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Yang B, Li X. Unveiling the Mechanisms of Bone Marrow Toxicity Induced by Lead Acetate Exposure. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024; 202:1041-1066. [PMID: 37378799 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-023-03733-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Lead (Pb), a widespread heavy metal, causes severe toxicity in human and animal organs (e.g., bone marrow), whereas the mechanisms of the bone marrow toxicity induced by Pb exposure are unclear. Hence, this study was designed to reveal the hub genes involved in Pb-induced bone marrow toxicity. GSE59894 dataset obtained from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) was composed of lead acetate (PbAc2)-treated and control bone marrow samples. Totally 120 and 85 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified on the 1st day, while 153 and 157 DEGs on the 3rd day in the bone marrow treated with 200 and 600 mg/kg of PbAc2, respectively. Notably, a total of 28 and 32 overlapping DEGs were identified in the bone marrow on the 1st and 3rd day treated with PbAc2, respectively. Biological process analysis suggested that the common DEGs were primarily participated in cell differentiation, the response to drug, xenobiotic stimulus, and organic cyclic compound. Pathway analysis demonstrated that the overlapping DEGs were primarily linked to PI3K-Akt, TGF-β, MAPK, and osteoclast differentiation signaling pathways. Moreover, the hub genes, including PLD2, DAPK1, ALB, TNF, FOS, CDKN1A, and TGFB3, might contribute to PbAc2-induced bone marrow toxicity. Overall, our study offers an important insight into the molecular mechanisms of Pb-induced bone marrow toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Yang
- College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, 233100, China
| | - Xiaofeng Li
- College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, 233100, China.
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2
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Lee H, Jung TY, Lim SH, Choi EJ, Lee J, Min DS. Phospholipase D2 is a positive regulator of sirtuin 1 and modulates p53-mediated apoptosis via sirtuin 1. Exp Mol Med 2021; 53:1287-1297. [PMID: 34471223 PMCID: PMC8492672 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-021-00659-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) is a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-dependent histone deacetylase that plays diverse physiological roles. However, little is known about the regulation of SIRT1 activity. Here, we show that phospholipase D2 (PLD2), but not PLD1, selectively interacts with SIRT1 and increases the deacetylase activity of SIRT1. PLD2 does not interact with the other isozymes of SIRT (SIRT2–7). Two leucine residues in the LXXLL motif (L173 and L174) in the phox domain of PLD2 interact with the region essential for SIRT1 activity. PLD2 stimulates the SIRT1-mediated deacetylation of p53 independent of its lipase activity. In our study, mutagenesis of the LXXLL motif suppressed the interaction of PLD2 with SIRT1 and inhibited SIRT1-mediated p53 deacetylation and p53-induced transactivation of proapoptotic genes. Ultimately, overexpression of wild-type PLD2 but not that of LXXLL-mutant PLD2 protected cells against etoposide-induced apoptosis. Moreover, PLD2 did not protect against apoptosis induced by SIRT1 depletion under genotoxic stress. Collectively, our results suggest that PLD2 is a positive regulator of SIRT1 and modulates p53-mediated apoptosis via SIRT1. New details about the regulatory mechanisms that prevent tumor cell death could be exploited to increase the effectiveness of chemotherapy. The sirtuin (SIRT) protein family has been linked to both promotion and suppression of tumors in different cancers. The enzyme SIRT1 in particular deacetylates, and thereby deactivates, the key tumor-suppressing antigen p53, stopping p53 from inducing apoptosis (controlled cell death) in tumors. Do Sik Min at Yonsei University, Incheon, South Korea, and co-workers revealed that this SIRT1 deacetylation of p53 is greatly enhanced by the activity of the enzyme phospholipase D2 (PLD2). A particular region on PLD2 is required to activate SIRT1, this activation leading to protection of tumor cells from apoptosis induced by the chemotherapy drug etoposide. Therapies that target that region on PLD2 might therefore suppress a tumor’s natural resistance to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyesung Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon, 21983, South Korea
| | - Taek-Yeol Jung
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, South Korea
| | - Seong Hun Lim
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon, 21983, South Korea
| | - Eun Ju Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon, 21983, South Korea.,Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, Incheon, 21983, South Korea
| | - Jinu Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon, 21983, South Korea.,Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, Incheon, 21983, South Korea
| | - Do Sik Min
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon, 21983, South Korea.
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Fernández-Medarde A, Santos E. Ras GEF Mouse Models for the Analysis of Ras Biology and Signaling. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2021; 2262:361-395. [PMID: 33977490 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1190-6_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Animal models have become in recent years a crucial tool to understand the physiological and pathological roles of many cellular proteins. They allow analysis of the functional consequences of [1] complete or partial (time- or organ-limited) removal of specific proteins (knockout animals), [2] the exchange of a wild-type allele for a mutant or truncated version found in human illnesses (knock-in), or [3] the effect of overexpression of a given protein in the whole body or in specific organs (transgenic mice). In this regard, the study of phenotypes in Ras GEF animal models has allowed researchers to find specific functions for otherwise very similar proteins, uncovering their role in physiological contexts such as memory formation, lymphopoiesis, photoreception, or body homeostasis. In addition, mouse models have been used to unveil the functional role of Ras GEFs under pathological conditions, including Noonan syndrome, skin tumorigenesis, inflammatory diseases, diabetes, or ischemia among others. In the following sections, we will describe the methodological approaches employed for Ras GEF animal model analyses, as well as the main discoveries made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Fernández-Medarde
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer-Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer (CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca) and CIBERONC, Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Eugenio Santos
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer-Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer (CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca) and CIBERONC, Salamanca, Spain
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Barisano D, Frohman MA. Roles for Phospholipase D1 in the Tumor Microenvironment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1259:77-87. [PMID: 32578172 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-43093-1_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
The lipid-modifying signal transduction enzyme phospholipase D (PLD) has been proposed to have roles in oncogenic processes for well-on 30 years, with most of the early literature focused on potential functions for PLD in the biology of the tumor cells themselves. While such roles remain under investigation, evidence has also now been generated to support additional roles for PLD, in particular PLD1, in the tumor microenvironment, including effects on neoangiogenesis, the supply of nutrients, interactions of platelets with circulating cancer cells, the response of the immune system, and exosome biology. Here, we review these lines of investigation, accompanied by a discussion of the limitations of the existing studies and some cautionary notes regarding the study and interpretation of PLD function using model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Barisano
- Center for Developmental Genetics and the Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Michael A Frohman
- Center for Developmental Genetics and the Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
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Wang F, Zhang J, Zhou G. HIF1α/PLD2 axis linked to glycolysis induces T-cell immunity in oral lichen planus. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2020; 1864:129602. [PMID: 32205175 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2020.129602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a common T-cell-mediated immunological disease. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF1α) plays an integral role in the glycolytic metabolism that facilitates immune functions from boosting cellular proliferative capacity to driving T-cell differentiation. In general, phospholipase D2 (PLD2) is required for HIF1α regulation. However, the involvement of HIF1α and PLD2 in dysfunctional T-cell immunity of OLP remains elusive. METHODS HIF1α and PLD2 expression in OLP lesions were determined by qRT-PCR, immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence staining, and correlation analysis was carried out between their expressions. HIF1α or PLD2 silencing in T cells was performed to investigate the glycolytic alteration. Then their involvement in T-cell immunobiology was evaluated by detecting cell proliferation, cell cycle, apoptosis, and effector subsets differentiation. Additionally, the modulation of HIF1α on PLD2 expression and the engagement of mTOR in this process were explored. RESULTS HIF1α and PLD2 protein were highly expressed in OLP lesions and they were both observed in large numbers of local CD3+ T cells in OLP. Besides, HIF1α expression was positively correlated with PLD2 expression in OLP. Both HIF1α and PLD2 promoted T-cell proliferation and pro-inflammatory phenotype differentiation, which was associated with the upregulation of glycolysis mediated by HIF1α or PLD2. Moreover, HIF1α induced PLD2 expression in an mTOR-independent way. CONCLUSIONS HIF1α/PLD2 axis was supposed to be critical regulatory signaling involved in the T-cell immunity of OLP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, PR China
| | - Jing Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, PR China; Department of Oral Medicine, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, PR China
| | - Gang Zhou
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, PR China; Department of Oral Medicine, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, PR China.
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Chen ZY, Jiang N, Guo S, Li BB, Yang JQ, Chai SB, Yan HF, Sun PM, Zhang T, Sun HW, Yang HM, Zhou JL, Cui Y. Effect of simulated microgravity on metabolism of HGC-27 gastric cancer cells. Oncol Lett 2020; 19:3439-3450. [PMID: 32269617 PMCID: PMC7115135 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.11451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The understanding into the pathogenesis and treatment of gastric cancer has improved in recent years; however, a number of limitations have delayed the development of effective treatment. Cancer cells can undergo glycolysis and inhibit oxidative phosphorylation in the presence of oxygen (Warburg effect). Previous studies have demonstrated that a rotary cell culture system (RCCS) can induce glycolytic metabolism. In addition, the potential of regulating cancer cells by targeting their metabolites has led to the rapid development of metabolomics. In the present study, human HGC-27 gastric cancer cells were cultured in a RCCS bioreactor, simulating weightlessness. Subsequently, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to examine the effects of simulated microgravity (SMG) on the metabolism of HGC-27 cells. A total of 67 differentially regulated metabolites were identified, including upregulated and downregulated metabolites. Compared with the normal gravity group, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl choline, arachidonic acid and sphinganine were significantly upregulated in SMG conditions, whereas sphingomyelin, phosphatidyl serine, phosphatidic acid, L-proline, creatine, pantothenic acid, oxidized glutathione, adenosine diphosphate and adenosine triphosphate were significantly downregulated. The Human Metabolome Database compound analysis revealed that lipids and lipid-like metabolites were primarily affected in an SMG environment in the present study. Overall, the findings of the present study may aid our understanding of gastric cancer by identifying the underlying mechanisms of metabolism of the disease under SMG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Yang Chen
- Department of General Surgery, The People's Liberation Army 306th Hospital of Peking University Teaching Hospital, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, The People's Liberation Army 306th Hospital of Peking University Teaching Hospital, Beijing 100101, P.R. China.,Department of General Surgery, The People's Liberation Army 306th Hospital, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
| | - Song Guo
- Department of General Surgery, The People's Liberation Army 306th Hospital of Peking University Teaching Hospital, Beijing 100101, P.R. China.,Department of General Surgery, The People's Liberation Army 306th Hospital, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
| | - Bin-Bin Li
- Department of General Surgery, The People's Liberation Army 306th Hospital, Beijing 100101, P.R. China.,Department of General Surgery, The People's Liberation Army 306th Clinical Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Qi Yang
- Department of General Surgery, The People's Liberation Army 306th Hospital of Peking University Teaching Hospital, Beijing 100101, P.R. China.,Department of General Surgery, The People's Liberation Army 306th Hospital, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
| | - Shao-Bin Chai
- Department of General Surgery, The People's Liberation Army 306th Hospital, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Feng Yan
- Department of General Surgery, The People's Liberation Army 306th Hospital, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
| | - Pei-Ming Sun
- Department of General Surgery, The People's Liberation Army 306th Hospital, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The People's Liberation Army 306th Hospital, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Wei Sun
- Department of General Surgery, The People's Liberation Army 306th Hospital, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
| | - He-Ming Yang
- Department of General Surgery, The People's Liberation Army 306th Hospital, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Lian Zhou
- Department of Pathology, The People's Liberation Army 306th Hospital, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
| | - Yan Cui
- Department of General Surgery, The People's Liberation Army 306th Hospital, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
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7
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Abstract
Functions for phospholipase D1 and D2 (PLD1 and PLD2), the canonical isoforms of the PLD superfamily in mammals, have been explored using cell biological and animal disease models for two decades. PLD1 and PLD2, which are activated as a consequence of extracellular signaling events and generate the second messenger signaling lipid phosphatidic acid (PA), have been reported to play roles in settings ranging from platelet activation to the response to cardiac ischemia, viral infection, neurodegenerative disease, and cancer. Of these, the most tractable as therapeutic targets may be thrombotic disease and cancer, as will be discussed here in the context of ongoing efforts to develop small molecule PLD inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Salazar
- Center for Developmental Genetics and the Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Michael A Frohman
- Center for Developmental Genetics and the Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
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McDermott MI, Wang Y, Wakelam MJO, Bankaitis VA. Mammalian phospholipase D: Function, and therapeutics. Prog Lipid Res 2019; 78:101018. [PMID: 31830503 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2019.101018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Despite being discovered over 60 years ago, the precise role of phospholipase D (PLD) is still being elucidated. PLD enzymes catalyze the hydrolysis of the phosphodiester bond of glycerophospholipids producing phosphatidic acid and the free headgroup. PLD family members are found in organisms ranging from viruses, and bacteria to plants, and mammals. They display a range of substrate specificities, are regulated by a diverse range of molecules, and have been implicated in a broad range of cellular processes including receptor signaling, cytoskeletal regulation and membrane trafficking. Recent technological advances including: the development of PLD knockout mice, isoform-specific antibodies, and specific inhibitors are finally permitting a thorough analysis of the in vivo role of mammalian PLDs. These studies are facilitating increased recognition of PLD's role in disease states including cancers and Alzheimer's disease, offering potential as a target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I McDermott
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX 77843-1114, United States of America.
| | - Y Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX 77843-1114, United States of America; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-2128, United States of America
| | - M J O Wakelam
- Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - V A Bankaitis
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX 77843-1114, United States of America; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-2128, United States of America; Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77840, United States of America
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