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Subramanian A, Nagarajan AM, Vinod S, Chakraborty S, Sivagami K, Theodore T, Sathyanarayanan SS, Tamizhdurai P, Mangesh VL. Long-term impacts of climate change on coastal and transitional eco-systems in India: an overview of its current status, future projections, solutions, and policies. RSC Adv 2023; 13:12204-12228. [PMID: 37091602 PMCID: PMC10113820 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra07448f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Urbanization and industrial development are increasing rapidly. These are accompanied by problems of population explosion, encroachment of agricultural, and construction lands, increased waste generation, effluent release, and escalated concentrations of several greenhouse gases (GHGs) and pollutants in the atmosphere. This has led to wide-scale adverse impacts. Visible effects are fluctuations in temperatures and precipitation, rising sea levels, unpredictable floods, storms and cyclones, and disruption to coastal and transitional ecosystems. In a country like India with a massive population of nearly 1.4 billion and around 420 million people dwelling on or near the coasts, this effect is pre-dominant. India has extensive coastlines on both sides that are subject to greater contact and high impact from the water bodies. The factors impacting climate change, its consequences, and future predictions must be analyzed immediately for implementing precautionary measures to ameliorate the detrimental effects. Several endemic species have been endangered as these changes have resulted in the loss of habitat and interfered with the food webs. Climatic impacts on transitional ecosystems also need to be considered to preserve the diversity of each. The cooperation of governmental, independent organizations and policymakers throughout the world is essential to control and mediate the impacts on health, agriculture, and other related sectors, the details of which have been elaborated in this review. The review analyses the trends in climatic variation with time and discusses a few extremities which have left permanent effects on the population primarily concerning the coastal - Indian scenario and its eco-systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aishwarya Subramanian
- Industrial Ecology Research Group, School of Chemical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology Vellore India +91 9699215299
| | - Aditya Mosur Nagarajan
- Industrial Ecology Research Group, School of Chemical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology Vellore India +91 9699215299
| | - Sruthi Vinod
- Industrial Ecology Research Group, School of Chemical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology Vellore India +91 9699215299
| | - Samarshi Chakraborty
- Industrial Ecology Research Group, School of Chemical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology Vellore India +91 9699215299
| | - Krishanasamy Sivagami
- Industrial Ecology Research Group, School of Chemical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology Vellore India +91 9699215299
| | - Thomas Theodore
- Industrial Ecology Research Group, School of Chemical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology Vellore India +91 9699215299
| | - Sri Shalini Sathyanarayanan
- Industrial Ecology Research Group, School of Chemical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology Vellore India +91 9699215299
| | - Perumal Tamizhdurai
- Department of Chemistry, Dwaraka Doss Goverdhan Doss Vaishnav College (Autonomous) (Affiliated to the University of Madras, Chennai) 833, Gokul Bagh, E.V.R. Periyar Road, Arumbakkam Chennai 600 106 Tamil Nadu India +91 9677146579
| | - V L Mangesh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation Vaddeswaram Guntur 522502 Andhra Pradesh India +91 7299330012
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Wu D, Shi T, Niu X, Chen Z, Cui J, Chen Y, Zhang X, Liu J, Ji M, Wang X, Pu W. Seasonal to sub-seasonal variations of the Asian Tropopause Aerosols Layer affected by the deep convection, surface pollutants and precipitation. J Environ Sci (China) 2022; 114:53-65. [PMID: 35459514 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The Asian Tropopause Aerosols Layer (ATAL) refers to an accumulation of aerosols in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere during boreal summer over Asia, which has a fundamental impact on the monsoon system and climate change. In this study, we primarily analyze the seasonal to sub-seasonal variations of the ATAL and the factors potentially influencing those variations based on MERRA2 reanalysis. The ability of the reanalysis to reproduce the ATAL is well validated by CALIPSO observations from May to October 2016. The results reveal that the ATAL has a synchronous spatiotemporal pattern with the development and movement of the Asian Summer Monsoon. Significant enhancement of ATAL intensity is found during the prevailing monsoon period of July-August, with two maxima centered over South Asia and the Arabian Peninsula. Owing to the fluctuations of deep convection, the ATAL shows an episodic variation on a timescale of 7-12 days. Attribution analysis indicates that deep convection dominates the variability of the ATAL with a contribution of 62.7%, followed by a contribution of 36.6% from surface pollutants. The impact of precipitation is limited. The ATAL further shows a clear diurnal variation: the peak of ATAL intensity occurs from 17:30 to 23:30 local time (LT), when the deep convection becomes strongest; the minimum ATAL intensity occurs around 8:30 LT owing to the weakened deep convection and photochemical reactions in clouds. The aerosol components of the ATAL show different spatiotemporal patterns and imply that black carbon and organic carbon come mainly from India, whereas sulfate comes mainly from China during the prevailing monsoon period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyou Wu
- College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Tenglong Shi
- College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiaoying Niu
- College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Ziqi Chen
- College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jiecan Cui
- College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yang Chen
- College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xueying Zhang
- Jilin Weather Modification Office, Changchun 130000, China
| | - Jun Liu
- College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Mingxia Ji
- College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xin Wang
- College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Wei Pu
- College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
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Influence of Indian Summer Monsoon on Tropopause, Trace Gases and Aerosols in Asian Summer Monsoon Anticyclone Observed by COSMIC, MLS and CALIPSO. REMOTE SENSING 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/rs13173486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The existence of the Asian Summer Monsoon Anticyclone (ASMA) during the summer in the northern hemisphere, upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS) region plays a significant role in confining the trace gases and aerosols for a long duration, thus affecting regional and global climate. Though several studies have been carried out, our understanding of the trace gases and aerosols variability in the ASMA is limited during different phases of the Indian monsoon. This work quantifies the role of Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM) activity on the tropopause, trace gases (Water Vapor (WV), Ozone (O3), Carbon Monoxide (CO)) and aerosols (Attenuated Scattering Ratio (ASR)) obtained from the Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere and Climate (COSMIC), Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS), Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) satellite observations, respectively, during the period 2006–2016. Enhancement in the tropopause altitude, WV, CO, ASR and low tropopause temperatures, O3 in the ASMA region is clearly noticed during peak monsoon months (July and August) with large inter-annual variability. Further, a significant increase in the WV and CO, and decrease in O3 during the active phase of the ISM, strong monsoon years and strong La Niña years in the ASMA is noticed. An enhancement in the ASR values during the strong monsoon years and strong La Niña years is also observed. In addition, our results showed that the presence of deep convection spreading from India land regions to the Bay of Bengal with strong updrafts can transport the trace gases and aerosols to the upper troposphere during active spells, strong monsoon years and La Niña years when compared to their counterparts. Observations show that the ASMA is very sensitive to active spells, strong monsoon years and La Niña years compared to break spells, weak monsoon years and El Niño years. It is concluded that the dynamics play a significant role in constraining several trace gases and aerosols in the ASMA and suggested considering the activity of the summer monsoon while dealing with them at sub-seasonal scales.
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Corral AF, Braun RA, Cairns B, Gorooh VA, Liu H, Ma L, Mardi AH, Painemal D, Stamnes S, van Diedenhoven B, Wang H, Yang Y, Zhang B, Sorooshian A. An Overview of Atmospheric Features Over the Western North Atlantic Ocean and North American East Coast - Part 1: Analysis of Aerosols, Gases, and Wet Deposition Chemistry. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2021; 126:e2020JD032592. [PMID: 34211820 PMCID: PMC8243758 DOI: 10.1029/2020jd032592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The Western North Atlantic Ocean (WNAO) and adjoining East Coast of North America are of great importance for atmospheric research and have been extensively studied for several decades. This broad region exhibits complex meteorological features and a wide range of conditions associated with gas and particulate species from many sources regionally and other continents. As Part 1 of a 2-part paper series, this work characterizes quantities associated with atmospheric chemistry, including gases, aerosols, and wet deposition, by analyzing available satellite observations, ground-based data, model simulations, and reanalysis products. Part 2 provides insight into the atmospheric circulation, boundary layer variability, three-dimensional cloud structure, properties, and precipitation over the WNAO domain. Key results include spatial and seasonal differences in composition along the North American East Coast and over the WNAO associated with varying sources of smoke and dust and meteorological drivers such as temperature, moisture, and precipitation. Spatial and seasonal variations of tropospheric carbon monoxide and ozone highlight different pathways toward the accumulation of these species in the troposphere. Spatial distributions of speciated aerosol optical depth and vertical profiles of aerosol mass mixing ratios show a clear seasonal cycle highlighting the influence of different sources in addition to the impact of intercontinental transport. Analysis of long-term climate model simulations of aerosol species and satellite observations of carbon monoxide confirm that there has been a significant decline in recent decades among anthropogenic constituents owing to regulatory activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea F Corral
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Rachel A Braun
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Brian Cairns
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vesta Afzali Gorooh
- Center for Hydrometeorology and Remote Sensing (CHRS), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Hongyu Liu
- National Institute of Aerospace, Hampton, VA, USA
| | - Lin Ma
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Ali Hossein Mardi
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - David Painemal
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, VA, USA
| | | | - Bastiaan van Diedenhoven
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, NY, USA
- Columbia University Center for Climate System Research, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hailong Wang
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Yang Yang
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Bo Zhang
- National Institute of Aerospace, Hampton, VA, USA
| | - Armin Sorooshian
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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Bian J, Li D, Bai Z, Li Q, Lyu D, Zhou X. Transport of Asian surface pollutants to the global stratosphere from the Tibetan Plateau region during the Asian summer monsoon. Natl Sci Rev 2020; 7:516-533. [PMID: 34692071 PMCID: PMC8288924 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwaa005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to its surrounding strong and deep Asian summer monsoon (ASM) circulation and active surface pollutant emissions, surface pollutants are transported to the stratosphere from the Tibetan Plateau region, which may have critical impacts on global climate through chemical, microphysical and radiative processes. This article reviews major recent advances in research regarding troposphere-stratosphere transport from the region of the Tibetan Plateau. Since the discovery of the total ozone valley over the Tibetan Plateau in summer from satellite observations in the early 1990s, new satellite-borne instruments have become operational and have provided significant new information on atmospheric composition. In addition, in situ measurements and model simulations are used to investigate deep convection and the ASM anticyclone, surface sources and pathways, atmospheric chemical transformations and the impact on global climate. Also challenges are discussed for further understanding critical questions on microphysics and microchemistry in clouds during the pathway to the global stratosphere over the Tibetan Plateau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianchun Bian
- Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China.,College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dan Li
- Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhixuan Bai
- Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Qian Li
- Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Daren Lyu
- Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China.,College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiuji Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China
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Fadnavis S, Sabin TP, Roy C, Rowlinson M, Rap A, Vernier JP, Sioris CE. Elevated aerosol layer over South Asia worsens the Indian droughts. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10268. [PMID: 31311972 PMCID: PMC6635485 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46704-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Droughts have become more severe and recurrent over the Indian sub-continent during the second half of the twentieth century, leading to more severe hydro-climatic and socio-economic impacts over one of the most densely populated parts of the world. So far, droughts have mostly been connected to circulation changes concomitant with the abnormal warming over the Pacific Ocean, prevalently known as "El Niño". Here, exploiting observational data sets and a series of dedicated sensitivity experiments, we show that the severity of droughts during El Niño is amplified (17%) by changes in aerosols. The model experiments simulate the transport of boundary layer aerosols from South Asian countries to higher altitudes (12-18 km) where they form the Asian Tropopause Aerosol Layer (ATAL) (~ 60-120°E, 20-40°N). During El Niño, the anomalous overturning circulation from the East Asian region further enriches the thickness of aerosol layers in the ATAL over the northern part of South Asia. The anomalous aerosol loading in the ATAL reduces insolation over the monsoon region, thereby exacerbating the severity of drought by further weakening the monsoon circulation. Future increases in industrial emissions from both East and South Asia will lead to a wider and thicker elevated aerosol layer in the upper troposphere, potentially amplifying the severity of droughts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - T P Sabin
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune, India
| | - Chaitri Roy
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune, India
| | | | - Alexandru Rap
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Jean-Paul Vernier
- National Institute of Aerospace, Hampton, Virginia, United States
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia, United States
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Lau WKM, Kim KM. Impact of snow-darkening by deposition of light-absorbing aerosols on snow cover in the Himalaya-Tibetan-Plateau and influence on the Asian Summer monsoon: A possible mechanism for the Blanford Hypothesis. ATMOSPHERE 2018; 9:438. [PMID: 32454985 PMCID: PMC7243248 DOI: 10.3390/atmos9110438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The impact of snow darkening by deposition of light absorbing aerosols (LAAs) on snow cover over the Himalaya-Tibetan-Plateau (HTP) and influence on the Asian summer monsoon are investigated using the NASA Goddard Earth Observing System Model Version 5 (GEOS-5). We find that during April-May-June, deposition of LAAs on snow leads to a reduction in surface albedo, initiating a sequence of feedback processes, starting with increased net surface solar radiation, rapid snowmelt in HTP and warming of the surface and upper troposphere, followed by enhanced low-level southwesterlies and increased dust loading over the Himalayas-Indo-Gangetic Plain. The warming is amplified by increased dust aerosol heating, and subsequently amplified by latent heating from enhanced precipitation over the Himalaya foothills and northern India, via the Elevated Heat Pump (EHP) effect during June-July-August. The reduced snow cover in the HTP anchors the enhanced heating over the Tibetan Plateau and its southern slopes, in conjunction with an enhancement of the Tibetan Anticyclone, and the development of an anomalous Rossby wavetrain over East Asia, leading to weakening of the subtropical westerly jet, and northward displacement and intensification of the Mei-Yu rainbelt. Our results suggest that atmosphere-land heating induced by LAAs, particularly desert dust play a fundamental role in physical processes underpinning the snow-monsoon relationship proposed by Blanford more than a century ago.
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Affiliation(s)
- William K M Lau
- Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, U. of Maryland
| | - Kyu-Myong Kim
- Climate and Radiation Laboratory, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center
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