive responses. In contrast, there would be no need to organize defensive responses to joyful or neutral faces and, as a consequence, no SCR differences were found across spatial positions. These results confirm the defensive function of PPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Ellena
- Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Centre for Studies and Research in Cognitive Neuroscience, CsrNC, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Simone Battaglia
- Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Centre for Studies and Research in Cognitive Neuroscience, CsrNC, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Làdavas
- Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
- Centre for Studies and Research in Cognitive Neuroscience, CsrNC, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
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6
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Kveraga K, Im HY, Ward N, Adams RB. Fast saccadic and manual responses to faces presented to the koniocellular visual pathway. J Vis 2020; 20:9. [PMID: 32097485 PMCID: PMC7343428 DOI: 10.1167/jov.20.2.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The parallel pathways of the human visual system differ in their tuning to luminance, color, and spatial frequency. These attunements recently have been shown to propagate to differential processing of higher-order stimuli, facial threat cues, in the magnocellular (M) and parvocellular (P) pathways, with greater sensitivity to clear and ambiguous threat, respectively. The role of the third, koniocellular (K) pathway in facial threat processing, however, remains unknown. To address this gap in knowledge, we briefly presented peripheral face stimuli psychophysically biased towards M, P, or K pathways. Observers were instructed to report via a key-press whether the face was angry or neutral while their eye movements and manual responses were recorded. We found that short-latency saccades were made more frequently to faces presented in the K channel than to P or M channels. Saccade latencies were not significantly modulated by expressive and identity cues. In contrast, manual response latencies and accuracy were modulated by both pathway biasing and by interactions of facial expression with facial masculinity, such that angry male faces elicited the fastest, and angry female faces, the least accurate, responses. We conclude that face stimuli can evoke fast saccadic and manual responses when projected to the K pathway.
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7
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Cushing CA, Im HY, Adams RB, Ward N, Kveraga K. Magnocellular and parvocellular pathway contributions to facial threat cue processing. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2020; 14:151-162. [PMID: 30721981 PMCID: PMC6382926 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsz003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Human faces evolved to signal emotions, with their meaning contextualized by eye gaze. For instance, a fearful expression paired with averted gaze clearly signals both presence of threat and its probable location. Conversely, direct gaze paired with facial fear leaves the source of the fear-evoking threat ambiguous. Given that visual perception occurs in parallel streams with different processing emphases, our goal was to test a recently developed hypothesis that clear and ambiguous threat cues would differentially engage the magnocellular (M) and parvocellular (P) pathways, respectively. We employed two-tone face images to characterize the neurodynamics evoked by stimuli that were biased toward M or P pathways. Human observers (N = 57) had to identify the expression of fearful or neutral faces with direct or averted gaze while their magnetoencephalogram was recorded. Phase locking between the amygdaloid complex, orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and fusiform gyrus increased early (0–300 ms) for M-biased clear threat cues (averted-gaze fear) in the β-band (13–30 Hz) while P-biased ambiguous threat cues (direct-gaze fear) evoked increased θ (4–8 Hz) phase locking in connections with OFC of the right hemisphere. We show that M and P pathways are relatively more sensitive toward clear and ambiguous threat processing, respectively, and characterize the neurodynamics underlying emotional face processing in the M and P pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody A Cushing
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Hee Yeon Im
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA.,Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Reginald B Adams
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Noreen Ward
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Kestutis Kveraga
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA.,Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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8
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Güntekin B, Hanoğlu L, Aktürk T, Fide E, Emek-Savaş DD, Ruşen E, Yıldırım E, Yener GG. Impairment in recognition of emotional facial expressions in Alzheimer's disease is represented by EEG theta and alpha responses. Psychophysiology 2019; 56:e13434. [PMID: 31264726 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Behavioral studies have shown that the recognition of facial expressions may be impaired in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). The identification and recognition of a facial expression might be represented by event-related brain oscillations. The present study aims to analyze EEG event-related oscillations and determine the electrophysiological indicators of impaired facial expression recognition in AD patients. EEGs of 30 healthy controls and 30 AD patients were recorded during their perception of three different facial expressions (angry, happy, neutral). Event-related power spectrum and phase locking were analyzed in the theta (4-7) and alpha (8-13 Hz) frequency bands with the EEGLAB open toolbox. There was a significant facial Expression × Group interaction (p < 0.05) for the theta power spectrum; the healthy control group had higher theta power than the AD group during the perception of angry facial expressions (p < 0.05). There was a significant hemisphere difference between the two groups (p < 0.05). There was a right hemisphere alpha power dominance in healthy subjects. However, AD patients did not have this alpha power asymmetry. The present study, for the first time in the literature, presents the electrophysiological indicators of impaired recognition of facial expression in AD patients. The current study could be a basis for future studies that will analyze emotional processing in different kinds of dementia patients, and this study may have provided indicators of electrophysiological correlates of behavioral problems observed in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahar Güntekin
- Department of Biophysics, School of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Clinical Electrophysiology, Neuroimaging and Neuromodulation Lab, REMER, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Lütfü Hanoğlu
- Clinical Electrophysiology, Neuroimaging and Neuromodulation Lab, REMER, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tuba Aktürk
- Program of Electroneurophysiology, Vocational School, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Program of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ezgi Fide
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Derya Durusu Emek-Savaş
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey.,Department of Psychology, Faculty of Letters, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey.,Atlantic Fellow for Equity in Brain Health at the Global Brain Health Institute (GBHI), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ece Ruşen
- Program of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ebru Yıldırım
- Program of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Department of Biophysics, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Görsev G Yener
- Department of Neurology, International School of Medicine, Dokuz Eylül University Medical School, Izmir, Turkey.,Brain Dynamics Multidisciplinary Research Center, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
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Im HY, Adams RB, Cushing CA, Boshyan J, Ward N, Kveraga K. Sex-related differences in behavioral and amygdalar responses to compound facial threat cues. Hum Brain Mapp 2018. [PMID: 29520882 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
During face perception, we integrate facial expression and eye gaze to take advantage of their shared signals. For example, fear with averted gaze provides a congruent avoidance cue, signaling both threat presence and its location, whereas fear with direct gaze sends an incongruent cue, leaving threat location ambiguous. It has been proposed that the processing of different combinations of threat cues is mediated by dual processing routes: reflexive processing via magnocellular (M) pathway and reflective processing via parvocellular (P) pathway. Because growing evidence has identified a variety of sex differences in emotional perception, here we also investigated how M and P processing of fear and eye gaze might be modulated by observer's sex, focusing on the amygdala, a structure important to threat perception and affective appraisal. We adjusted luminance and color of face stimuli to selectively engage M or P processing and asked observers to identify emotion of the face. Female observers showed more accurate behavioral responses to faces with averted gaze and greater left amygdala reactivity both to fearful and neutral faces. Conversely, males showed greater right amygdala activation only for M-biased averted-gaze fear faces. In addition to functional reactivity differences, females had proportionately greater bilateral amygdala volumes, which positively correlated with behavioral accuracy for M-biased fear. Conversely, in males only the right amygdala volume was positively correlated with accuracy for M-biased fear faces. Our findings suggest that M and P processing of facial threat cues is modulated by functional and structural differences in the amygdalae associated with observer's sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Yeon Im
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts.,Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Reginald B Adams
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania
| | - Cody A Cushing
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Jasmine Boshyan
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts.,Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Noreen Ward
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Kestutis Kveraga
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts.,Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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10
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Im HY, Adams RB, Boshyan J, Ward N, Cushing CA, Kveraga K. Observer's anxiety facilitates magnocellular processing of clear facial threat cues, but impairs parvocellular processing of ambiguous facial threat cues. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15151. [PMID: 29123215 PMCID: PMC5680327 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15495-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Facial expression and eye gaze provide a shared signal about threats. While a fear expression with averted gaze clearly points to the source of threat, direct-gaze fear renders the source of threat ambiguous. Separable routes have been proposed to mediate these processes, with preferential attunement of the magnocellular (M) pathway to clear threat, and of the parvocellular (P) pathway to threat ambiguity. Here we investigated how observers’ trait anxiety modulates M- and P-pathway processing of clear and ambiguous threat cues. We scanned subjects (N = 108) widely ranging in trait anxiety while they viewed fearful or neutral faces with averted or directed gaze, with the luminance and color of face stimuli calibrated to selectively engage M- or P-pathways. Higher anxiety facilitated processing of clear threat projected to M-pathway, but impaired perception of ambiguous threat projected to P-pathway. Increased right amygdala reactivity was associated with higher anxiety for M-biased averted-gaze fear, while increased left amygdala reactivity was associated with higher anxiety for P-biased, direct-gaze fear. This lateralization was more pronounced with higher anxiety. Our findings suggest that trait anxiety differentially affects perception of clear (averted-gaze fear) and ambiguous (direct-gaze fear) facial threat cues via selective engagement of M and P pathways and lateralized amygdala reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Yeon Im
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA.,Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Reginald B Adams
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
| | - Jasmine Boshyan
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA.,Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Noreen Ward
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Cody A Cushing
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Kestutis Kveraga
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA. .,Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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