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Ren J, Tan S, Chen X, Wang X, Lin Y, Jin Y, Niu S, Wang Y, Gao X, Liang L, Li J, Zhao Y, Tian WX. Characterization of a novel recombinant NADC30‑like porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in Shanxi Province, China. Vet Res Commun 2024; 48:1879-1889. [PMID: 38349546 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-024-10319-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is one of the most important pathogens affecting the swine industry. In this report, a novel PRRSV strain SXht2012 was isolated from Shanxi province in China. To identify genetic characteristics of SXht2012, we conducted phylogenetic and homology analyses after sequencing its complete genome. The results revealed that SXht2012 belonged to NADC30-like strain and shared 91.3% nucleotide (nt) identity with strain NADC30. Notably, sequence alignment showed that a distinctive feature in the NSP2 region, where a 131-amino acid (aa) deletion was found in the hypervariable region (HVR). Additionally, variations were also detected in the GP5 protein, specifically in the decoy peptide, T cell peptide, and a potential glycosylation site (aa 32). Furthermore, we also found that SXht2012 was likely a recombination virus originating from NADC30-like and JXA1-like strains, and three recombination breakpoints were identified in the genome at nt positions 1516, 5280 and 6851, which correspond to the NSP2, NSP3, and NSP7 regions. Overall, these findings have significant implications for understanding the genetic variation and evolutionary dynamics of PRRSV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianle Ren
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, 1 Mingxian South Road, Taigu District, Jinzhong, 030801, China
| | - Shanshan Tan
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, 1 Mingxian South Road, Taigu District, Jinzhong, 030801, China
| | - Xinxin Chen
- Beijing Solarbio Science & Technology Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Xizhen Wang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, 1 Mingxian South Road, Taigu District, Jinzhong, 030801, China
| | - Yiting Lin
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, 1 Mingxian South Road, Taigu District, Jinzhong, 030801, China
| | - Yi Jin
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, 1 Mingxian South Road, Taigu District, Jinzhong, 030801, China
| | - Sheng Niu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, 1 Mingxian South Road, Taigu District, Jinzhong, 030801, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, 1 Mingxian South Road, Taigu District, Jinzhong, 030801, China
| | - Xiaolong Gao
- Beijing Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Beijing, China
| | - Libin Liang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, 1 Mingxian South Road, Taigu District, Jinzhong, 030801, China
| | - Junping Li
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, 1 Mingxian South Road, Taigu District, Jinzhong, 030801, China
| | - Yujun Zhao
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, 1 Mingxian South Road, Taigu District, Jinzhong, 030801, China
| | - Wen-Xia Tian
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, 1 Mingxian South Road, Taigu District, Jinzhong, 030801, China.
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Tu T, Li Y, Zhang G, Du C, Zhou Y, Jiang D, Luo Y, Yao X, Yang Z, Ren M, Wang Y. Isolation, identification, recombination analysis and pathogenicity experiment of a PRRSV recombinant strain in Sichuan Province, China. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1362471. [PMID: 38450173 PMCID: PMC10915093 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1362471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Since 2013, the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus type 2 (PRRSV-2), lineage 1.8 (NADC30-like PRRSV) has emerged and become widely prevalent in China. The NADC30-like PRRSV poses significant challenges for disease control, primarily because of its propensity for frequent mutations and recombinations. We successfully isolated and identified a NADC30-like strain, designated SCCD22, in Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China. We meticulously examined the genetic recombination properties and evaluated its pathogenicity in 28-day-old piglets. SCCD22 showed 93.02% nucleotide homology with the NADC30 PRRSV strain, and its non-structural protein 2 coding region showed the same 131 amino acid deletion pattern as that seen in NADC30. Furthermore, we identified two recombination events in SCCD22: one in the NSP2 region (1,028-3,290 nt), where it was highly similar to the JXA1-like strain GZ106; and another in the NSP10 ~ 12 region (9,985-12,279 nt), closely resembling the NADC30-like strain CY2-1604. Piglets infected with SCCD22 exhibited clinical symptoms such as elevated body temperature, prolonged fever, reduced appetite, and roughened fur. Postmortem examinations underscored the typical lung pathology associated with PRRSV, indicating that the lungs were the primary affected organs. Furthermore, extended viral shedding accompanied by progressive viremia was observed in the serum and nasal excretions of infected piglets. In summary, this study reports a domestic PRRSV recombination strain in the Sichuan Province that can provide critical insights into preventing and controlling PRRSV in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Tu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanwei Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Guidong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chengchao Du
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - You Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dike Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Luo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xueping Yao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zexiao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Meishen Ren
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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3
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Li J, Meng K, Wang Y, Wang Z, Peng J, Ren S, Zhang Y, Guo L, Liu F, Lv T, Jiao J, Liu Y, Chen Z, Sun W, Yang G, Yu J, Wu J. Comparison of the cross-protection of PPRSV sublineage 8.7 MLV vaccines against the recombinant NADC30-like strain. Vet Microbiol 2023; 281:109724. [PMID: 37001388 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of recombinant porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) has caused a substantial threat to the swine industry in recent years. However, the protective efficacy of different sublineage 8.7 PRRSV modified-live virus (MLV) vaccines against emerging strains were still obscure. In this study, a broad epidemiological investigation of PRRSV showed the prevalence of NADC30-like strain increased in Shandong Province, China from 2018 to 2020. Through piglet trial for vaccination and challenge with recombinant NADC30-like SDlz1601 strain, CH-1R MLV vaccine showed better protective effect than JXA1-R and TJM-F92 MLV vaccines in terms of clinical score and pathological observation. Moreover, all three MLV vaccines could reduce virus loads in the serum of piglets. This study provides valuable insights into the prevalence of the NADC30-like strain and the protective effect of PRRS MLV vaccines against recombinant NADC30-like strains, which could help to improve the prevention and control of PRRSV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianda Li
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Kai Meng
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Poultry Diseases Diagnosis and Immunology, Poultry Breeding Engineering Technology Center of Shandong Province, Institute of Poultry Science, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250023, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Zhao Wang
- School of Laboratory Animal & Shandong Laboratory Animal Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250000, China
| | - Jun Peng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Sufang Ren
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yuyu Zhang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China; School of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Lihui Guo
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Tingting Lv
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China; School of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Jian Jiao
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yanyan Liu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Zhi Chen
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Wenbo Sun
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Guiwen Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Jiang Yu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China.
| | - Jiaqiang Wu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China; School of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China.
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Mötz M, Stadler J, Kreutzmann H, Ladinig A, Lamp B, Auer A, Riedel C, Rümenapf T. A Conserved Stem-Loop Structure within ORF5 Is a Frequent Recombination Hotspot for Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus 1 (PRRSV-1) with a Particular Modified Live Virus (MLV) Strain. Viruses 2023; 15:258. [PMID: 36680298 PMCID: PMC9867337 DOI: 10.3390/v15010258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of recombinant PRRSV strains has been observed for more than a decade. These recombinant viruses are characterized by a genome that contains genetic material from at least two different parental strains. Due to the advanced sequencing techniques and a growing number of data bank entries, the role of PRRSV recombinants has become increasingly important since they are sometimes associated with clinical outbreaks. Chimeric viruses observed more recently are products of PRRSV wild-type and vaccine strains. Here, we report on three PRRSV-1 isolates from geographically distant farms with differing clinical manifestations. A sequencing and recombination analysis revealed that these strains are crossovers between different wild-type strains and the same modified live virus vaccine strain. Interestingly, the recombination breakpoint of all analyzed isolates appears at the beginning of open reading frame 5 (ORF5). RNA structure predictions indicate a conserved stem loop in close proximity to the recombination hotspot, which is a plausible cause of a polymerase template switch during RNA replication. Further research into the mechanisms of the stem loop is needed to help understand the PRRSV recombination process and the role of MLVs as parental strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlene Mötz
- Institute of Virology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Julia Stadler
- Clinic for Swine, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Sonnenstrasse 16, 85764 Oberschleissenheim, Germany
| | - Heinrich Kreutzmann
- Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrea Ladinig
- Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Benjamin Lamp
- Institute of Virology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Schubertstraße 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Angelika Auer
- Institute of Virology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christiane Riedel
- Département de Biologie, École Nationale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 Allée d’Italie, 69364 Lyon, France
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), 46 Allée d’Italie, 69364 Lyon, France
| | - Till Rümenapf
- Institute of Virology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
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Cui XY, Xia DS, Huang XY, Tian XX, Wang T, Yang YB, Wang G, Wang HW, Sun Y, Xiao YH, Tian ZJ, Cai XH, An TQ. Recombinant characteristics, pathogenicity, and viral shedding of a novel PRRSV variant derived from twice inter-lineage recombination. Vet Microbiol 2022; 271:109476. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Wang X, Zhang K, Mo Q, Chen G, Lv J, Huang J, Pang Y, Wang H, Liu W, Huang K, Min X, Ren T, Ouyang K, Chen Y, Huang W, Wei Z. The Emergence and Pathogenesis of Recombinant Viruses Associated with NADC34-like Strains and the Predominant Circulating Strains of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus in Southern China. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081695. [PMID: 36016319 PMCID: PMC9416154 DOI: 10.3390/v14081695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Since its recent appearance in China, the NADC30-like strains of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus 2 (PRRSV-2) have caused an expanding epidemic, and this has further expanded the genetic diversity of PRRSV. In this study, three NADC30-like strains—GXFCG20210401, GXQZ20210403 and GXNN20210506—were isolated from pig serum samples obtained in Guangxi, and their genomes were sequenced. A comparative analysis of the whole genomes showed that the three strains were most similar to NADC30 (88.3–88.7%). In particular, the non-structural protein coding regions (nsp1, nsp4-5, nsp7-8 and nsp9) showed the highest similarities to JXA1, and the ORF2a-ORF5 regions showed the highest similarities to NADC34. The three strains had same discontinuous deletions of 111+1+19 amino acids in the nsp2 region, which were similar to the NADC30-like strains. Phylogenetic tree analysis based on the ORF5 gene showed that the three PRRSV isolates were divided into lineage 1.5 along with the representative NADC34-like strains, but they were classified as NADC30-like strains with respect to the whole genome and nsp2 evolutionary trees. Recombinant analysis revealed complex recombination patterns in the genomes of the three strains, which likely originated from multiple recombination events among JXA1-like, NADC30-like and NADC34-like strains. The results from animal experiments showed that the GXQZ20210403 strain was 20% lethal to piglets and caused more severe clinical reactions than GXFCG20210401, and both recombinant strains were similar in terms of pathogenicity to the previously reported NADC34 strains. This study demonstrates that NADC34-like strains of PRRSV have been circulating in the southern provinces of China and have exchanged genomes with several other indigenous strains. In addition, differences in recombination patterns may cause different clinical pathogenicity and indicate the importance of the surveillance and preventive control of recombinant strains.
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Liu J, Lai L, Xu Y, Yang Y, Li J, Liu C, Hunag C, Wei C. Evolutionary Analysis of Four Recombinant Viruses of the Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus From a Pig Farm in China. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:933896. [PMID: 35812888 PMCID: PMC9270021 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.933896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is one of the most important pathogens causing substantial economic losses to the Chinese swine industry. In this study, we analyzed the complete genome sequences of four PRRSV isolates (PRRSV2/CN/SS0/2020, PRRSV2/CN/SS1/2021, PRRSV2/CN/L3/2021, and PRRSV2/CN/L4/2020) isolated from a single pig farm from 2020 to 2021. The genomes of the four isolates were 14,962–15,023 nt long, excluding the poly (A) tails. Comparative analysis of the genome sequences showed that the four isolates shared 93.2–98.1% homology and they had no close PRRSV relatives registered in the GenBank (<92%). Furthermore, PRRSV2/CN/SS0/2020 and PRRSV2/CN/SS1/2021 had characteristic 150-aa deletions (aa481+aa537-566 +aa628–747) that were identical to the live attenuated virus vaccine strain TJM-F92 (derived from the HP-PRRSV TJ). Further analysis of the full-length sequences suggests that the four isolates were natural recombinant strains between lineages 1 (NADC30-like), 3 (QYYZ-like), and 8.7 (JXA1-like). Animal experiments revealed discrepancies in virulence between PRRSV2/CN/SS0/2020 and PRRSV2/CN/L3/2021. The strain with high homology to HP-PRRSV demonstrates higher pathogenicity for pigs than the other isolate with low homology to HP-PRRSV. Taken together, our findings suggest that PRRSVs have undergone genome evolution by recombination among field strains/MLV-like strains of different lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiankui Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Longyan University, Longyan, China
- Engineering Research Center for the Prevention and Control of Animal Original Zoonosis, Fujian Province University, College of Life Science, Longyan University, Longyan, China
- College of Animal Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jiankui Liu
| | - Liling Lai
- College of Life Sciences, Longyan University, Longyan, China
| | - Ye Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Longyan University, Longyan, China
- College of Animal Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yuan Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Longyan University, Longyan, China
| | - Jiarui Li
- College of Life Sciences, Longyan University, Longyan, China
| | - Chen Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Longyan University, Longyan, China
- College of Animal Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Cuiqin Hunag
- College of Life Sciences, Longyan University, Longyan, China
- Engineering Research Center for the Prevention and Control of Animal Original Zoonosis, Fujian Province University, College of Life Science, Longyan University, Longyan, China
- College of Animal Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Chunhua Wei
- College of Life Sciences, Longyan University, Longyan, China
- Engineering Research Center for the Prevention and Control of Animal Original Zoonosis, Fujian Province University, College of Life Science, Longyan University, Longyan, China
- College of Animal Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Chunhua Wei
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Risser J, Ackerman M, Evelsizer R, Wu S, Kwon B, Hammer JM. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus genetic variability a management and diagnostic dilemma. Virol J 2021; 18:206. [PMID: 34663367 PMCID: PMC8522131 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01675-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
As genetic analysis becomes less expensive, more comprehensive diagnostics such as whole genome sequencing (WGS) will become available to the veterinary practitioner. The WGS elucidates more about porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) beyond the traditional analysis of open reading frame (ORF) 5 Sanger sequencing. The veterinary practitioner will require a more complete understanding of the mechanics and consequences of PRRSV genetic variability to interpret the WGS results. More recently, PRRSV recombination events have been described in the literature. The objective of this review is to provide a comprehensive outlook for swine practitioners that PRRSV mutates and recombines naturally causing genetic variability, review the diagnostic cadence when suspecting recombination has occurred, and present theory on how, why, and where industry accepted management practices may influence recombination. As practitioners, it is imperative to remember that PRRS viral recombination is occurring continuously in swine populations. Finding a recombinant by diagnostic analysis does not ultimately declare its significance. The error prone replication, mutation, and recombination of PRRSV means exact clones may exist; but a quasispecies swarm of variable strains also exist adding to the genetic diversity. PRRSV nonstructural proteins (nsps) are translated from ORF1a and ORF1b. The arterivirus nsps modulate the hosts' immune response and are involved in viral pathogenesis. The strains that contribute the PRRSV replicase and transcription complex is driving replication and possibly recombination in the quasispecies swarm. Furthermore, mutations favoring the virus to evade the immune system may result in the emergence of a more fit virus. More fit viruses tend to become the dominant strains in the quasispecies swarm. In theory, the swine management practices that may exacerbate or mitigate recombination include immunization strategies, swine movements, regional swine density, and topography. Controlling PRRSV equates to managing the quasispecies swarm and its interaction with the host. Further research is warranted on the frequency of recombination and the genome characteristics impacting the recombination rate. With a well-defined understanding of these characteristics, the clinical implications from recombination can be detected and potentially reduced; thus, minimizing recombination and perhaps the emergence of epidemic strains.
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The Novel PRRSV Strain HBap4-2018 with a Unique Recombinant Pattern Is Highly Pathogenic to Piglets. Virol Sin 2021; 36:1611-1625. [PMID: 34635987 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-021-00453-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, various porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) variants emerged worldwide with different genetic characteristics and pathogenicity, increasing the difficulty of PRRS control. In this study, a PRRSV strain named HBap4-2018 was isolated from swine herds suffering severe respiratory disease with high morbidity in Hebei Province of China in 2018. The genome of HBap4-2018 is 15,003 nucleotides in length, and compared with NADC30-like PRRSV, nsp2 of HBap4-2018 has an additional continuous deletion of five amino acids. Phylogenetic analysis based on complete genome and ORF5 showed that HBap4-2018 belonged to lineage 8 of PRRSV-2, which was characterized by highly variable genome. However, HBap4-2018 was classified into lineage 1 based on phylogenetic analysis of nsp2, sharing higher amino acid homology (85.3%-85.5%) with NADC30-like PRRSV. Further analysis suggested that HBap4-2018 was a novel natural recombinant PRRSV with three recombinant fragments in the genome, of which highly pathogenic PRRSV (HP-PRRSV) served as the major parental strains, while NADC30-like PRRSV served as the minor parental strains. Five recombination break points were identified in nsp2, nsp3, nsp5, nsp9 and ORF6, respectively, presenting a novel recombinant pattern in the genome. Piglets inoculated with HBap4-2018 presented typical clinical signs with a mortality rate of 60%. High levels of viremia and obvious macroscopic and histopathological lesions in the lungs were observed, revealing the high pathogenicity of HBap4-2018 in piglets.
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Zhao D, Yang B, Yuan X, Shen C, Zhang D, Shi X, Zhang T, Cui H, Yang J, Chen X, Hao Y, Zheng H, Zhang K, Liu X. Advanced Research in Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Co-infection With Other Pathogens in Swine. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:699561. [PMID: 34513970 PMCID: PMC8426627 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.699561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is the pathogen causing epidemics of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS), and is present in every major swine-farming country in the world. Previous studies have demonstrated that PRRSV infection leads to a range of consequences, such as persistent infection, secondary infection, and co-infection, and is common among pigs in the field. In recent years, coinfection of PRRSV and other porcine pathogens has occurred often, making it more difficult to define and diagnose PRRSV-related diseases. The study of coinfections may be extremely suitable for the current prevention and control in the field. However, there is a limited understanding of coinfection. Therefore, in this review, we have focused on the epidemiology of PRRSV coinfection with other pathogens in swine, both in vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengshuai Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, China
| | - Bo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xingguo Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, China
| | - Chaochao Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, China
| | - Dajun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xijuan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, China
| | - Huimei Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jinke Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xuehui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yu Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, China
| | - Haixue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, China
| | - Keshan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiangtao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, China
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11
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Paploski IAD, Pamornchainavakul N, Makau DN, Rovira A, Corzo CA, Schroeder DC, Cheeran MCJ, Doeschl-Wilson A, Kao RR, Lycett S, VanderWaal K. Phylogenetic Structure and Sequential Dominance of Sub-Lineages of PRRSV Type-2 Lineage 1 in the United States. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:608. [PMID: 34198904 PMCID: PMC8229766 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9060608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The genetic diversity and frequent emergence of novel genetic variants of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus type-2 (PRRSV) hinders control efforts, yet drivers of macro-evolutionary patterns of PRRSV remain poorly documented. Utilizing a comprehensive database of >20,000 orf5 sequences, our objective was to classify variants according to the phylogenetic structure of PRRSV co-circulating in the U.S., quantify evolutionary dynamics of sub-lineage emergence, and describe potential antigenic differences among sub-lineages. We subdivided the most prevalent lineage (Lineage 1, accounting for approximately 60% of available sequences) into eight sub-lineages. Bayesian coalescent SkyGrid models were used to estimate each sub-lineage's effective population size over time. We show that a new sub-lineage emerged every 1 to 4 years and that the time between emergence and peak population size was 4.5 years on average (range: 2-8 years). A pattern of sequential dominance of different sub-lineages was identified, with a new dominant sub-lineage replacing its predecessor approximately every 3 years. Consensus amino acid sequences for each sub-lineage differed in key GP5 sites related to host immunity, suggesting that sub-lineage turnover may be linked to immune-mediated competition. This has important implications for understanding drivers of genetic diversity and emergence of new PRRSV variants in the U.S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor A. D. Paploski
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; (I.A.D.P.); (N.P.); (D.N.M.); (A.R.); (C.A.C.); (D.C.S.); (M.C.-J.C.)
| | - Nakarin Pamornchainavakul
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; (I.A.D.P.); (N.P.); (D.N.M.); (A.R.); (C.A.C.); (D.C.S.); (M.C.-J.C.)
| | - Dennis N. Makau
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; (I.A.D.P.); (N.P.); (D.N.M.); (A.R.); (C.A.C.); (D.C.S.); (M.C.-J.C.)
| | - Albert Rovira
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; (I.A.D.P.); (N.P.); (D.N.M.); (A.R.); (C.A.C.); (D.C.S.); (M.C.-J.C.)
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Cesar A. Corzo
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; (I.A.D.P.); (N.P.); (D.N.M.); (A.R.); (C.A.C.); (D.C.S.); (M.C.-J.C.)
| | - Declan C. Schroeder
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; (I.A.D.P.); (N.P.); (D.N.M.); (A.R.); (C.A.C.); (D.C.S.); (M.C.-J.C.)
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AS, UK
| | - Maxim C-J. Cheeran
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; (I.A.D.P.); (N.P.); (D.N.M.); (A.R.); (C.A.C.); (D.C.S.); (M.C.-J.C.)
| | - Andrea Doeschl-Wilson
- Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK; (A.D.-W.); (R.R.K.); (S.L.)
| | - Rowland R. Kao
- Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK; (A.D.-W.); (R.R.K.); (S.L.)
| | - Samantha Lycett
- Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK; (A.D.-W.); (R.R.K.); (S.L.)
| | - Kimberly VanderWaal
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; (I.A.D.P.); (N.P.); (D.N.M.); (A.R.); (C.A.C.); (D.C.S.); (M.C.-J.C.)
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12
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Wang J, Lin S, Quan D, Wang H, Huang J, Wang Y, Ren T, Ouyang K, Chen Y, Huang W, Luo T, Wei Z. Full Genomic Analysis of New Variants of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Revealed Multiple Recombination Events Between Different Lineages and Sublineages. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:603. [PMID: 33134336 PMCID: PMC7511543 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) has had a devastating impact on the pig industry in China, and monitoring its genetic diversity is important for epidemiological surveillance and understanding its evolution. Here, we determine the complete genome sequences of two PRRSV strains, GXYL1403 and GXNN1839. Comparative, phylogenetic, and recombination detection program analyses show that the two isolates are recombinant strains with large-fragment amino acid deletions in nsp2. GXYL1403 possesses a unique deletion region of 124 amino acids in nsp2, and GXNN1839 contains a deletion of 131 amino acids in nsp2 as compared with VR2332. Further analysis of the full-length sequence suggests that GXYL1403 is a natural recombinant between sublineages 8.1 (CH-1a like) and 8.3 (JXA1-like). The recombination site of GXYL1403 is located in nsp9–nsp12 (8961nt−11181nt). GXNN1839 is a natural recombinant between the lineage 5 (VR-2332-like) and lineage 1 (NADC30-like) strains. The recombination events occurred in nsp9 (7872nt-8162nt) and in ORF2 (12587nt−13282nt) in the genome of GXNN1839. These results provide new evidence that PRRSV strains circulating in the environment have undergone recombination among the different lineages or sublineages of field strains, and these add to our understanding of RNA combination events that occur in PRRSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinglong Wang
- Laboratory of Animal infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Siyuan Lin
- Laboratory of Animal infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Dongqun Quan
- Laboratory of Animal infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Laboratory of Animal infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Jiabin Huang
- Laboratory of Animal infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Yuxu Wang
- Laboratory of Animal infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Tongwei Ren
- Laboratory of Animal infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Kang Ouyang
- Laboratory of Animal infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Laboratory of Animal infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Weijian Huang
- Laboratory of Animal infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Tingrong Luo
- Laboratory of Animal infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Zuzhang Wei
- Laboratory of Animal infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
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13
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Jiang Y, Li G, Yu L, Li L, Zhang Y, Zhou Y, Tong W, Liu C, Gao F, Tong G. Genetic Diversity of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV) From 1996 to 2017 in China. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:618. [PMID: 32390968 PMCID: PMC7193098 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is one of the most devastating diseases of the global swine industry. The causative agent porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) was first isolated in China in 1996 and has evolved quickly during the last two decades. To fully understand virus diversity, epidemic situation in the field, and make future predictions, a total of 365 PRRSV strains were used for evolution and genome analysis in which 353 strains were isolated from mainland China. The results showed that high diversity was found among PRRSV isolates. Total PRRSV isolates could be divided into eight subgroups. Among these subgroups strains, Original HP-PRRSV, NADC30-like, and Intermediate PRRSV were the major epidemic PRRSV strains circling in the field and would play a major role in PRRS epidemic in the future. Deletions, insertions, and recombinations have occurred frequently in the PRRSV genome. Deletions were the main driving force of viral evolution before 2006 and may also contribute further to the virus' evolution in a relatively closed or low strain diversity circumstance. The recombinant strains could be divided into three groups: the Inner group, Extensional group, and Propagating group. The evolutionary directions of the isolates in the Extensional and Propagating groups have changed, and the routes of recombination in the Propagating group were analyzed and sorted into three types. The increases in recombinant strains and high rates of recombination in recent years indicate that recombination has played a very important role in the virus' evolution. Isolates, which incorporate the advantages of their parental strains, will influence PRRSV evolution and make adverse effects on PRRS control in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifeng Jiang
- Research Team on Porcine Viral Reproductive Disorder Syndrome, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoxin Li
- Research Team on Porcine Viral Reproductive Disorder Syndrome, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Lingxue Yu
- Research Team on Porcine Viral Reproductive Disorder Syndrome, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Liwei Li
- Research Team on Porcine Viral Reproductive Disorder Syndrome, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yujiao Zhang
- Research Team on Porcine Viral Reproductive Disorder Syndrome, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanjun Zhou
- Research Team on Porcine Viral Reproductive Disorder Syndrome, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wu Tong
- Research Team on Porcine Viral Reproductive Disorder Syndrome, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Changlong Liu
- Research Team on Porcine Viral Reproductive Disorder Syndrome, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Gao
- Research Team on Porcine Viral Reproductive Disorder Syndrome, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Guangzhi Tong
- Research Team on Porcine Viral Reproductive Disorder Syndrome, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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14
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Rapid, Unbiased PRRSV Strain Detection Using MinION Direct RNA Sequencing and Bioinformatics Tools. Viruses 2019; 11:v11121132. [PMID: 31817886 PMCID: PMC6950593 DOI: 10.3390/v11121132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Prompt detection and effective control of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) during outbreaks is important given its immense adverse impact on the swine industry. However, the diagnostic process can be challenging due to the high genetic diversity and high mutation rate of PRRSV. A diagnostic method that can provide more detailed genetic information about pathogens is urgently needed. In this study, we evaluated the ability of Oxford Nanopore MinION direct RNA sequencing to generate a PRRSV whole genome sequence and detect and discriminate virus at the strain-level. A nearly full length PRRSV genome was successfully generated from raw sequence reads, achieving an accuracy of 96% after consensus genome generation. Direct RNA sequencing reliably detected the PRRSV strain present with an accuracy of 99.9% using as few as 5 raw sequencing reads and successfully differentiated multiple co-infecting strains present in a sample. In addition, PRRSV strain information was obtained from clinical samples containing 104 to 106 viral copies or more within 6 hours of sequencing. Overall, direct viral RNA sequencing followed by bioinformatic analysis proves to be a promising approach for identification of the viral strain or strains involved in clinical infections, allowing for more precise prevention and control strategies during PRRSV outbreaks.
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15
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Zhang X, Feng Y, Yan Y, Zheng Z, Wang W, Zhang Y, Zhou EM, Xiao S. Cellular microRNA miR-c89 inhibits replication of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus by targeting the host factor porcine retinoid X receptor β. J Gen Virol 2019; 100:1407-1416. [PMID: 31478827 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play critical roles in the complex networks of virus-host interactions. Our previous research showed that porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection markedly upregulates miR-c89 expression, suggesting that miR-c89 may play an important role in PRRSV infection. The present study sought to determine the function of miR-c89 and its molecular mechanism during PRRSV infection. Using quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) verification, we demonstrated that both highly pathogenic PRRSV and low-pathogenic PRRSV infection induced miR-c89 expression. The overexpression of miR-c89 significantly suppressed the replication of a variety of PRRSV strains, regardless of the timing of infection. Further, miR-c89 can directly target the 3'UTR of porcine retinoid X receptor β (RXRB) mRNA in a sequence-specific manner. Knockdown affected RXRB expression, as siRNA can suppress the replication of a variety of PRRSV strains. This work not only provides new insights into PRRSV-cell interactions, but also highlights the potential for the use of miR-c89 in the development of new antiviral strategies to combat PRRSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobin Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Yingtong Feng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Yunhuan Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Zifang Zheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Wenjing Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Yichi Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - En-Min Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Shuqi Xiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
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16
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Coding-complete sequence of a vaccine-derived recombinant porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus strain isolated in Hungary. Arch Virol 2019; 164:2605-2608. [PMID: 31300889 PMCID: PMC6732150 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-019-04338-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus 1 is a major cause of swine morbidity and mortality in various parts of the world, including Hungary. A national elimination programme to reduce the associated economic burden was initiated in Hungary in 2012. Using extensive laboratory surveillance, we identified and isolated an unusual PRRSV strain. The complete coding sequence of this isolate was determined and analyzed. The genome of this Hungarian PRRSV1 strain, HUN60077/16, is 15,081 nucleotides in length. Phylogenetic and recombination analysis showed a mosaic structure of the genome where a large fragment of ORF1b and the genomic region coding for ORF3 to ORF7 showed a very close genetic relationship to the vaccine virus Unistrain, while the ORF1a region, the 3' end of ORF1b, and the whole ORF2 were only distantly related to this or any other PRRSV1 strain whose genome sequence is available in the GenBank database. Genomic characterization of PRRSV strains is crucial when possible vaccine-associated cases are identified. This approach not only helps to identify genetic interactions between vaccine and wild-type PRRSV1 strains but may also be needed to prevent trust in commercial vaccines from being undermined.
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17
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Li J, Wang J, Liu Y, Yang J, Guo L, Ren S, Chen Z, Liu Z, Zhang Y, Qiu W, Li Y, Zhang S, Yu J, Wu J. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus NADC30-like strain accelerates Streptococcus suis serotype 2 infection in vivo and in vitro. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 66:729-742. [PMID: 30427126 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS), an economically significant pandemic disease, commonly results in increased impact of bacterial infections, including those by Streptococcus suis (S. suis). In recent years, PRRS virus (PRRSV) NADC30-like strain has emerged in different regions of China, and coinfected with S. suis and PRRSV has also gradually increased in clinical performance. However, the mechanisms involved in host innate responses towards S. suis and their implications of coinfection with NADC30-like strain remain unknown. Therefore, the pathogenicity of NADC30-like strain and S. suis serotype 2 (SS2) coinfection in vivo and in vitro was investigated in this study. The results showed that NADC30-like increased the invasion and proliferation of SS2 in blood and tissues, resulting in more severe pneumonia, myocarditis, and peritonitisas well as higher mortality rate in pigs. In vitro, NADC30-like strain increased the invasion and survival of SS2 in porcine alveolar macrophages (PAM) cells, causing more drastic expression of inflammatory cytokines and activation of NF-ĸB signalling. These results pave the way for understanding the interaction of S. suis with the swine immune system and their modulation in a viral coinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianda Li
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Jinbao Wang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China.,School of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China.,School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yueyue Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Lihui Guo
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Sufang Ren
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Zhi Chen
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Zhaoshan Liu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China.,School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yuyu Zhang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Wenbin Qiu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China.,School of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Yubao Li
- School of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Shujin Zhang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China.,School of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Jiang Yu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Jiaqiang Wu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China.,School of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China.,School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,School of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
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18
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Chen N, Li S, Ye M, Huang Y, Huang Y, Xiao Y, Yu X, Dong J, Tian K, Zhu J. A novel NADC30-like porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) plays a limited role in the pathogenicity of porcine circoviruses (PCV2 and PCV3) and PRRSV co-infection. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 66:28-34. [PMID: 30267610 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Co-infection of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and porcine circoviruses (PCVs) is commonly observed under field conditions and elicits more severe diseases than any singular infection. In this study, the co-infection of PRRSV, PCV2 and PCV3 was analyzed in tissue samples collected from 150 pigs from April 2016 to April 2018. PRRSV, PCV2 and PCV3 was detected in 55 (36.67%), 43 (28.67%) and 3 (2%) of 150 pigs respectively. Remarkably, one lung sample (SD17-36) collected from a diseased pig was co-infected with PRRSV, PCV2 and PCV3. The complete genomes of SD17-36 viruses of PRRSV, PCV2 and PCV3 were determined, which belong to the subgroups of NADC30-like PRRSV, PCV2d and PCV3a respectively. Sequence comparison showed that PRRSV SD17-36 isolate contains a N33 deletion in GP5. Animal challenge study showed that the novel NADC30-like PRRSV SD17-36 isolate is low pathogenic. Our results indicate that the co-infection of PRRSV and PCVs might cause diseases even when PRRSV plays a limited role in the pathogenicity of the co-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanhua Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Shuai Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Mengxue Ye
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yucheng Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Ya Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yanzhao Xiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Yu
- Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Station of Jiangyan District, Taizhou, China
| | - Jianbao Dong
- Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Shandong Vocational Animal Science and Veterinary College, Weifang, China
| | - Kegong Tian
- OIE Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Reference Laboratory, China Animal Disease Control Center, Beijing, China
| | - Jianzhong Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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19
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Zhou L, Kang R, Yu J, Xie B, Chen C, Li X, Xie J, Ye Y, Xiao L, Zhang J, Yang X, Wang H. Genetic Characterization and Pathogenicity of a Novel Recombined Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus 2 among Nadc30-Like, Jxa1-Like, and Mlv-Like Strains. Viruses 2018; 10:v10100551. [PMID: 30304818 PMCID: PMC6213465 DOI: 10.3390/v10100551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombination among porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viruses (PRRSVs), coupled with point mutations, insertions, and deletions occurring in the genome, is considered to contribute to the emergence of new variants. Here, we report the complete genome sequences of a PRRSV field strain, designated SCN17, isolated from a RespPRRS MLV-vaccinated piglet in China in 2017. Sequence alignment revealed that SCN17 had discontinuous 131-amino acid (111 + 1 + 19-aa) deletion in the NSP2-coding region identical to that of NADC30 when compared to VR-2332. Notably, the strain, SCN17, contained an additional 1-aa deletion in NSP2, a 1-aa deletion in ORF5, and a unique 3-nt deletion in the 3′-UTR. Phylogenetic analysis showed that SCN17 clustered into NADC30-like lineage based on ORF5 genotyping, whereas it belonged to an inter-lineage between the NADC30-like and VR-2332-like lineages as established based on the full-length genome. Importantly, the SCN17 was identified as a novel virus recombined between a NADC30-like (moderately pathogenic), a JXA1-like (highly pathogenic), and an attenuated vaccine strain, RespPRRS MLV (parental strain VR-2332). Furthermore, we tested its pathogenicity in piglets. SCN17 infection caused a persistent fever, moderate interstitial pneumonia, and increased the viremia and antibody levels in the inoculated piglets. Of note, all SCN17-infected piglets survived throughout the study. The new virus was showed to be a moderately virulent isolate and have lower pathogenicity than HP-PRRSV strain, SCwhn09CD. Our results provide evidence for the continuing evolution of PRRSV field strain by genetic recombination and mutation leading to outbreaks in the vaccinated pig populations in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Zhou
- School of Life Science, Sichuan University, Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, Chengdu 610064, Sichuan, China.
| | - Runmin Kang
- Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Sichuan Provincial Key laboratory of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Chengdu 610066, Sichuan, China.
| | - Jifeng Yu
- Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Sichuan Provincial Key laboratory of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Chengdu 610066, Sichuan, China.
| | - Bo Xie
- Chengdu Chia Tai Agro-industry & Food, Animal healthy disease service, Chengdu 610081, Sichuan, China.
| | - Changying Chen
- Chengdu Chia Tai Agro-industry & Food, Animal healthy disease service, Chengdu 610081, Sichuan, China.
| | - Xingyu Li
- Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Sichuan Provincial Key laboratory of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Chengdu 610066, Sichuan, China.
| | - Jing Xie
- Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Sichuan Provincial Key laboratory of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Chengdu 610066, Sichuan, China.
| | - Yonggang Ye
- Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Sichuan Provincial Key laboratory of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Chengdu 610066, Sichuan, China.
| | - Lu Xiao
- Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Sichuan Provincial Key laboratory of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Chengdu 610066, Sichuan, China.
| | - Jinling Zhang
- Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Sichuan Provincial Key laboratory of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Chengdu 610066, Sichuan, China.
| | - Xin Yang
- School of Life Science, Sichuan University, Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, Chengdu 610064, Sichuan, China.
| | - Hongning Wang
- School of Life Science, Sichuan University, Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, Chengdu 610064, Sichuan, China.
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Chen N, Ye M, Li S, Huang Y, Zhou R, Yu X, Tian K, Zhu J. Emergence of a novel highly pathogenic recombinant virus from three lineages of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus 2 in China 2017. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 65:1775-1785. [PMID: 29992742 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus 2 (PRRSV2) was isolated from diseased piglets in Shandong, China in 2017 and denominated as SD17-38. ORF5 sequencing showed that SD17-38 contains a unique serine/asparagine deletion at position 33 and an asparagine insertion at position 60 of GP5, which has never been described. The SD17-38 complete genome was then determined, and genome-based phylogenetic analysis showed that SD17-38 is clustered with NADC30-like isolates. Sequence alignment and recombination analyses by RDP4 and SimPlot all indicated that SD17-38 is a recombinant virus from NADC30 (lineage 1), BJ-4 (lineage 5) and TJ (lineage 8) isolates. Animal challenge study in 4-week piglets showed that SD17-38 causes high fever (≥41°C), 100% morbidity and 40% mortality. In addition, significantly lower weight gain and severe histopathological lung lesions could be observed in SD17-38-infected pigs. In particular, the unique deletion and insertion in GP5 were stable during the challenge study. This study provides direct evidence for the natural occurrence of recombination events among three lineages of PRRSV2 in Chinese swine herds, resulting in the emergence of novel PRRSV variant with unique genetic property and high pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanhua Chen
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Mengxue Ye
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Shuai Li
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yucheng Huang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Rongyun Zhou
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiuling Yu
- OIE Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Reference Laboratory, China Animal Disease Control Center, Beijing, China
| | - Kegong Tian
- OIE Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Reference Laboratory, China Animal Disease Control Center, Beijing, China
| | - Jianzhong Zhu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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21
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Zhou L, Kang R, Zhang Y, Ding M, Xie B, Tian Y, Wu X, Zuo L, Yang X, Wang H. Whole Genome Analysis of Two Novel Type 2 Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Viruses with Complex Genome Recombination between Lineage 8, 3, and 1 Strains Identified in Southwestern China. Viruses 2018; 10:v10060328. [PMID: 29914134 PMCID: PMC6024730 DOI: 10.3390/v10060328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombination among porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viruses (PRRSVs) is thought to contribute to the emergence of new PRRSV variants. In this study, two newly emerged PRRSV strains, designated SCcd16 and SCya17, are isolated from lung tissues of piglets in Southwestern China. Genome comparative analysis reveals that SCcd16/SCya17 exhibit 93.1%/93.2%, 86.9%/87.0%, 85.3%/85.7%, and 83.6%/82.0% nucleotide similarity to PRRSVs JXA1, VR-2332, QYYZ and NADC30, respectively. They only exhibit 44.8%/45.1% sequence identity with LV (PRRSV-1), indicating that both emergent strains belong to the PRRSV-2 genotype. Genomic sequence alignment shows that SCcd16 and SCya17 have the same discontinuous 30-amino acid (aa) deletion in Nsp2 of the highly pathogenic Chinese PRRSV strain JXA1, when compared to strain VR-2332. Notably, SCya17 shows a unique 5-nt deletion in its 3’-UTR. Phylogenetic analysis shows that both of the isolates are classified in the QYYZ-like lineage based on ORF5 genotyping, whereas they appear to constitute an inter-lineage between JXA1-like and QYYZ-like lineages based on their genomic sequences. Furthermore, recombination analyses reveal that the two newly emerged PRRSV isolates share the same novel recombination pattern. They have both likely originated from multiple recombination events between lineage 8 (JXA1-like), lineage 1 (NADC30-like), and lineage 3 (QYYZ-like) strains that have circulated in China recently. The genomic data from SCcd16 and SCya17 indicate that there is on going evolution of PRRSV field strains through genetic recombination, leading to outbreaks in the pig populations in Southwestern China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Zhou
- School of Life Science, Sichuan University, Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, 29# Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Runmin Kang
- Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Sichuan Provincial Key laboratory of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Chengdu 610066, China.
| | - Yi Zhang
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhou District, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Mengdie Ding
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhou District, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Bo Xie
- Chengdu Chia Tai Agro-industry & Food Co., Ltd., Animal Healthy Disease Service, Gongping Town, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 610081, China.
| | - Yiming Tian
- School of Life Science, Sichuan University, Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, 29# Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Xuan Wu
- School of Life Science, Sichuan University, Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, 29# Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Lei Zuo
- School of Life Science, Sichuan University, Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, 29# Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Xin Yang
- School of Life Science, Sichuan University, Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, 29# Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Hongning Wang
- School of Life Science, Sichuan University, Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, 29# Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, China.
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