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Sabiha S, Hasan K, Lima K, Malmir M, Serrano R, Moreira da Silva I, Rocha J, Islam N, Silva O. Quality Studies on Cynometra iripa Leaf and Bark as Herbal Medicines. Molecules 2024; 29:2629. [PMID: 38893505 PMCID: PMC11173719 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29112629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Cynometra iripa Kostel. is a Fabaceae species of mangrove used in traditional Ayurvedic medicine for treating inflammatory conditions. The present study aims to establish monographic botanical and chemical quality criteria for C. iripa leaf and bark as herbal substances and to evaluate their in vitro antioxidant potential. Macroscopic and microscopic qualitative and quantitative analyses, chemical LC-UV/DAD-ESI/MS profiling, and the quantification of key chemical classes were performed. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by DPPH and FRAP assays. Macroscopically, the leaf is asymmetrical with an emarginated apex and cuneate base. Microscopically, it shows features such as two-layered adaxial palisade parenchyma, vascular bundles surrounded by 3-6 layers of sclerenchyma, prismatic calcium oxalate crystals (5.89 ± 1.32 μm) along the fibers, paracytic stomata only on the abaxial epidermis (stomatal index-20.15), and non-glandular trichomes only on petiolules. The microscopic features of the bark include a broad cortex with large lignified sclereids, prismatic calcium oxalate crystals (8.24 ± 1.57 μm), and secondary phloem with distinct 2-5 seriated medullary rays without crystals. Chemical profile analysis revealed that phenolic derivatives, mainly condensed tannins and flavonoids, are the main classes identified. A total of 22 marker compounds were tentatively identified in both plant parts. The major compounds identified in the leaf were quercetin-3-O-glucoside and taxifolin pentoside and in the bark were B-type dimeric proanthocyanidins and taxifolin 3-O-rhamnoside. The total phenolics content was higher in the leaf (1521 ± 4.71 mg GAE/g dry weight), while the total flavonoids and condensed tannins content were higher in the bark (82 ± 0.58 mg CE/g and 1021 ± 5.51 mg CCE/g dry weight, respectively). A total of 70% of the hydroethanolic extracts of leaf and bark showed higher antioxidant activity than the ascorbic acid and concentration-dependent scavenging activity in the DPPH assay (IC50 23.95 ± 0.93 and 23.63 ± 1.37 µg/mL, respectively). A positive and statistically significant (p < 0.05) correlation between the phenol content and antioxidant activity was found. The results obtained will provide important clues for the quality control criteria of C. iripa leaf and bark, as well as for the knowledge of their pharmacological potential as possible anti-inflammatory agents with antioxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabnam Sabiha
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal; (S.S.); (K.H.); (K.L.); (M.M.); (R.S.); (I.M.d.S.); (J.R.)
| | - Kamrul Hasan
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal; (S.S.); (K.H.); (K.L.); (M.M.); (R.S.); (I.M.d.S.); (J.R.)
| | - Katelene Lima
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal; (S.S.); (K.H.); (K.L.); (M.M.); (R.S.); (I.M.d.S.); (J.R.)
| | - Maryam Malmir
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal; (S.S.); (K.H.); (K.L.); (M.M.); (R.S.); (I.M.d.S.); (J.R.)
| | - Rita Serrano
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal; (S.S.); (K.H.); (K.L.); (M.M.); (R.S.); (I.M.d.S.); (J.R.)
| | - Isabel Moreira da Silva
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal; (S.S.); (K.H.); (K.L.); (M.M.); (R.S.); (I.M.d.S.); (J.R.)
| | - João Rocha
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal; (S.S.); (K.H.); (K.L.); (M.M.); (R.S.); (I.M.d.S.); (J.R.)
| | - Nurul Islam
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh;
| | - Olga Silva
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal; (S.S.); (K.H.); (K.L.); (M.M.); (R.S.); (I.M.d.S.); (J.R.)
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Bruneau A, de Queiroz LP, Ringelberg JJ, Borges LM, Bortoluzzi RLDC, Brown GK, Cardoso DBOS, Clark RP, Conceição ADS, Cota MMT, Demeulenaere E, de Stefano RD, Ebinger JE, Ferm J, Fonseca-Cortés A, Gagnon E, Grether R, Guerra E, Haston E, Herendeen PS, Hernández HM, Hopkins HCF, Huamantupa-Chuquimaco I, Hughes CE, Ickert-Bond SM, Iganci J, Koenen EJM, Lewis GP, de Lima HC, de Lima AG, Luckow M, Marazzi B, Maslin BR, Morales M, Morim MP, Murphy DJ, O’Donnell SA, Oliveira FG, Oliveira ACDS, Rando JG, Ribeiro PG, Ribeiro CL, Santos FDS, Seigler DS, da Silva GS, Simon MF, Soares MVB, Terra V. Advances in Legume Systematics 14. Classification of Caesalpinioideae. Part 2: Higher-level classification. PHYTOKEYS 2024; 240:1-552. [PMID: 38912426 PMCID: PMC11188994 DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.240.101716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Caesalpinioideae is the second largest subfamily of legumes (Leguminosae) with ca. 4680 species and 163 genera. It is an ecologically and economically important group formed of mostly woody perennials that range from large canopy emergent trees to functionally herbaceous geoxyles, lianas and shrubs, and which has a global distribution, occurring on every continent except Antarctica. Following the recent re-circumscription of 15 Caesalpinioideae genera as presented in Advances in Legume Systematics 14, Part 1, and using as a basis a phylogenomic analysis of 997 nuclear gene sequences for 420 species and all but five of the genera currently recognised in the subfamily, we present a new higher-level classification for the subfamily. The new classification of Caesalpinioideae comprises eleven tribes, all of which are either new, reinstated or re-circumscribed at this rank: Caesalpinieae Rchb. (27 genera / ca. 223 species), Campsiandreae LPWG (2 / 5-22), Cassieae Bronn (7 / 695), Ceratonieae Rchb. (4 / 6), Dimorphandreae Benth. (4 / 35), Erythrophleeae LPWG (2 /13), Gleditsieae Nakai (3 / 20), Mimoseae Bronn (100 / ca. 3510), Pterogyneae LPWG (1 / 1), Schizolobieae Nakai (8 / 42-43), Sclerolobieae Benth. & Hook. f. (5 / ca. 113). Although many of these lineages have been recognised and named in the past, either as tribes or informal generic groups, their circumscriptions have varied widely and changed over the past decades, such that all the tribes described here differ in generic membership from those previously recognised. Importantly, the approximately 3500 species and 100 genera of the former subfamily Mimosoideae are now placed in the reinstated, but newly circumscribed, tribe Mimoseae. Because of the large size and ecological importance of the tribe, we also provide a clade-based classification system for Mimoseae that includes 17 named lower-level clades. Fourteen of the 100 Mimoseae genera remain unplaced in these lower-level clades: eight are resolved in two grades and six are phylogenetically isolated monogeneric lineages. In addition to the new classification, we provide a key to genera, morphological descriptions and notes for all 163 genera, all tribes, and all named clades. The diversity of growth forms, foliage, flowers and fruits are illustrated for all genera, and for each genus we also provide a distribution map, based on quality-controlled herbarium specimen localities. A glossary for specialised terms used in legume morphology is provided. This new phylogenetically based classification of Caesalpinioideae provides a solid system for communication and a framework for downstream analyses of biogeography, trait evolution and diversification, as well as for taxonomic revision of still understudied genera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Bruneau
- Institut de recherche en biologie végétale and Département de Sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, 4101 Sherbrooke E., Montreal (QC) H1X 2B2, CanadaUniversité de MontréalMontrealCanada
| | - Luciano Paganucci de Queiroz
- Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Av. Transnordestina s/n, Campus, Novo Horizonte. 44036-900, Feira de Santana, BA, BrazilUniversidade Estadual de Feira de SantanaFeira de SantanaBrazil
| | - Jens J. Ringelberg
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Zurich, SwitzerlandUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Old College, South Bridge, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, UKUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
| | - Leonardo M. Borges
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Departamento de Botânica, Rodovia Washington Luís, Km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São CarlosSão CarlosBrazil
| | - Roseli Lopes da Costa Bortoluzzi
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Produção Vegetal, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Agroveterinárias, Avenida Luiz de Camões 2090, 88520-000, Lages, Santa Catarina, BrazilUniversidade do Estado de Santa CatarinaSanta CatarinaBrazil
| | - Gillian K. Brown
- Queensland Herbarium and Biodiversity Science, Department of Environment and Science, Toowong, Queensland, 4066, AustraliaQueensland Herbarium and Biodiversity ScienceToowongAustralia
| | - Domingos B. O. S. Cardoso
- Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Pacheco Leão 915, 22460-030, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BrazilInstituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroBrazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Evolução (PPGBioEvo), Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Bahia (UFBA), Rua Barão de Jeremoabo, s.n., Ondina, 40170-115, Salvador, BA, BrazilUniversidade Federal de BahiaSalvadorBrazil
| | - Ruth P. Clark
- Accelerated Taxonomy Department, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, TW9 3AE, UKRoyal Botanic GardensRichmondUnited Kingdom
| | - Adilva de Souza Conceição
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Diversidade Vegetal, Universidade do Estado da Bahia, Herbário HUNEB, Campus VIII, Rua do Gangorra 503, 48608-240, Paulo Afonso, Bahia, BrazilUniversidade do Estado da BahiaBahiaBrazil
| | - Matheus Martins Teixeira Cota
- Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Av. Transnordestina s/n, Campus, Novo Horizonte. 44036-900, Feira de Santana, BA, BrazilUniversidade Estadual de Feira de SantanaFeira de SantanaBrazil
| | - Else Demeulenaere
- Center for Island Sustainability and Sea Grant, University of Guam, UOG Station, Mangilao, 96923, GuamUniversity of GuamMangilaoGuam
| | - Rodrigo Duno de Stefano
- Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C. (CICY), Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, Chuburná de Hidalgo; CP 97205, Mérida, Yucatán, MexicoCentro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C.MéridaMexico
| | - John E. Ebinger
- Eastern Illinois University, Charleston, IL 61920, USAEastern Illinois UniversityCharlestonUnited States of America
| | - Julia Ferm
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, 10691, Stockholm University, Stockholm, SwedenStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - Andrés Fonseca-Cortés
- Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Av. Transnordestina s/n, Campus, Novo Horizonte. 44036-900, Feira de Santana, BA, BrazilUniversidade Estadual de Feira de SantanaFeira de SantanaBrazil
| | - Edeline Gagnon
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road, Guelph (ON) N1G 2W1, CanadaRoyal Botanic Garden EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
- Chair of Phytopathology, Technical University Munich, 85354 Freising, GermanyUniversity of GuelphGuelphCanada
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20A Inverleith Row, Edinburgh, EH3 5LR, UKTechnical University MunichFreisingGermany
| | - Rosaura Grether
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Apdo. Postal 55-535, 09340 Ciudad de México, MexicoUniversidad Autónoma Metropolitana-IztapalapaCiudad de MéxicoMexico
| | - Ethiéne Guerra
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, Bloco IV - Prédio 43433, Porto Alegre, RS, 91501-970, BrazilUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto AlegreBrazil
| | - Elspeth Haston
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20A Inverleith Row, Edinburgh, EH3 5LR, UKTechnical University MunichFreisingGermany
| | - Patrick S. Herendeen
- Chicago Botanic Garden, 1000 Lake Cook Road, Glencoe, IL 60022, USAChicago Botanic GardenGlencoeUnited States of America
| | - Héctor M. Hernández
- Departamento de Botánica, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cd. Universitaria, 04510 Ciudad de México, MexicoUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCiudad de MéxicoMexico
| | - Helen C. F. Hopkins
- Accelerated Taxonomy Department, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, TW9 3AE, UKRoyal Botanic GardensRichmondUnited Kingdom
| | - Isau Huamantupa-Chuquimaco
- Herbario Alwyn Gentry (HAG), Universidad Nacional Amazónica de Madre de Dios (UNAMAD), AV. Jorge Chávez N°1160, Madre de Dios, PeruUniversidad Nacional Amazónica de Madre de DiosMadre de DiosPeru
| | - Colin E. Hughes
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Zurich, SwitzerlandUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Stefanie M. Ickert-Bond
- Department of Biology & Wildlife & Herbarium (ALA) at the University of Alaska Museum of the North, University of Alaska Fairbanks, P.O. Box 756960, Fairbanks AK 99775-6960, USAUniversity of Alaska FairbanksFairbanksUnited States of America
| | - João Iganci
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, Bloco IV - Prédio 43433, Porto Alegre, RS, 91501-970, BrazilUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto AlegreBrazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Fisiologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Instituto de Biologia, Campus Universitário Capão do Leão, Passeio André Dreyfus, Departamento de Botânica, Prédio 21, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, 96010-900, BrazilUniversidade Federal de PelotasPelotasBrazil
| | - Erik J. M. Koenen
- Evolutionary Biology & Ecology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Faculté des Sciences, Campus du Solbosch - CP 160/12, Avenue F.D. Roosevelt, 50, 1050 Bruxelles, BelgiumUniversité Libre de BruxellesBruxellesBelgium
| | - Gwilym P. Lewis
- Accelerated Taxonomy Department, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, TW9 3AE, UKRoyal Botanic GardensRichmondUnited Kingdom
| | - Haroldo Cavalcante de Lima
- Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Pacheco Leão 915, 22460-030, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BrazilInstituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroBrazil
- Instituto Nacional da Mata Atlântica / INMA-MCTI, Av. José Ruschi, 4, Centro, 29650-000, Santa Teresa, Espírito Santo, BrazilInstituto Nacional da Mata AtlânticaSanta TeresaBrazil
| | - Alexandre Gibau de Lima
- Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Pacheco Leão 915, 22460-030, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BrazilInstituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroBrazil
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, SwedenUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Melissa Luckow
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Plant Biology Section, Cornell University, 215 Garden Avenue, Roberts Hall 260, Ithaca, NY 14853, USACornell UniversityIthacaUnited States of America
| | - Brigitte Marazzi
- Natural History Museum of Canton Ticino, Viale C. Cattaneo 4, 6900 Lugano, SwitzerlandNatural History Museum of Canton TicinoLuganoSwitzerland
| | - Bruce R. Maslin
- Western Australian Herbarium, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Locked Bag 104, Bentley Delivery Centre, Western Australia, 6983, AustraliaWestern Australian HerbariumBentley Delivery CentreAustralia
- Singapore Herbarium, 1 Cluny Road, Singapore, SingaporeSingapore HerbariumSingaporeSingapore
| | - Matías Morales
- Instituto de Recursos Biológicos, CIRN–CNIA, INTA. N. Repetto & Los Reseros s.n., Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, ArgentinaInstituto de Recursos BiológicosBuenos AiresArgentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290 (C1425FQB), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, ArgentinaConsejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y TécnicasCiudad Autónoma de Buenos AiresArgentina
| | - Marli Pires Morim
- Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Pacheco Leão 915, 22460-030, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BrazilInstituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - Daniel J. Murphy
- Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004, AustraliaRoyal Botanic Gardens VictoriaVictoriaAustralia
| | - Shawn A. O’Donnell
- Geography and Environmental Sciences, Northumbria University, Ellison Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UKNorthumbria UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUnited Kingdom
| | - Filipe Gomes Oliveira
- Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Av. Transnordestina s/n, Campus, Novo Horizonte. 44036-900, Feira de Santana, BA, BrazilUniversidade Estadual de Feira de SantanaFeira de SantanaBrazil
| | - Ana Carla da Silva Oliveira
- Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Av. Transnordestina s/n, Campus, Novo Horizonte. 44036-900, Feira de Santana, BA, BrazilUniversidade Estadual de Feira de SantanaFeira de SantanaBrazil
| | - Juliana Gastaldello Rando
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Ambientais, Universidade Federal do Oeste da Bahia, Rua Professor José Seabra Lemos 316, 47800-021, Barreiras, Bahia, BrazilUniversidade Federal do Oeste da BahiaBarreirasBrazil
| | - Pétala Gomes Ribeiro
- Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Av. Transnordestina s/n, Campus, Novo Horizonte. 44036-900, Feira de Santana, BA, BrazilUniversidade Estadual de Feira de SantanaFeira de SantanaBrazil
| | - Carolina Lima Ribeiro
- Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Av. Transnordestina s/n, Campus, Novo Horizonte. 44036-900, Feira de Santana, BA, BrazilUniversidade Estadual de Feira de SantanaFeira de SantanaBrazil
| | - Felipe da Silva Santos
- Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Av. Transnordestina s/n, Campus, Novo Horizonte. 44036-900, Feira de Santana, BA, BrazilUniversidade Estadual de Feira de SantanaFeira de SantanaBrazil
| | - David S. Seigler
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USAUniversity of IllinoisUrbanaUnited States of America
| | - Guilherme Sousa da Silva
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, 13083-876, São Paulo/SP, BrazilUniversidade Estadual de CampinasSão PauloBrazil
| | - Marcelo F. Simon
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (Embrapa) Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Parque Estação Biológica, Caixa Postal 02372, 70770-917, Brasília/DF, BrazilEmpresa Brasileira de Pesquisa AgropecuáriaBrasíliaBrazil
| | - Marcos Vinícius Batista Soares
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, Bloco IV - Prédio 43433, Porto Alegre, RS, 91501-970, BrazilUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto AlegreBrazil
| | - Vanessa Terra
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900, Santa Maria/RS, BrazilUniversidade Federal de Santa MariaSanta MariaBrazil
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Estrada-Castillón E, Villarreal-Quintanilla JÁ, Cuéllar-Rodríguez G, Encina-Domínguez JA, Martínez-Ávalos JG, Mora-Olivo A, Sánchez-Salas J. The Fabaceae in Northeastern Mexico (Subfamily Caesalpinioideae, Mimosoideae Clade, Tribes Mimoseae, Acacieae, and Ingeae). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:403. [PMID: 38337936 PMCID: PMC10857220 DOI: 10.3390/plants13030403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
A synoptic compendium of the legumes of the Mimosoideae clade in northeastern Mexico is presented for the first time, including changes in their botanical nomenclature and retypification of genera. Furthermore, based on new information recently published, the taxonomic limits of several new genera segregated from Acacia (Acaciella, Mariosousa, Senegalia, and Vachellia) and Prosopis (Neltuma and Strombocarpa) are clarified and included. Based on field work, collection of botanical samples over the past 30 years, and reviewing botanical materials in national and international herbaria, we have completed the diversity of legumes of the Mimosoideae clade of northeastern Mexico. Three tribes (Acacieae, Ingeae, and Mimosaeae), 22 genera, 92 species, and 19 infraspecific categories were recorded. Only the genus Painteria is endemic to Mexico. Eighty-eight species are native to Mexico, and four are exotic: Acacia salicina, Neptunia prostrata, Neltuma chilensis and Albizia lebbeck. Twenty-eight species are endemic to Mexico, nine species are endemic to northeastern Mexico, and four species are endemic to only one state in Mexico. The 22 registered genera represent 44% and 65% of the generic flora of the Mimosoideae clade for Mexico and the planet, respectively, while the 92 species registered represent 3% and 18% of the species of the clade Mimosoideae for the planet and Mexico, respectively. According to the new nomenclature of legumes, the number of genera in the Mimosoideae clade in northern Mexico has increased from 19 to 24.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Estrada-Castillón
- Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Linares 67700, Mexico; (E.E.-C.); (G.C.-R.)
| | | | - Gerardo Cuéllar-Rodríguez
- Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Linares 67700, Mexico; (E.E.-C.); (G.C.-R.)
| | - Juan Antonio Encina-Domínguez
- Departamento de Botánica, Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro, Saltillo 25315, Mexico; (J.Á.V.-Q.); (J.A.E.-D.)
| | | | - Arturo Mora-Olivo
- Instituto de Ecología Aplicada, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Ciudad Victoria 87019, Mexico;
| | - Jaime Sánchez-Salas
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Gómez Palacio 35010, Mexico;
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Ter Steege H, Fortes EA, Rozendaal DMA, Erkens RHJ, Sabatier D, Aymard G, Duijm E, Eurlings M, Grewe F, Pombo MM, Gomes VF, de Mansano VF, de Oliveira SM. Molecular phylogeny and evolution of inflorescence types in Eperua. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2023; 110:e16229. [PMID: 37661805 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE The Amazonian hyperdominant genus Eperua (Fabaceae) currently holds 20 described species and has two strongly different inflorescence and flower types, with corresponding different pollination syndrome. The evolution of these vastly different inflorescence types within this genus was unknown and the main topic in this study. METHODS We constructed a molecular phylogeny, based on the full nuclear ribosomal DNA and partial plastome, using Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood methods, to test whether the genus is monophyletic, whether all species are monophyletic and if the shift from bat to bee pollination (or vice versa) occurred once in this genus. RESULTS All but two species are well supported by the nuclear ribosomal phylogeny. The plastome phylogeny, however, shows a strong geographic signal suggesting strong local hybridization or chloroplast capture, rendering chloroplast barcodes meaningless in this genus. CONCLUSIONS With our data, we cannot fully resolve the backbone of the tree to clarify sister genera relationships and confirm monophyly of the genus Eperua. Within the genus, the shift from bat to bee and bee to bat pollination has occurred several times but, with the bee to bat not always leading to a pendant inflorescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Ter Steege
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Quantitative Biodiversity Dynamics, Dept. of Biology, Utrecht, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Elenice A Fortes
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Danaë M A Rozendaal
- Plant Production Systems Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 430, Wageningen, 6700 AK, the Netherlands
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 430, Wageningen, 6700 AK, the Netherlands
| | - Roy H J Erkens
- Maastricht Science Programme, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616. 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel Sabatier
- AMAP, IRD, Cirad, CNRS, INRA, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34398, France
| | - Gerardo Aymard
- UNELLEZ-Guanare, Programa de Ciencias del Agro y del Mar, Herbario Universitario (PORT), Mesa de Cavacas, estado Portuguesa, 3350, Venezuela
- Compensation International Progress S.A. Ciprogress-Greenlife, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Elza Duijm
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Felix Grewe
- Grainger Bioinformatics Center, Field Museum, 1400 S. Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, 60605-2496, IL, USA
| | - Maihyra M Pombo
- Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Manaus, 69067-375, AM, Brazil
| | - Vitor F Gomes
- Escola de Negócios Tecnologia e Inovação, Centro Universitário do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
- Universidade Federal do Pará, Rua Augusto Corrêa 01, Belém, 66075-110, PA, Brazil
| | - Vidal F de Mansano
- Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Pacheco Leão, 915, Rio de Janeiro, 22460-030, RJ, Brazil
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5
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Mangena P. Impact of Polyploidy Induction for Salinity Stress Mitigation in Soybean ( Glycine max L. Merrill). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1356. [PMID: 36987050 PMCID: PMC10051967 DOI: 10.3390/plants12061356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Polyploidy induction is recognized as one of the major evolutionary processes leading to remarkable morphological, physiological, and genetic variations in plants. Soybean (Glycine max L.), also known as soja bean or soya bean, is an annual leguminous crop of the pea family (Fabaceae) that shares a paleopolypoidy history, dating back to approximately 56.5 million years ago with other leguminous crops such as cowpea and other Glycine specific polyploids. This crop has been documented as one of the polyploid complex species among legumes whose gene evolution and resultant adaptive growth characteristics following induced polyploidization has not been fully explored. Furthermore, no successfully established in vivo or in vitro based polyploidy induction protocols have been reported to date, particularly, with the intention to develop mutant plants showing strong resistance to abiotic salinity stress. This review, therefore, describes the role of synthetic polyploid plant production in soybean for the mitigation of high soil salt stress levels and how this evolving approach could be used to further enhance the nutritional, pharmaceutical and economic industrial value of soybeans. This review also addresses the challenges involved during the polyploidization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phetole Mangena
- Department of Biodiversity, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Limpopo, Sovenga, Private Bag X1106, Polokwane 0727, South Africa
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6
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Sabiha S, Serrano R, Hasan K, Moreira da Silva IB, Rocha J, Islam N, Silva O. The Genus Cynometra: A Review of Ethnomedicine, Chemical, and Biological Data. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:3504. [PMID: 36559616 PMCID: PMC9781411 DOI: 10.3390/plants11243504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Cynometra L. is a Fabaceae genus that is widely distributed throughout the tropics, consisting of tropical forest trees with ecological and economic importance since they are used as food and herbal medicines by the populations of their natural habitats. Our goal is to provide a review of the research data concerning the potential of this botanical genus as a source of herbal medicines and secondary metabolites that are useful for human health. To that end, scientific databases, including PubMed, Science Direct, ISI Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar, were searched using the following terms: Cynometra, medicine, chemical, biological activity, toxicity, and “AND” as the Boolean connector. Eleven Cynometra species (9.7%) were reported to be used in traditional medicine to treat different ailments. A total of 185 secondary metabolites of various chemical classes, mainly flavonoids and terpenoids, were identified in eight Cynometra species (7.1%). Vitexin was the only flavonoid identified as bioactive in the sequence of bioguided studies on this botanical genus. Ten species (8.8%) were submitted to in vitro and in vivo biological activity assays. The main evaluated activities were in vitro antioxidant, antimicrobial, cytotoxic, and in vivo anti-inflammatory activities, but no human clinical trials or safety data about this genus were found. Cynometra cauliflora and Cynometra ramiflora were the most studied species. The present work confirms the use of Cynometra species as a source of medicinal plants. However, more experimental studies must be conducted to better understand this botanical genus’s usefulness as a source of raw materials for pharmaceutical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabnam Sabiha
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rita Serrano
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Kamrul Hasan
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Isabel B. Moreira da Silva
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João Rocha
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Nurul Islam
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh
| | - Olga Silva
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
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7
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Ringelberg JJ, Koenen EJM, Iganci JR, de Queiroz LP, Murphy DJ, Gaudeul M, Bruneau A, Luckow M, Lewis GP, Hughes CE. Phylogenomic analysis of 997 nuclear genes reveals the need for extensive generic re-delimitation in Caesalpinioideae (Leguminosae). PHYTOKEYS 2022; 205:3-58. [PMID: 36762007 PMCID: PMC9848904 DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.205.85866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Subfamily Caesalpinioideae with ca. 4,600 species in 152 genera is the second-largest subfamily of legumes (Leguminosae) and forms an ecologically and economically important group of trees, shrubs and lianas with a pantropical distribution. Despite major advances in the last few decades towards aligning genera with clades across Caesalpinioideae, generic delimitation remains in a state of considerable flux, especially across the mimosoid clade. We test the monophyly of genera across Caesalpinioideae via phylogenomic analysis of 997 nuclear genes sequenced via targeted enrichment (Hybseq) for 420 species and 147 of the 152 genera currently recognised in the subfamily. We show that 22 genera are non-monophyletic or nested in other genera and that non-monophyly is concentrated in the mimosoid clade where ca. 25% of the 90 genera are found to be non-monophyletic. We suggest two main reasons for this pervasive generic non-monophyly: (i) extensive morphological homoplasy that we document here for a handful of important traits and, particularly, the repeated evolution of distinctive fruit types that were historically emphasised in delimiting genera and (ii) this is an artefact of the lack of pantropical taxonomic syntheses and sampling in previous phylogenies and the consequent failure to identify clades that span the Old World and New World or conversely amphi-Atlantic genera that are non-monophyletic, both of which are critical for delimiting genera across this large pantropical clade. Finally, we discuss taxon delimitation in the phylogenomic era and especially how assessing patterns of gene tree conflict can provide additional insights into generic delimitation. This new phylogenomic framework provides the foundations for a series of papers reclassifying genera that are presented here in Advances in Legume Systematics (ALS) 14 Part 1, for establishing a new higher-level phylogenetic tribal and clade-based classification of Caesalpinioideae that is the focus of ALS14 Part 2 and for downstream analyses of evolutionary diversification and biogeography of this important group of legumes which are presented elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens J. Ringelberg
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, CH 8008, Zurich, SwitzerlandUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Erik J. M. Koenen
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, CH 8008, Zurich, SwitzerlandUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- Present address: Evolutionary Biology & Ecology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Faculté des Sciences, Campus du Solbosch - CP 160/12, Avenue F.D. Roosevelt, 50, 1050 Bruxelles, BelgiumUniversité Libre de BruxellesBruxellesBelgium
| | - João R. Iganci
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Campus Universitário Capão do Leão, Travessa André Dreyfus s/n, Capão do Leão 96010-900, Rio Grande do Sul, BrazilUniversidade Federal de PelotasRio Grande do SulBrazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 91501-970, BrazilUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulRio Grande do SulBrazil
| | - Luciano P. de Queiroz
- Departamento Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Avenida Transnordestina s/n – Novo Horizonte, 44036-900, Feira de Santana, BrazilUniversidade Estadual de Feira de SantanaFeira de SantanaBrazil
| | - Daniel J. Murphy
- Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria, Birdwood Ave., Melbourne, VIC 3004, AustraliaRoyal Botanic Gardens VictoriaMelbourneAustralia
| | - Myriam Gaudeul
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), MNHN-CNRS-SU-EPHE-UA, 57 rue Cuvier, CP 39, 75231 Paris, Cedex 05, FranceInstitut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB)ParisFrance
| | - Anne Bruneau
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale and Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, 4101 Sherbrooke St E, Montreal, QC H1X 2B2, CanadaUniversité de MontréalMontrealCanada
| | - Melissa Luckow
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Plant Biology Section, Cornell University, 215 Garden Avenue, Roberts Hall 260, Ithaca, NY 14853, USACornell UniversityIthacaUnited States of America
| | - Gwilym P. Lewis
- Accelerated Taxonomy Department, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AE, UKAccelerated Taxonomy Department, Royal Botanic GardensRichmondUnited Kingdom
| | - Colin E. Hughes
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, CH 8008, Zurich, SwitzerlandUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
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8
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Iwashina T, Tanaka N, Aung MM, Devkota HP, Mizuno T. Flavonoids and anthocyanins from the leaves of the Pride of Burma (Amherstia nobilis). BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2022.104391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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9
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Souza IM, Hughes FM, Funch LS, Queiroz LPDE. Rethinking the pollination syndromes in Hymenaea (Leguminosae): the role of anthesis in the diversification. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2021; 93:e20191446. [PMID: 34705934 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202120191446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Floral traits associated with functional groups of pollinators have been largely employed to understand mechanisms of floral diversification. Hymenaea is a monophyletic legume genus widely recognized to being bat-pollinated, with nocturnal anthesis and copious nectar. The most of species has short-paniculate inflorescences, white and robust flowers, congruent with a bat-pollination syndrome. However, other Hymenaea species show a different floral pattern (e.g., long-paniculate inflorescences and smaller flowers) which we report here as being bird pollinated. We examined the floral traits and visitors of Hymenaea oblongifolia var. latifolia and identified evolutionary shifts in floral traits associated with potential pollinators of Hymenaea species. Floral traits of H. oblongifolia var. latifolia differ from those expected for bat-pollinated flowers in species of sect. Hymenaea, and we observed hummingbirds collecting nectar legitimately. Our phylogenetic analysis did not support the monophyly of the taxonomic sections and suggests that bat pollination is ancestral in Hymenaea, with bird pollination evolving later. The transition coupling with shifts in the timing of anthesis and other floral traits. Pollinator-mediated evolutionary divergence hypothesis partially explains the Hymenaea diversification in the Neotropics. It is congruent with those species shifting from traits linked traditionally to bat pollination to hummingbird pollination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isys M Souza
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Av. Transnordestina, s/n, 44036-900 Feira de Santana, BA, Brazil
| | - Frederic M Hughes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Av. Transnordestina, s/n, 44036-900 Feira de Santana, BA, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional da Mata Atlântica/INMA, Av. José Ruschi, 4, 29650-000 Santa Teresa, ES, Brazil
| | - Ligia S Funch
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Av. Transnordestina, s/n, 44036-900 Feira de Santana, BA, Brazil
| | - Luciano P DE Queiroz
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Av. Transnordestina, s/n, 44036-900 Feira de Santana, BA, Brazil
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10
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Understanding Diversity and Systematics in Australian Fabaceae Tribe Mirbelieae. DIVERSITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/d13080391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Australia has a very diverse pea-flowered legume flora with 1715 native and naturalised species currently recognised. Tribe Mirbelieae s.l. includes 44% of Australia’s peas in 24 genera with 756 recognised species. However, several genera within the Pultenaea alliance in tribe Mirbelieae are considered to be non-monophyletic and two main options have been proposed: option one is to merge ca. 18 genera containing ca. 540 species (the largest genus, Pultenaea has nomenclatural priority); and option two is to re-circumscribe some genera and describe new genera as required to form monophyletic groups. At the species level, option one would require 76% of names to be changed; whereas based on available data, option two is likely to require, at most, 8.3% of names to change. Option two therefore provides the least nomenclatural disruption but cannot be implemented without a robust phylogenetic framework to define new generic limits. Here we present novel analyses of available plastid DNA data (trnL-F) which suggest that option two would be feasible once sufficient data are generated to resolve relationships. However, the reticulate evolutionary histories or past rapid speciation suggested for this group may prevent the resolution of all nodes. We propose targeted use of Next-Generation Sequencing technology as the best way to resolve relationships between the key clades in the tribe and present a framework for such a study. An overview of current taxonomy in the tribe is presented, along with the state of taxonomic knowledge and availability of published descriptions for electronic flora treatments. Several new combinations and typifications are published in an appendix.
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11
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Zhao Y, Zhang R, Jiang KW, Qi J, Hu Y, Guo J, Zhu R, Zhang T, Egan AN, Yi TS, Huang CH, Ma H. Nuclear phylotranscriptomics and phylogenomics support numerous polyploidization events and hypotheses for the evolution of rhizobial nitrogen-fixing symbiosis in Fabaceae. MOLECULAR PLANT 2021; 14:748-773. [PMID: 33631421 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2021.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Fabaceae are the third largest angiosperm family, with 765 genera and ∼19 500 species. They are important both economically and ecologically, and global Fabaceae crops are intensively studied in part for their nitrogen-fixing ability. However, resolution of the intrasubfamilial Fabaceae phylogeny and divergence times has remained elusive, precluding a reconstruction of the evolutionary history of symbiotic nitrogen fixation in Fabaceae. Here, we report a highly resolved phylogeny using >1500 nuclear genes from newly sequenced transcriptomes and genomes of 391 species, along with other datasets, for a total of 463 legumes spanning all 6 subfamilies and 333 of 765 genera. The subfamilies are maximally supported as monophyletic. The clade comprising subfamilies Cercidoideae and Detarioideae is sister to the remaining legumes, and Duparquetioideae and Dialioideae are successive sisters to the clade of Papilionoideae and Caesalpinioideae. Molecular clock estimation revealed an early radiation of subfamilies near the K/Pg boundary, marked by mass extinction, and subsequent divergence of most tribe-level clades within ∼15 million years. Phylogenomic analyses of thousands of gene families support 28 proposed putative whole-genome duplication/whole-genome triplication events across Fabaceae, including those at the ancestors of Fabaceae and five of the subfamilies, and further analyses supported the Fabaceae ancestral polyploidy. The evolution of rhizobial nitrogen-fixing nodulation in Fabaceae was probed by ancestral character reconstruction and phylogenetic analyses of related gene families and the results support the hypotheses of one or two switch(es) to rhizobial nodulation followed by multiple losses. Collectively, these results provide a foundation for further morphological and functional evolutionary analyses across Fabaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Ecological Engineering, Institute of Plant Biology, Center of Evolutionary Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200433, China; Department of Biology, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Rong Zhang
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanhei Road, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Kai-Wen Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Conservation in Southwest China, State Forestry Administration, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, PR China; Ningbo Botanical Garden Herbarium, Ningbo 315201, PR China
| | - Ji Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Ecological Engineering, Institute of Plant Biology, Center of Evolutionary Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yi Hu
- Department of Biology, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Jing Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Ecological Engineering, Institute of Plant Biology, Center of Evolutionary Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Renbin Zhu
- Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Yunnan 666303, PR China
| | - Taikui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Ecological Engineering, Institute of Plant Biology, Center of Evolutionary Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Ashley N Egan
- Department of Biology, Utah Valley University, Orem, UT 84058, USA
| | - Ting-Shuang Yi
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanhei Road, Kunming 650201, China.
| | - Chien-Hsun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Ecological Engineering, Institute of Plant Biology, Center of Evolutionary Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Hong Ma
- Department of Biology, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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12
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Romero IC, Kong S, Fowlkes CC, Jaramillo C, Urban MA, Oboh-Ikuenobe F, D'Apolito C, Punyasena SW. Improving the taxonomy of fossil pollen using convolutional neural networks and superresolution microscopy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:28496-28505. [PMID: 33097671 PMCID: PMC7668113 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2007324117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Taxonomic resolution is a major challenge in palynology, largely limiting the ecological and evolutionary interpretations possible with deep-time fossil pollen data. We present an approach for fossil pollen analysis that uses optical superresolution microscopy and machine learning to create a quantitative and higher throughput workflow for producing palynological identifications and hypotheses of biological affinity. We developed three convolutional neural network (CNN) classification models: maximum projection (MPM), multislice (MSM), and fused (FM). We trained the models on the pollen of 16 genera of the legume tribe Amherstieae, and then used these models to constrain the biological classifications of 48 fossil Striatopollis specimens from the Paleocene, Eocene, and Miocene of western Africa and northern South America. All models achieved average accuracies of 83 to 90% in the classification of the extant genera, and the majority of fossil identifications (86%) showed consensus among at least two of the three models. Our fossil identifications support the paleobiogeographic hypothesis that Amherstieae originated in Paleocene Africa and dispersed to South America during the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (56 Ma). They also raise the possibility that at least three Amherstieae genera (Crudia, Berlinia, and Anthonotha) may have diverged earlier in the Cenozoic than predicted by molecular phylogenies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid C Romero
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801;
| | - Shu Kong
- Robotics Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Charless C Fowlkes
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Carlos Jaramillo
- Center for Tropical Paleoecology and Archaeology, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Ancon, 0843-03092, Panama
- Institut des Sciences de l'Évolution de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Études, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Montpellier, 34095, France
- Department of Geology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, 37008, Spain
| | - Michael A Urban
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
- Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Francisca Oboh-Ikuenobe
- Department of Geosciences and Geological and Petroleum Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409
| | - Carlos D'Apolito
- Faculdade de Geociencias, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiaba, 78000, Brazil
| | - Surangi W Punyasena
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801;
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13
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Cavada BS, Pinto-Junior VR, Osterne VJS, Oliveira MV, Lossio CF, Silva MTL, Bari AU, Lima LD, Souza-Filho CHD, Nascimento KS. Comprehensive review on Caelsalpinioideae lectins: From purification to biological activities. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 162:333-348. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.06.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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14
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Koenen EJM, Ojeda DI, Bakker FT, Wieringa JJ, Kidner C, Hardy OJ, Pennington RT, Herendeen PS, Bruneau A, Hughes CE. The Origin of the Legumes is a Complex Paleopolyploid Phylogenomic Tangle Closely Associated with the Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) Mass Extinction Event. Syst Biol 2020; 70:508-526. [PMID: 32483631 PMCID: PMC8048389 DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syaa041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The consequences of the Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) boundary (KPB) mass extinction for the evolution of plant diversity remain poorly understood, even though evolutionary turnover of plant lineages at the KPB is central to understanding assembly of the Cenozoic biota. The apparent concentration of whole genome duplication (WGD) events around the KPB may have played a role in survival and subsequent diversification of plant lineages. To gain new insights into the origins of Cenozoic biodiversity, we examine the origin and early evolution of the globally diverse legume family (Leguminosae or Fabaceae). Legumes are ecologically (co-)dominant across many vegetation types, and the fossil record suggests that they rose to such prominence after the KPB in parallel with several well-studied animal clades including Placentalia and Neoaves. Furthermore, multiple WGD events are hypothesized to have occurred early in legume evolution. Using a recently inferred phylogenomic framework, we investigate the placement of WGDs during early legume evolution using gene tree reconciliation methods, gene count data and phylogenetic supernetwork reconstruction. Using 20 fossil calibrations we estimate a revised timeline of legume evolution based on 36 nuclear genes selected as informative and evolving in an approximately clock-like fashion. To establish the timing of WGDs we also date duplication nodes in gene trees. Results suggest either a pan-legume WGD event on the stem lineage of the family, or an allopolyploid event involving (some of) the earliest lineages within the crown group, with additional nested WGDs subtending subfamilies Papilionoideae and Detarioideae. Gene tree reconciliation methods that do not account for allopolyploidy may be misleading in inferring an earlier WGD event at the time of divergence of the two parental lineages of the polyploid, suggesting that the allopolyploid scenario is more likely. We show that the crown age of the legumes dates to the Maastrichtian or early Paleocene and that, apart from the Detarioideae WGD, paleopolyploidy occurred close to the KPB. We conclude that the early evolution of the legumes followed a complex history, in which multiple auto- and/or allopolyploidy events coincided with rapid diversification and in association with the mass extinction event at the KPB, ultimately underpinning the evolutionary success of the Leguminosae in the Cenozoic. [Allopolyploidy; Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) boundary; Fabaceae, Leguminosae; paleopolyploidy; phylogenomics; whole genome duplication events]
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik J M Koenen
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, CH-8008, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dario I Ojeda
- Service Évolution Biologique et Écologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Avenue Franklin Roosevelt 50, 1050, Brussels, Belgium.,Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Høgskoleveien 8, 1433 Ås, Norway
| | - Freek T Bakker
- Biosystematics Group, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan J Wieringa
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, 2333 CR, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Catherine Kidner
- Royal Botanic Gardens Edinburgh, 20a Inverleith Row, Edinburgh EH3 5LR, UK.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Mayfield Rd, Edinburgh, EH9 3JU, UK
| | - Olivier J Hardy
- Service Évolution Biologique et Écologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Avenue Franklin Roosevelt 50, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - R Toby Pennington
- Royal Botanic Gardens Edinburgh, 20a Inverleith Row, Edinburgh EH3 5LR, UK.,Geography, University of Exeter, Amory Building, Rennes Drive, Exeter, EX4 4RJ, UK
| | | | - Anne Bruneau
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale and Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, 4101 Sherbrooke St E, Montreal, QC H1X 2B2, Canada
| | - Colin E Hughes
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, CH-8008, Zurich, Switzerland
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15
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Zhang R, Wang YH, Jin JJ, Stull GW, Bruneau A, Cardoso D, De Queiroz LP, Moore MJ, Zhang SD, Chen SY, Wang J, Li DZ, Yi TS. Exploration of Plastid Phylogenomic Conflict Yields New Insights into the Deep Relationships of Leguminosae. Syst Biol 2020; 69:613-622. [PMID: 32065640 PMCID: PMC7302050 DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syaa013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Phylogenomic analyses have helped resolve many recalcitrant relationships in the angiosperm tree of life, yet phylogenetic resolution of the backbone of the Leguminosae, one of the largest and most economically and ecologically important families, remains poor due to generally limited molecular data and incomplete taxon sampling of previous studies. Here, we resolve many of the Leguminosae's thorniest nodes through comprehensive analysis of plastome-scale data using multiple modified coding and noncoding data sets of 187 species representing almost all major clades of the family. Additionally, we thoroughly characterize conflicting phylogenomic signal across the plastome in light of the family's complex history of plastome evolution. Most analyses produced largely congruent topologies with strong statistical support and provided strong support for resolution of some long-controversial deep relationships among the early diverging lineages of the subfamilies Caesalpinioideae and Papilionoideae. The robust phylogenetic backbone reconstructed in this study establishes a framework for future studies on legume classification, evolution, and diversification. However, conflicting phylogenetic signal was detected and quantified at several key nodes that prevent the confident resolution of these nodes using plastome data alone. [Leguminosae; maximum likelihood; phylogenetic conflict; plastome; recalcitrant relationships; stochasticity; systematic error.].
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Zhang
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Yin-Huan Wang
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
- School of Primary Education, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 400700, China
| | - Jian-Jun Jin
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Gregory W Stull
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
- Department of Botany, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013, USA
| | - Anne Bruneau
- Institut de recherche en biologie végétale & Département de Sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H1X 2B2, Canada
| | - Domingos Cardoso
- Diversity, Biogeography and Systematics Laboratory, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Rua Barão de Jeremoabo, s.n., Ondina, 40170-115 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Luciano Paganucci De Queiroz
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Av. Transnordestina, s/n, Novo Horizonte, 44036-900 Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Michael J Moore
- Department of Biology, Oberlin College, Oberlin, OH 44074, USA
| | - Shu-Dong Zhang
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Si-Yun Chen
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Queensland Herbarium, Department of Environment and Science, Brisbane Botanic Gardens, Mt Coot-tha Road, Brisbane 4066, Australia
| | - De-Zhu Li
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Ting-Shuang Yi
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
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Delclòs X, Peñalver E, Ranaivosoa V, Solórzano-Kraemer MM. Unravelling the mystery of "Madagascar copal": Age, origin and preservation of a Recent resin. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232623. [PMID: 32421746 PMCID: PMC7233546 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The loss of biodiversity during the Anthropocene is a constant topic of discussion, especially in the top biodiversity hotspots, such as Madagascar. In this regard, the study of preserved organisms through time, like those included in "Madagascar copal", is of relevance. "Madagascar copal" originated from the leguminous tree Hymenaea verrucosa, which produced and produces resin abundantly. In the last 20 years, interest has focused on the scientific study of its biological inclusions, mainly arthropods, described in dozens of publications. The age and origin of the deposits of "Madagascar copal" have not yet been resolved. Our objectives are to determine its age and geographical origin, and thus increase its scientific value as a source of biological/palaeobiological information. Although Hymenaea was established in Madagascar during the Miocene, we did not find geological deposits of copal or amber in the island. It is plausible that the evolution of those deposits was negatively conditioned by the type of soil, by the climate, and by the development of soil/litter microorganisms, which inhibit preservation of the resin pieces in the litter and subsoil over 300 years. Our results indicate that "Madagascar copal" is a Recent resin, up to a few hundred years old, that originated from Hymenaea trees growing in the lowland coastal forests, one of the most endangered ecosystems in the world. The included and preserved biota is representative of that ecosystem today and during historical times. Inclusions in this Recent resin do not have the palaeontological significance that has been mistakenly attributed to them, but they do have relevant implications for studies regarding Anthropocene biodiversity loss in this hottest hotspot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Delclòs
- Departament Dinàmica de la Terra i de l’Oceà, Facultat de Ciències de la Terra, Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enrique Peñalver
- Instituto Geológico y Minero de España (Museo Geominero), Valencia, Spain
| | - Voajanahary Ranaivosoa
- Département Bassins sédimentaires, Evolution et Conservation, Faculté des Sciences, Université d’Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar
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Choo LM, Forest F, Wieringa JJ, Bruneau A, de la Estrella M. Phylogeny and biogeography of the Daniellia clade (Leguminosae: Detarioideae), a tropical tree lineage largely threatened in Africa and Madagascar. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2020; 146:106752. [PMID: 32028029 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2020.106752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The legume subfamily Detarioideae is exceptionally diverse in tropical Africa and Madagascar, compared to South America or Asia, a trend contrary to that shown by most other pantropical plant groups. We aim to elucidate the process of diversification giving rise to these high diversity levels by focussing our investigations on the Daniellia clade, which is present in both Africa and Madagascar. The Daniellia clade is an early-diverging lineage of subfamily Detarioideae (Leguminosae; pea family) and consists of three genera: Daniellia, Brandzeia and Neoapaloxylon. The species belonging to this group exhibit a wide range of habitat types. The Madagascar endemics Brandzeia (1 species) and Neoapaloxylon (3 species) occupy dry woodlands and arid succulent habitats respectively. Daniellia alsteeniana and D. oliveri are found in savannahs while the remaining eight species within Daniellia all occupy rainforest habitats. Phylogenetic analyses were generated from a dense, multi-individual species level sampling of the clade. Divergence time estimates were carried out using a molecular clock method to investigate biogeographical patterns and shifts in habitat types within the Daniellia clade, and conservation assessments were conducted to determine the levels of extinction risks these species are facing. We estimate that the Daniellia clade first emerged during the Early Eocene from an ancestor present in the rainforests of North Africa at that time, reflecting an ancestral habitat preference. There was a first major split over the course of the Eocene, giving rise to both African rainforest and Madagascan savannah lineages. With the emergence of a drier climate and vegetation type in Africa during the Eocene, it is likely that a dry-climate adapted lineage from the Daniellia clade ancestor could have dispersed through suitable savannah or woodland regions to reach Madagascar, subsequently giving rise to the savannah-adapted ancestor of Brandzeia and Neoapaloxylon in the Early Miocene. The African rainforest lineage gave rise to the genus Daniellia, which is postulated to have first diversified in the Middle Miocene, while savannah species of Daniellia emerged independently during the Pliocene, coinciding with the global rise of C4-dominated grasslands. More than half of the species in the Daniellia clade are near threatened or threatened, which highlights the need to understand the threats of anthropogenic pressures and climate change these species are facing to prioritise their conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Min Choo
- Herbarium, Research & Conservation Branch, Singapore Botanic Gardens, National Parks Board, 1 Cluny Road, 259569 Singapore; Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3DS, UK.
| | - Félix Forest
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3DS, UK
| | - Jan J Wieringa
- Naturalis Biodiversity Centre, National Herbarium of the Netherlands, Darwinweg 2, 2333 CR Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Anne Bruneau
- Institut de recherche en biologie végétale and Département de Sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, 4101 Sherbrooke est, Montréal, QC H1X 2B2, Canada
| | - Manuel de la Estrella
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3DS, UK; Departamento de Botánica, Ecología y Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
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Iwashina T, Tanaka N, Aung MM, Mizuno T, Yukawa T. Anthocyanins and flavonols from the flowers of Amherstia nobilis endemic to Myanmar. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2019.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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19
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Ojeda DI, Koenen E, Cervantes S, de la Estrella M, Banguera-Hinestroza E, Janssens SB, Migliore J, Demenou BB, Bruneau A, Forest F, Hardy OJ. Phylogenomic analyses reveal an exceptionally high number of evolutionary shifts in a florally diverse clade of African legumes. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2019; 137:156-167. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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20
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Radosavljevic A. The rise of Cynometra (Leguminosae) and the fall of Maniltoa: a generic re-circumscription and the addition of 4 new species. PHYTOKEYS 2019; 127:1-37. [PMID: 31379449 PMCID: PMC6661263 DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.127.29817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cynometra L. is a genus of ca. 85 species of shrubs to large trees. It is amongst the largest genera in the legume subfamily Detarioideae and one of the few with a pantropical distribution. Perhaps due to this wide distribution and high diversity, systematists and taxonomists have struggled with the classification of Cynometra and its close ally, the genus Maniltoa Scheff. Recent phylogenetic studies have shown that many of the African species are more closely related to other genera and that the genus Maniltoa is nested within a clade of Indo-Pacific Cynometra. Here, I present an emended circumscription of Cynometra that excludes the African species defined by jointed pedicels and dehiscent fruits and includes the species formerly recognised in Maniltoa. New combinations in Cynometra are also provided for those species that require them. Additionally, four new species of Neotropical Cynometra are described and illustrated: Cynometracerebriformis sp. nov. from the lower Rio Trombetas in Brazil; Cynometradwyerii sp. nov. from the Darien gap region of Panama; C.tumbesiana sp. nov. from the dry tropical forests of Ecuador and Peru; and C.steyermarkii sp. nov. from the foothills of the western Cordillera de la Costa in Venezuela.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandar Radosavljevic
- Chicago Botanic Garden, 1000 Lake Cook Road, Glencoe, Illinois 60022, USAChicago Botanic GardenGlencoeUnited States of America
- National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, 10th St and Constitution Ave NW, Washington, D. C. 20560, USANational Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian InstitutionWashingtonUnited States of America
- Northwestern University, 633 Clark St, Evanston, Illinois 60202, USANorthwestern UniversityEvanstonUnited States of America
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