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Hernik A, Radford McGovern F, Naydenova I. Optical Response of PDMS Surface Diffraction Gratings under Exposure to Volatile Organic Compounds. ACS APPLIED OPTICAL MATERIALS 2024; 2:1188-1197. [PMID: 38962564 PMCID: PMC11220723 DOI: 10.1021/acsaom.4c00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Monitoring volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in indoor air is significantly gaining importance due to their adverse effects on human health. Among the diverse detection methods is optical sensing, which employs materials sensitive to the presence of gases in the environment. In this work, we investigate polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), one of the materials utilized for gas sensing, in a novel transducer: a surface relief diffraction grating. Upon adsorption of the volatile analyte, the PDMS grating swells, and its refractive index changes; both effects lead to increased diffraction efficiency in the first diffraction order. Hence, the possibility of VOC detection emerges from the measurement of the optical power transmitted or diffracted by the grating. Here, we investigated responses of PDMS gratings with varying surface profile properties upon exposure to VOCs with different polarities, i.e., ethanol, n-butanol, toluene, chloroform, and m-xylene, and compared their response in the context of the Hansen theory of solubility. We also studied the response of the grating with a 530 nm deep surface profile to different concentrations of m-xylene, showing a sensitivity and limit of detection of 0.017 μW/ppm and 186 ppm, respectively. Structures in the PDMS were obtained as copies of sinusoidal surface gratings fabricated holographically in acrylamide photopolymer and revealed good sensing repeatability, reversibility, and a fast response time. The proposed sensing technique can be directly adopted as a simple method for VOC detection or can be further improved by implementing a functional coating to significantly enhance the sensitivity and selectivity of the device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Hernik
- Centre for Industrial &
Engineering Optics, School of Physics, Clinical & Optometric Sciences, Technological University Dublin, D07 ADY7 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Faolan Radford McGovern
- Centre for Industrial &
Engineering Optics, School of Physics, Clinical & Optometric Sciences, Technological University Dublin, D07 ADY7 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Izabela Naydenova
- Centre for Industrial &
Engineering Optics, School of Physics, Clinical & Optometric Sciences, Technological University Dublin, D07 ADY7 Dublin, Ireland
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Tiwari A, Lee SJ, Garg DK, Shin S, Thokchom AK. Characterizing the Microparticles Deposition Structure and its Photonic Nature in Surfactant-Laden Evaporating Colloidal Sessile Droplets. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:8711-8720. [PMID: 38608175 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c00596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
This work presents a simple method to create photonic microstructures via the natural evaporation of surfactant-laden colloidal sessile droplets on a flat substrate. In the absence of dissolved surfactant, the evaporating colloidal droplet forms a well-known coffee ring deposition. In contrast, the presence of surfactant leads to the formation of multiple ring structures due to the repetitive pinning-depinning behavior of the droplet contact line (CL). It is found that the multiring structure shows vibrant iridescent structural colors while the coffee ring lacks a photonic nature. This difference in the structural color for the presence and absence of the surfactant is found to be dependent on the arrangement of the particles in the deposition structure. The particle arrangement in the multirings is monolayered and well-ordered. The ordering of the particles is strongly influenced by the particle dynamics, contact angle (CA), and CL dynamics of the evaporating colloidal solution droplet. Furthermore, the iridescent nature of the multiring deposition is demonstrated and explained. The dependence of the multiring deposition structure on the concentration of the dissolved surfactant and the suspended particles is also studied. The findings demonstrate that an intermediate surfactant concentration is desirable for the formation of a multiring structure. Further, the pinning-depinning CL dynamics that causes the formation of the multiring deposition structure is discussed. Finally, we demonstrate the applicability of the approach to smaller droplet volumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Appurva Tiwari
- Soft Matter Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence Deemed to be University, Greater Noida 201314, India
| | - Seong Jae Lee
- Department of Polymer Engineering, The University of Suwon, Hwaseong, Gyeonggi 18323, South Korea
| | - Dhiraj Kumar Garg
- Intencity Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence Deemed to be University, Greater Noida 201314, India
| | - Sehyun Shin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea University, Anam Dong, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Ashish Kumar Thokchom
- Soft Matter Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence Deemed to be University, Greater Noida 201314, India
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Stewart M, Ohno PE, McKinney K, Martin ST. Prediction of the Response of a Photoionization Detector to a Complex Gaseous Mixture of Volatile Organic Compounds Produced by α-Pinene Oxidation. ACS EARTH & SPACE CHEMISTRY 2023; 7:1956-1970. [PMID: 37876663 PMCID: PMC10592314 DOI: 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.3c00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Photoionization detectors (PIDs) are lightweight and respond in real time to the concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), making them suitable for environmental measurements on many platforms. However, the nonselective sensing mechanism of PIDs challenges data interpretation, particularly when exposed to the complex VOC mixtures prevalent in the Earth's atmosphere. Herein, two approaches to this challenge are investigated. In the first, quantum-chemistry calculations are used to estimate photoionization cross sections and ionization potentials of individual species. In the second, machine learning models are trained on these calculated values, as well as empirical PID response factors, and then used for prediction. For both approaches, the resulting information for individual species is used to model the overall PID response to a complex VOC mixture. In complement, laboratory experiments in the Harvard Environmental Chamber are carried out to measure the PID response to the complex molecular mixture produced by α-pinene oxidation under various conditions. The observations show that the measured PID response is 15% to 30% smaller than the PID response modeled by quantum-chemistry calculations of the photoionization cross section for the photo-oxidation experiments and 15% to 20% for the ozonolysis experiments. By comparison, the measured PID response is captured within a 95% confidence interval by the use of machine learning to model the PID response based on the empirical response factor in all experiments. Taken together, the results of this study demonstrate the application of machine learning to augment the performance of a nonselective chemical sensor. The approach can be generalized to other reactive species, oxidants, and reaction mechanisms, thus enhancing the utility and interpretability of PID measurements for studying atmospheric VOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew
P. Stewart
- School
of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard
University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Paul E. Ohno
- School
of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard
University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Karena McKinney
- Department
of Chemistry, Colby College, Waterville, Maine 04901, United States
| | - Scot T. Martin
- School
of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard
University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- Department
of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard
University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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4
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Abstract
This paper provides an overview of recent developments in the field of volatile organic compound (VOC) sensors, which are finding uses in healthcare, safety, environmental monitoring, food and agriculture, oil industry, and other fields. It starts by briefly explaining the basics of VOC sensing and reviewing the currently available and quickly progressing VOC sensing approaches. It then discusses the main trends in materials' design with special attention to nanostructuring and nanohybridization. Emerging sensing materials and strategies are highlighted and their involvement in the different types of sensing technologies is discussed, including optical, electrical, and gravimetric sensors. The review also provides detailed discussions about the main limitations of the field and offers potential solutions. The status of the field and suggestions of promising directions for future development are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Khatib
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Hossam Haick
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
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Kuno G, Sakaguchi K, Matsumoto A. Colloidal Crystal Thin Films with Square Lattice Nanoprotrusions Formed by Self‐Assembly via Spin‐Coating and Heating. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202102835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Goshi Kuno
- Department of Functional Polymer Research Laboratory Tosoh Corporation 1-8 Kasumi Yokkaichi Mie 510-8540 Japan
| | - Kota Sakaguchi
- Department of Functional Polymer Research Laboratory Tosoh Corporation 1-8 Kasumi Yokkaichi Mie 510-8540 Japan
| | - Akikazu Matsumoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Osaka Prefecture University 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku Sakai Osaka 599-8531 Japan
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Zhou Q, Park JG, Bae J, Ha D, Park J, Song K, Kim T. Multimodal and Covert-Overt Convertible Structural Coloration Transformed by Mechanical Stress. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2001467. [PMID: 32383288 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202001467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Most materials and devices with structurally switchable color features responsive to external stimuli can actively and flexibly display various colors. However, realizing covert-overt transformation behavior, especially switching between transparent and colored states, is more challenging. A composite laminate of soft poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) with a rigid SiO2 -nanoparticle (NP) structure pattern is developed as a multidimensional structural color platform. Owing to the similarity in the optical properties of PDMS and SiO2 NPs, this device is fully transparent in the normal state. However, as their mechanical strengths differ considerably, upon compressive loading, a buckling-type instability arises on the surface of the laminate, leading to the generation of 1D or 2D wrinkled patterns in the form of gratings. Finally, an application of the device in which quick response codes are displayed or hidden as covert-overt convertible colored patterns for optical encryption/decryption, showing their remarkable potential for anticounterfeiting applications, is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qitao Zhou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
- Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of the Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Jun Gyu Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Juyeol Bae
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Dogyeong Ha
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungyul Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sogang University, 35 Baekbeom-ro, Mapo-gu, Seoul, 06520, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungjun Song
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University, 63 Busandaehak-ro, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Taesung Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
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Highly-Sensitive Detection of Volatile Organic Compound Vapors by Electrospun PANI/P3TI/PMMA Fibers. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12020455. [PMID: 32079063 PMCID: PMC7077691 DOI: 10.3390/polym12020455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is one of the essential concerns for human health protection and environmental monitoring. In this study, the blending fibers using a donor-acceptor copolymer were fabricated by electrospinning technique and subsequent UV/ozone treatment. The donor-acceptor polymers were polyaniline, P3TI, and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PANI/P3TI/PMMA) fibers with a cylindrical structure and uniform morphology. VOCs were directly adsorbed by the copolymer materials assembled onto a glass surface or metal framework scaffold. Under optimal conditions, the PANI/P3TI/PMMA fibers exhibit rapid response and high selectivity to VOC vapors within 30 min of UV/ozone treatment. Additionally, the optical transmittance changes of the freestanding fibers show significant improvement of more than 10 times to those fibers on glass substrates. It is speculated that the presence of P3TI leads to the formation of a heterojunction and increases the electron reception behavior. The modification of the electronic structure as exposed to VOC vapors tend to significantly alter the optical absorbance of the fibers, leading to the excellent sensing at low VOC concentration.
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Fast and stable vapochromic response induced through nanocrystal formation of a luminescent platinum(II) complex on periodic mesoporous organosilica. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15151. [PMID: 31641187 PMCID: PMC6806002 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51615-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A hybrid vapoluminescent system exhibiting fast and repeatable response was constructed using periodic mesoporous organosilica with bipyridine moieties (BPy-PMO) and a Pt(II) complex bearing a potentially luminescent 2-phenylpyridinato (ppy) ligand. An intense red luminescence appeared when the Pt(II)-complex immobilised BPy-PMO was exposed to methanol vapour and disappeared on exposure to pyridine vapour. The ON-OFF vapochromic behaviour occurred repeatedly in a methanol/pyridine/heating cycle. Interestingly, a rapid response was achieved in the second cycle and cycles thereafter. Scanning and transmission electron microscopies (SEM/TEM), absorption and emission, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopies, mass spectrometry, and powder X-ray diffraction indicated that methanol vapour induced Si-C cleavage and thus liberated [Pt(ppy)(bpy)]Cl (bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine) from the BPy-PMO framework. Furthermore, the self-assembling properties of the Pt(II) complex resulted in the formation of highly luminescent micro/nanocrystals that were homogeneously dispersed on the porous support. The unique vapoluminescence triggered by the unprecedented protodesilylation on exposure to protic solvent vapour at room temperature is attributable to BPy-PMO being a giant ligand and an effective vapour condenser. Consequently, this hybrid system presents a new strategy for developing sensors using bulk powdery materials.
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Shillingford C, Grebe V, McMullen A, Brujic J, Weck M. Assembly and Dynamic Analysis of Square Colloidal Crystals via Templated Capillary Assembly. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:12205-12214. [PMID: 31497962 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b02124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Capillary assembly has the ability to engineer centimeter-sized regions of discrete colloidal superstructures and microarrays. However, its use as a tool for directing crystallization of colloids into surface-bound nonclose-packed arrays is limited. Furthermore, the use of quantitative particle tracking tools to investigate evaporative assembly dynamics is rarely employed. In this contribution, we use templated capillary assembly to fabricate square-packed lattices of spherical, organosilica colloids using designed patterned boundaries. Particle tracking algorithms reveal that the assembly of square-packed regions is controlled by the interplay between confinement-driven nuclei formation and osmotic pressure-driven restructuring. We find that the incorporation of a square template increases the yield of particles bearing four nearest neighbors (Zn = 4) from 4 to 39%, obtained using a heavier and more viscous solvent. Maximal square-packed domains occur at specific initial particle concentrations (1.75-2.25 wt % or φ = 0.013-0.017), indicating that rearrangements are a function of osmotic force. We use particle tracking methods to dynamically monitor conversions between square and hexagonal packing, revealing a cyclical transition between 4 and 6 coordinated particles throughout meniscus recession. Our method is highly scalable and inexpensive and can be adapted for use with different particle sizes and compositions, as well as for targeted open-packed geometries. Our findings will inform the large area, defect-free assembly of nonclose-packed lattices of unexplored varieties that are necessary for the continued expansion of colloid-based materials with vast applications in optical electronics.
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Wu X, Li N, Ji H, Zhang H, Bu J, Zhang X, Qian S, Yang Y, Han B, Wang H, Ye P, Zhou J, Zhang C. Determination and analysis of harmful components in synthetic running tracks from Chinese primary and middle schools. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12743. [PMID: 31484956 PMCID: PMC6726760 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49142-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In China, incidences involving pupils suffering health problems caused by synthetic running tracks have attracted the public's attention. However, the existence of known and unknown harmful chemicals in the tracks have not yet been explored. Here, the levels of 16 known harmful ingredients were firstly analyzed in 167 school running tracks. In all samples, the recognized toxic solvents and additives, such as the benzene series, soluble mercury, 3,3'-dichloro-4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane (MOCA) and toluene diisocyanate monomer (TDI) were under the limits of detection. In contrast, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), phthalates, Short chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) soluble lead, cadmium and chromium were found in 86%, 88%, 46%, 81%, 43% and 83% of the specimens, respectively. The levels, toxicology and distribution of these known chemicals were evaluated. Then, a static-headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) method in full scan mode was employed to screen for unknown volatile chemicals. Three groups of chemicals reflecting different kinds of pollution sources were discovered: new solvents, such as N, N-Dimethylformamide, new additives, such as 2-ethylhexanoic acid, and by-products, such as carbon disulfide. In summary, the existence of potential risk factors in school plastic tracks was revealed through exhaustive testing. Moreover, most of the hazardous components detected have been recently included in a new national standard to improve the safety performance of synthetic running tracks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Wu
- Jiangsu Provincial Supervision & Inspection Center of Green & Degradable Materials, Nanjing Institute of Product Quality Inspection, No. 3 Jialingjiang East Street, 210019, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Child Development and Learning Science (Ministry of Education), School of Biological Science & Medical Engineering, Southeast University, No. 2 Sipailou, 210096, Nanjing, China
| | - Ning Li
- Jiangsu Provincial Supervision & Inspection Center of Green & Degradable Materials, Nanjing Institute of Product Quality Inspection, No. 3 Jialingjiang East Street, 210019, Nanjing, China
| | - Hanxu Ji
- Jiangsu Provincial Supervision & Inspection Center of Green & Degradable Materials, Nanjing Institute of Product Quality Inspection, No. 3 Jialingjiang East Street, 210019, Nanjing, China
| | - Haifeng Zhang
- Jiangsu Provincial Supervision & Inspection Center of Green & Degradable Materials, Nanjing Institute of Product Quality Inspection, No. 3 Jialingjiang East Street, 210019, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiangtao Bu
- Jiangsu Provincial Supervision & Inspection Center of Green & Degradable Materials, Nanjing Institute of Product Quality Inspection, No. 3 Jialingjiang East Street, 210019, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoming Zhang
- Jiangsu Provincial Supervision & Inspection Center of Green & Degradable Materials, Nanjing Institute of Product Quality Inspection, No. 3 Jialingjiang East Street, 210019, Nanjing, China
| | - Shasha Qian
- Jiangsu Provincial Supervision & Inspection Center of Green & Degradable Materials, Nanjing Institute of Product Quality Inspection, No. 3 Jialingjiang East Street, 210019, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Jiangsu Provincial Supervision & Inspection Center of Green & Degradable Materials, Nanjing Institute of Product Quality Inspection, No. 3 Jialingjiang East Street, 210019, Nanjing, China
| | - Bing Han
- Jiangsu Provincial Supervision & Inspection Center of Green & Degradable Materials, Nanjing Institute of Product Quality Inspection, No. 3 Jialingjiang East Street, 210019, Nanjing, China
| | - Haojie Wang
- Jiangsu Provincial Supervision & Inspection Center of Green & Degradable Materials, Nanjing Institute of Product Quality Inspection, No. 3 Jialingjiang East Street, 210019, Nanjing, China
| | - Ping Ye
- Taizhou Institute of Product Quality Inspection, No. 9 Tianhong Road, 225300, Taizhou, China
| | - Jungui Zhou
- Jiangsu Provincial Supervision & Inspection Center of Green & Degradable Materials, Nanjing Institute of Product Quality Inspection, No. 3 Jialingjiang East Street, 210019, Nanjing, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Jiangsu Provincial Supervision & Inspection Center of Green & Degradable Materials, Nanjing Institute of Product Quality Inspection, No. 3 Jialingjiang East Street, 210019, Nanjing, China.
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Azzouz A, Vikrant K, Kim KH, Ballesteros E, Rhadfi T, Malik AK. Advances in colorimetric and optical sensing for gaseous volatile organic compounds. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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12
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Bae J, Lee J, Zhou Q, Kim T. Micro-/Nanofluidics for Liquid-Mediated Patterning of Hybrid-Scale Material Structures. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1804953. [PMID: 30600554 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201804953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Various materials are fabricated to form specific structures/patterns at the micro-/nanoscale, which exhibit additional functions and performance. Recent liquid-mediated fabrication methods utilizing bottom-up approaches benefit from micro-/nanofluidic technologies that provide a high controllability for manipulating fluids containing various solutes, suspensions, and building blocks at the microscale and/or nanoscale. Here, the state-of-the-art micro-/nanofluidic approaches are discussed, which facilitate the liquid-mediated patterning of various hybrid-scale material structures, thereby showing many additional advantages in cost, labor, resolution, and throughput. Such systems are categorized here according to three representative forms defined by the degree of the free-fluid-fluid interface: free, semiconfined, and fully confined forms. The micro-/nanofluidic methods for each form are discussed, followed by recent examples of their applications. To close, the remaining issues and potential applications are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juyeol Bae
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongwan Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Qitao Zhou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Taesung Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
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