1
|
He J, Pertsov AM, Cherry EM, Fenton FH, Roney CH, Niederer SA, Zang Z, Mangharam R. Fiber Organization has Little Effect on Electrical Activation Patterns during Focal Arrhythmias in the Left Atrium. ARXIV 2023:arXiv:2210.16497v3. [PMID: 36776816 PMCID: PMC9915751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
Over the past two decades there has been a steady trend towards the development of realistic models of cardiac conduction with increasing levels of detail. However, making models more realistic complicates their personalization and use in clinical practice due to limited availability of tissue and cellular scale data. One such limitation is obtaining information about myocardial fiber organization in the clinical setting. In this study, we investigated a chimeric model of the left atrium utilizing clinically derived patient-specific atrial geometry and a realistic, yet foreign for a given patient fiber organization. We discovered that even significant variability of fiber organization had a relatively small effect on the spatio-temporal activation pattern during regular pacing. For a given pacing site, the activation maps were very similar across all fiber organizations tested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiyue He
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Elizabeth M Cherry
- School of Computational Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, USA
| | | | - Caroline H Roney
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | - Steven A Niederer
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, UK
| | - Zirui Zang
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rahul Mangharam
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kuo JY, Jin X, Sun JY, Chang SH, Chi PC, Sung KT, Mok GSP, Yun CH, Chang SC, Chung FP, Yu CH, Wu TH, Hung CL, Yeh HI, Lam CSP. Insights on Distinct Left Atrial Remodeling Between Atrial Fibrillation and Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:857360. [PMID: 35557544 PMCID: PMC9086706 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.857360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) and atrial fibrillation (AF) commonly coexist with overlapping pathophysiology like left atrial (LA) remodeling, which might differ given different underlying mechanisms. Objectives We sought to investigate the different patterns of LA wall remodeling in AF vs. HFpEF. Methods We compared LA wall characteristics including wall volume (LAWV), wall thickness (LAWT), and wall thickness heterogeneity (LAWT[SD]) and LA structure, function among the controls (without AF or HFpEF, n = 115), HFpEF alone (n = 59), AF alone (n = 37), and HFpEF+AF (n = 38) groups using multi-detector computed tomography and echocardiography. Results LA wall remodeling was most predominant and peak atrial longitudinal strain (PALS) was worst in HFpEF+AF patients as compared to the rest. Despite lower E/e' (9.8 ± 3.8 vs. 13.4 ± 6.4) yet comparable LA volume, LAWT and PALS in AF alone vs. HFpEF alone, LAWV [12.6 (11.6–15.3) vs. 12.0 (10.2–13.7); p = 0.01] and LAWT(SD) [0.68 (0.61–0.71) vs. 0.60 (0.56–0.65); p < 0.001] were significantly greater in AF alone vs. HFpEF alone even after multi-variate adjustment and propensity matching. After excluding the HFpEF+AF group, both LAWV and LAWT [SD] provided incremental values when added to PALS or LAVi (all p for net reclassification improvement <0.05) in discriminating AF alone, with LAWT[SD] yielding the largest C-statistic (0.78, 95% CI: 0.70–0.86) among all LA wall indices. Conclusions Despite a similar extent of LA enlargement and dysfunction in HFpEF vs. AF alone, larger LAWV and LAWT [SD] can distinguish AF from HFpEF alone, suggesting the distinct underlying pathophysiological mechanism of LA remodeling in AF vs. HFpEF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Yuan Kuo
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Mackay Medicine, Nursing and Management College, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Xuanyi Jin
- National Heart Centre Singapore, and Duke-National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Jing-Yi Sun
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Hsiung Chang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Mackay Medicine, Nursing and Management College, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Ching Chi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taoyuan General Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Tzu Sung
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Mackay Medicine, Nursing and Management College, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Greta S. P. Mok
- Biomedical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Macao, Macao SAR, China
| | - Chun-Ho Yun
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Mackay Medicine, Nursing and Management College, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Radiology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Chuan Chang
- Holistic Education Center, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Fa-Po Chung
- Institute of Clinical Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Heart Rhythm Center and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hsiang Yu
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Tung-Hsin Wu
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Tung-Hsin Wu
| | - Chung-Lieh Hung
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Chung-Lieh Hung
| | - Hung-I Yeh
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Mackay Medicine, Nursing and Management College, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Carolyn S. P. Lam
- National Heart Centre Singapore, and Duke-National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Teres C, Soto-Iglesias D, Penela D, Jáuregui B, Ordoñez A, Chauca A, Carreño JM, Scherer C, San Antonio R, Huguet M, Roque A, Ramírez C, Oller G, Jornet A, Palet J, Santana D, Panaro A, Maldonado G, de Leon G, Jiménez G, Evangelista A, Carballo J, Ortíz-Pérez JT, Berruezo A. Personalized paroxysmal atrial fibrillation ablation by tailoring ablation index to the left atrial wall thickness: the 'Ablate by-LAW' single-centre study-a pilot study. Europace 2021; 24:390-399. [PMID: 34480548 DOI: 10.1093/europace/euab216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To determine if adapting the ablation index (AI) to the left atrial wall thickness (LAWT), which is a determinant of lesion transmurality, is feasible, effective, and safe during paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF) ablation. METHODS AND RESULTS Consecutive patients referred for PAF first ablation. Left atrial wall thickness three-dimensional maps were obtained from multidetector computed tomography and integrated into the CARTO navigation system. Left atrial wall thickness was categorized into 1 mm layers and AI was titrated to the LAWT. The ablation line was personalized to avoid thicker regions. Primary endpoints were acute efficacy and safety, and freedom from atrial fibrillation (AF) recurrences. Follow-up (FU) was scheduled at 1, 3, 6, and every 6 months thereafter. Ninety patients [60 (67%) male, age 58 ± 13 years] were included. Mean LAWT was 1.25 ± 0.62 mm. Mean AI was 366 ± 26 on the right pulmonary veins with a first-pass isolation in 84 (93%) patients and 380 ± 42 on the left pulmonary veins with first-pass in 87 (97%). Procedure time was 59 min (49-66); radiofrequency (RF) time 14 min (12.5-16); and fluoroscopy time 0.7 min (0.5-1.4). No major complication occurred. Eighty-four out of 90 (93.3%) patients were free of recurrence after a mean FU of 16 ± 4 months. CONCLUSION Personalized AF ablation, adapting the AI to LAWT allowed pulmonary vein isolation with low RF delivery, fluoroscopy, and procedure time while obtaining a high rate of first-pass isolation, in this patient population. Freedom from AF recurrences was as high as in more demanding ablation protocols. A multicentre trial is ongoing to evaluate reproducibility of these results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl Teres
- Heart Institute, Teknon Medical Center, C/Vilana, 12, 08022 Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Soto-Iglesias
- Heart Institute, Teknon Medical Center, C/Vilana, 12, 08022 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Diego Penela
- Heart Institute, Teknon Medical Center, C/Vilana, 12, 08022 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Beatriz Jáuregui
- Heart Institute, Teknon Medical Center, C/Vilana, 12, 08022 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Augusto Ordoñez
- Heart Institute, Teknon Medical Center, C/Vilana, 12, 08022 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alfredo Chauca
- Heart Institute, Teknon Medical Center, C/Vilana, 12, 08022 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose Miguel Carreño
- Heart Institute, Teknon Medical Center, C/Vilana, 12, 08022 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Claudia Scherer
- Heart Institute, Teknon Medical Center, C/Vilana, 12, 08022 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rodolfo San Antonio
- Heart Institute, Teknon Medical Center, C/Vilana, 12, 08022 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marina Huguet
- Heart Institute, Teknon Medical Center, C/Vilana, 12, 08022 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Roque
- Heart Institute, Teknon Medical Center, C/Vilana, 12, 08022 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Ramírez
- Heart Institute, Teknon Medical Center, C/Vilana, 12, 08022 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Guillermo Oller
- Heart Institute, Teknon Medical Center, C/Vilana, 12, 08022 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Agustí Jornet
- Heart Institute, Teknon Medical Center, C/Vilana, 12, 08022 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Palet
- Heart Institute, Teknon Medical Center, C/Vilana, 12, 08022 Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Santana
- Heart Institute, Teknon Medical Center, C/Vilana, 12, 08022 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alejandro Panaro
- Heart Institute, Teknon Medical Center, C/Vilana, 12, 08022 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Giuliana Maldonado
- Heart Institute, Teknon Medical Center, C/Vilana, 12, 08022 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gustavo de Leon
- Heart Institute, Teknon Medical Center, C/Vilana, 12, 08022 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gustavo Jiménez
- Heart Institute, Teknon Medical Center, C/Vilana, 12, 08022 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Arturo Evangelista
- Heart Institute, Teknon Medical Center, C/Vilana, 12, 08022 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julio Carballo
- Heart Institute, Teknon Medical Center, C/Vilana, 12, 08022 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Antonio Berruezo
- Heart Institute, Teknon Medical Center, C/Vilana, 12, 08022 Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Teres C, Soto-Iglesias D, Penela D, Jáuregui B, Ordoñez A, Chauca A, Huguet M, Ramírez-Paesano C, Oller G, Jornet A, Palet J, Santana D, Panaro A, Maldonado G, de Leon G, Gualis B, Jimenez-Britez G, Evangelista A, Carballo J, Ortiz-Perez JT, Berruezo A. Left atrial wall thickness of the pulmonary vein reconnection sites during atrial fibrillation redo procedures. PACING AND CLINICAL ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY: PACE 2021; 44:824-834. [PMID: 33742716 DOI: 10.1111/pace.14222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Left atrial wall thickness (LAWT) has been related to pulmonary vein (PV) reconnections after atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation. The aim was to integrate 3D-LAWT maps in the navigation system and analyze the relationship with local reconnection sites during AF-redo procedures. METHODS Consecutive patients referred for AF-redo ablation were included. Procedure was performed using a single catheter technique. LAWT maps obtained from multidetector computerized tomography (MDCT) were imported into the navigation system. LAWT of the circumferential PV line, the reconnected segment and the reconnected point, were analyzed. RESULTS Sixty patients [44 (73%) male, age 61 ± 10 years] were included. All reconnected veins were isolated using a single catheter technique with 55 min (IQR 47-67) procedure time and 75 s (IQR 50-120) fluoroscopy time. Mean LAWT of the circumferential PV line was 1.46 ± 0.22 mm. The reconnected segment was thicker than the rest of segments of the circumferential PV line (2.05 + 0.86 vs. 1.47 + 0.76, p < .001 for the LPVs; 1.55 + 0.57 vs. 1.27 + 0.57, p < .001 for the RPVs). Mean reconnection point wall thickness (WT) was at the 82nd percentile of the circumferential line in the LPVs and at the 82nd percentile in the RPVs. CONCLUSION A single catheter technique is feasible and efficient for AF-redo procedures. Integrating the 3D-LAWT map into the navigation system allows a direct periprocedural estimation of the WT at any point of the LA. Reconnection points were more frequently present in thicker segments of the PV line. The use of 3D-LAWT maps can facilitate reconnection point identification during AF-redo ablation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl Teres
- Heart Institute, Teknon Medical Center, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Diego Penela
- Heart Institute, Teknon Medical Center, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Alfredo Chauca
- Heart Institute, Teknon Medical Center, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marina Huguet
- Heart Institute, Teknon Medical Center, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Agustí Jornet
- Heart Institute, Teknon Medical Center, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Palet
- Heart Institute, Teknon Medical Center, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Santana
- Heart Institute, Teknon Medical Center, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Belen Gualis
- Heart Institute, Teknon Medical Center, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Julio Carballo
- Heart Institute, Teknon Medical Center, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bose P, Choudhary U, Singh P, Singh B, Singh R. Morphological variations of pulmonary veins draining into left atrium: A detailed cadaveric study. NATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ANATOMY 2021. [DOI: 10.4103/njca.njca_65_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
|
6
|
Zhao X, Kilinc O, Blumenthal CJ, Dosluoglu D, Jenkins MW, Snyder CS, Arruda M, Rollins AM. Intracardiac radiofrequency ablation in living swine guided by polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2020; 25:1-10. [PMID: 32385975 PMCID: PMC7210786 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.25.5.056001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Pulmonary vein isolation with catheter-based radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is carried out frequently to treat atrial fibrillation. However, RFA lesion creation is only guided by indirect information (e.g., temperature, impedance, and contact force), which may result in poor lesion quality (e.g., nontransmural) and can lead to reoccurrence or complications. AIM The feasibility of guiding intracardiac RFA with an integrated polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (PSOCT)-RFA catheter in the right atria (RA) of living swine is demonstrated. APPROACH In total, 12 sparse lesions were created in the RA of three living swine using an integrated PSOCT-RFA catheter with standard ablation protocol. PSOCT images were displayed in real time to guide catheter-tissue apposition. After experiments, post-processed PSOCT images were analyzed to assess lesion quality and were compared with triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) lesion quality analysis. RESULTS Five successful lesions identified with PSOCT images were all confirmed by TTC analysis. In two ablations, PSOCT imaging detected gas bubble formation, indicating overtreatment. Unsuccessful lesions observed with PSOCT imaging were confirmed by TTC analysis. CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrate that the PSOCT-RFA catheter provides real-time feedback to guide catheter-tissue apposition, monitor lesion quality, and possibly help avoid complications due to overtreatment, which may enable more effective and safer RFA treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Zhao
- Case Western Reserve University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland, United States
| | - Orhan Kilinc
- Rainbow Babies and Children’s Hospital, The Congenital Heart Collaborative, Cleveland, United States
| | - Colin J. Blumenthal
- Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, United States
| | - Deniz Dosluoglu
- Case Western Reserve University, Department of Electric Engineering and Computer Science, Cleveland, United States
| | - Michael W. Jenkins
- Case Western Reserve University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland, United States
- Case Western Reserve University, Department of Pediatrics, Cleveland, United States
| | - Christopher S. Snyder
- Rainbow Babies and Children’s Hospital, The Congenital Heart Collaborative, Cleveland, United States
- Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, United States
- Case Western Reserve University, Department of Pediatrics, Cleveland, United States
| | - Mauricio Arruda
- Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, United States
- University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, EP Laboratories and the Atrial Fibrillation Center at the Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland, United States
| | - Andrew M. Rollins
- Case Western Reserve University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland, United States
- Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang Y, Xiong Z, Nalar A, Hansen BJ, Kharche S, Seemann G, Loewe A, Fedorov VV, Zhao J. A robust computational framework for estimating 3D Bi-Atrial chamber wall thickness. Comput Biol Med 2019; 114:103444. [PMID: 31542646 PMCID: PMC6817405 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2019.103444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most prevalent form of cardiac arrhythmia. The atrial wall thickness (AWT) can potentially improve our understanding of the mechanism underlying atrial structure that drives AF and provides important clinical information. However, most existing studies for estimating AWT rely on ruler-based measurements performed on only a few selected locations in 2D or 3D using digital calipers. Only a few studies have developed automatic approaches to estimate the AWT in the left atrium, and there are currently no methods to robustly estimate the AWT of both atrial chambers. Therefore, we have developed a computational pipeline to automatically calculate the 3D AWT across bi-atrial chambers and extensively validated our pipeline on both ex vivo and in vivo human atria data. The atrial geometry was first obtained by segmenting the atrial wall from the MRIs using a novel machine learning approach. The epicardial and endocardial surfaces were then separated using a multi-planar convex hull approach to define boundary conditions, from which, a Laplace equation was solved numerically to automatically separate bi-atrial chambers. To robustly estimate the AWT in each atrial chamber, coupled partial differential equations by coupling the Laplace solution with two surface trajectory functions were formulated and solved. Our pipeline enabled the reconstruction and visualization of the 3D AWT for bi-atrial chambers with a relative error of 8% and outperformed existing algorithms by >7%. Our approach can potentially lead to improved clinical diagnosis, patient stratification, and clinical guidance during ablation treatment for patients with AF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Wang
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Zhaohan Xiong
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Aaqel Nalar
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Brian J Hansen
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, USA
| | - Sanjay Kharche
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, Canada
| | - Gunnar Seemann
- The Institute for Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, University Heart Center Freiburg, Bad Krozingen, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Axel Loewe
- The Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Vadim V Fedorov
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, USA
| | - Jichao Zhao
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Andlauer R, Seemann G, Baron L, Dössel O, Kohl P, Platonov P, Loewe A. Influence of left atrial size on P-wave morphology: differential effects of dilation and hypertrophy. Europace 2018; 20:iii36-iii44. [DOI: 10.1093/europace/euy231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Robin Andlauer
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstr. 12, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Gunnar Seemann
- Institute for Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, University Heart Center Freiburg Bad Krozingen, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lukas Baron
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstr. 12, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Olaf Dössel
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstr. 12, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Peter Kohl
- Institute for Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, University Heart Center Freiburg Bad Krozingen, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Pyotr Platonov
- Department of Cardiology and The Center for Integrative Electrocardiology at Lund University (CIEL), Lund, Sweden
- Arrhythmia Clinic, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Axel Loewe
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstr. 12, Karlsruhe, Germany
| |
Collapse
|