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Liu L, Wang B, Huang A, Zhang H, Li Y, Wang L. Biological characteristics of the bacteriophage LDT325 and its potential application against the plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1370332. [PMID: 38533332 PMCID: PMC10964948 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1370332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Bud blight disease caused by Pseudomonas syringae is a major bacterial disease of tea plants in China. Concerns regarding the emergence of bacterial resistance to conventional copper controls have indicated the need to devise new methods of disease biocontrol. Phage-based biocontrol may be a sustainable approach to combat bacterial pathogens. In this study, a P. syringae phage was isolated from soil samples. Based on morphological characteristics, bacteriophage vB_PsS_LDT325 belongs to the Siphoviridae family; it has an icosahedral head with a diameter of 53 ± 1 nm and nonretractable tails measuring 110 ± 1 nm. The latent period and burst size of the phage were 10 min and 17 plaque-forming units (PFU)/cell, respectively. Furthermore, an analysis of the biological traits showed that the optimal multiplicity of infection (MOI) of the phage was 0.01. When the temperature exceeded 60°C, the phage titer began to decrease. The phage exhibited tolerance to a wide range of pH (3-11) and maintained relatively stable pH tolerance. It showed a high tolerance to chloroform, but was sensitive to ultraviolet (UV) light. The effects of phage LDT325 in treating P. syringae infections in vivo were evaluated using a tea plant. Plants were inoculated with 2 × 107 colony-forming units (CFU)/mL P. syringae using the needle-prick method and air-dried. Subsequently, plants were inoculated with 2 × 107 PFU/mL LDT325 phage. Compared with control plants, the bacterial count was reduced by 1 log10/0.5 g after 4 days in potted tea plants inoculated with the phage. These results underscore the phage as a potential antibacterial agent for controlling P. syringae.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Lei Wang
- College of Agriculture and Agricultural Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
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Malik S, Nehra K, Mann A, Jagdish R, Rana JS. Characterization and synergy studies of Caudoviricete Escherichia phage FS2B infecting multi-drug resistant uropathogenic Escherichia coli isolates. Int Microbiol 2024; 27:155-166. [PMID: 37247084 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-023-00381-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Escherichia coli is one of the most common causes of urinary tract infections. However, a recent upsurge in antibiotic resistance among uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) strains has provided an impetus to explore alternative antibacterial compounds to encounter this major issue. In this study, a lytic phage against multi-drug-resistant (MDR) UPEC strains was isolated and characterized. The isolated Escherichia phage FS2B of class Caudoviricetes exhibited high lytic activity, high burst size, and a small adsorption and latent time. The phage also exhibited a broad host range and inactivated 69.8% of the collected clinical, and 64.8% of the identified MDR UPEC strains. Further, whole genome sequencing revealed that the phage was 77,407 bp long, having a dsDNA with 124 coding regions. Annotation studies confirmed that the phage carried all the genes associated with lytic life cycle and all lysogeny related genes were absent in the genome. Further, synergism studies of the phage FS2B with antibiotics demonstrated a positive synergistic association among them. The present study therefore concluded that the phage FS2B possesses an immense potential to serve as a novel candidate for treatment of MDR UPEC strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikha Malik
- Department of Biotechnology, Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science & Technology, Murthal, 131039, Sonipat, Haryana, India
| | - Kiran Nehra
- Department of Biotechnology, Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science & Technology, Murthal, 131039, Sonipat, Haryana, India.
| | - Avantika Mann
- Department of Biotechnology, Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science & Technology, Murthal, 131039, Sonipat, Haryana, India
| | - Renu Jagdish
- Department of Biotechnology, Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science & Technology, Murthal, 131039, Sonipat, Haryana, India
| | - J S Rana
- Department of Biotechnology, Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science & Technology, Murthal, 131039, Sonipat, Haryana, India
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Adamczyk-Popławska M, Golec P, Piekarowicz A, Kwiatek A. The potential for bacteriophages and prophage elements in fighting and preventing the gonorrhea. Crit Rev Microbiol 2023:1-16. [PMID: 37897236 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2023.2274849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
Bacteriophages are the most numerous entities on earth and are found everywhere their bacterial hosts live. As natural bacteria killers, phages are extensively investigated as a potential cure for bacterial infections. Neisseria gonorrhoeae (the gonococcus) is the etiologic agent of a sexually transmitted disease: gonorrhea. The rapid increase of resistance of N. gonorrhoeae to antibiotics urges scientists to look for alternative treatments to combat gonococcal infections. Phage therapy has not been tested as an anti-gonococcal therapy so far. To date, no lytic phage has been discovered against N. gonorrhoeae. Nevertheless, gonococcal genomes contain both dsDNA and ssDNA prophages, and viral particle induction has been documented. In this review, we consider literature data about the attempts of hunting for a bacteriophage specific for gonococci - the gonophage. We also discuss the potential application of prophage elements in the fight against N. gonorrhoeae. Temperate phages may be useful in preventing and treating gonorrhea as a scaffold for anti-gonococcal vaccine development and as a source of lytic enzymes with anti-gonococcal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Adamczyk-Popławska
- Department of Molecular Virology, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Golec
- Department of Molecular Virology, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Piekarowicz
- Department of Molecular Virology, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Kwiatek
- Department of Molecular Virology, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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Pas C, Latka A, Fieseler L, Briers Y. Phage tailspike modularity and horizontal gene transfer reveals specificity towards E. coli O-antigen serogroups. Virol J 2023; 20:174. [PMID: 37550759 PMCID: PMC10408124 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02138-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The interaction between bacteriophages and their hosts is intricate and highly specific. Receptor-binding proteins (RBPs) of phages such as tail fibers and tailspikes initiate the infection process. These RBPs bind to diverse outer membrane structures, including the O-antigen, which is a serogroup-specific sugar-based component of the outer lipopolysaccharide layer of Gram-negative bacteria. Among the most virulent Escherichia coli strains is the Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) pathotype dominated by a subset of O-antigen serogroups. METHODS Extensive phylogenetic and structural analyses were used to identify and validate specificity correlations between phage RBP subtypes and STEC O-antigen serogroups, relying on the principle of horizontal gene transfer as main driver for RBP evolution. RESULTS We identified O-antigen specific RBP subtypes for seven out of nine most prevalent STEC serogroups (O26, O45, O103, O104, O111, O145 and O157) and seven additional E. coli serogroups (O2, O8, O16, O18, 4s/O22, O77 and O78). Eight phage genera (Gamaleya-, Justusliebig-, Kaguna-, Kayfuna-, Kutter-, Lederberg-, Nouzilly- and Uetakeviruses) emerged for their high proportion of serogroup-specific RBPs. Additionally, we reveal sequence motifs in the RBP region, potentially serving as recombination hotspots between lytic phages. CONCLUSION The results contribute to a better understanding of mosaicism of phage RBPs, but also demonstrate a method to identify and validate new RBP subtypes for current and future emerging serogroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Célia Pas
- Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Agnieszka Latka
- Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego 63, 51-148, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Lars Fieseler
- Centre for Food Safety and Quality Management, ZHAW School of Life Sciences and Facility Management, Einsiedlerstrasse 31, 8820, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Yves Briers
- Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
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Woldeyohannis NN, Desta AF. Fate of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARG) and ARG carriers in struvite production process from human urine. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2023; 58:783-792. [PMID: 37469114 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2023.2235246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Struvite, a human urine-derived fertilizer types, is characterized by its low water solubility that renders it a slow-releasing eco-friendly fertilizer. Knowing the fate of antibiotic resistance genes in struvite is important since human urine carries microorganisms, viruses and mobilomes. In this study, urine samples were collected and struvite production was done using MgCl2. From the fresh, stored urine and struvite, DNA was extracted and metagenomic sequencing was done using Illumina HiSeqX. Metagenome-derived genome sequence analysis revealed the dominance of phages of Streptococcus, Bacillus and Escherichia, with nearly 50% abundance of streptococcus phage in fresh urine. Increased antibiotic resistance genes were found in the stored urine than in fresh and struvite samples. The top five resistance genes in all the three samples were to aminoglycosides, carbapenem, chloramphenicol, erythromycin and efflux pump, with key carrying pathogens including Acinetobacter, Aeromonas and Enterococcus. The identified families for carbapenem, aminoglycoside resistance and efflux pump were shown persistent in struvite with a shift in gene families. The detection of resistance-gene-laden mobilomes, including the last-resort antibiotics in the struvite sample, requires due attention before the implementation of struvite as fertilizer. Further optimization of the struvite production process with regard to the minimization of mobilomes is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nebiyat N Woldeyohannis
- Microbial, Cellular and Molecular Biology Department, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Adey F Desta
- Microbial, Cellular and Molecular Biology Department, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Peng Q, Ma Z, Han Q, Xiang F, Wang L, Zhang Y, Zhao Y, Li J, Xian Y, Yuan Y. Characterization of bacteriophage vB_KleM_KB2 possessing high control ability to pathogenic Klebsiella pneumoniae. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9815. [PMID: 37330608 PMCID: PMC10276810 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-37065-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Klebsiella pneumoniae is a widespread pathogen of several human diseases. The emergence of multidrug-resistant K. pneumoniae makes the treatment of these diseases a significant challenge. The application of bacteriophages is a potential approach for dealing with the emergence of multidrug-resistant pathogenic bacteria. This study isolates a novel bacteriophage vB_KleM_KB2 that infects the multidrug-resistant clinical isolates of K. pneumoniae. The bacteriophage exhibits a short latent period of 10 min, and can effectively lyse the bacterium within 60 min. Notably, the bacteriophage can completely inhibit the growth of the host bacterium at the initial concentration of 107 CFU/mL with a low multiplicity of infection of 0.001, which proves its high lytic activity. Furthermore, the bacteriophage shows high environmental tolerances, which can facilitate the practical application of the bacteriophage. Analysis of the bacteriophage genome shows that the bacteriophage possesses a novel genome sequence and can represent a new bacteriophage genus. Considering the high lytic activity, short latent period, high stability, and novel genetic background, bacteriophage vB_KleM_KB2 enriches the bacteriophage library and provides a new alternative for controlling the diseases caused by multidrug-resistant pathogenic K. pneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Peng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, 571158, China
| | - Zimeng Ma
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, 571158, China
| | - Qing Han
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, 571158, China
| | - Fangfang Xiang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, 571158, China
| | - Lushuang Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, 571158, China
| | - Yibin Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, 571158, China
| | - Yuting Zhao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, 571158, China
| | - Jianing Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, 571158, China
| | - Yaxin Xian
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, 571158, China
| | - Yihui Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China.
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Sultan-Alolama MI, Amin A, Vijayan R, El-Tarabily KA. Isolation, Characterization, and Comparative Genomic Analysis of Bacteriophage Ec_MI-02 from Pigeon Feces Infecting Escherichia coli O157:H7. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119506. [PMID: 37298457 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The most significant serotype of Shiga-toxigenic Escherichia coli that causes foodborne illnesses is Escherichia coli O157:H7. Elimination of E. coli O157:H7 during food processing and storage is a possible solution. Bacteriophages have a significant impact on bacterial populations in nature due to their ability to lyse their bacterial host. In the current study, a virulent bacteriophage, Ec_MI-02, was isolated from the feces of a wild pigeon in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) for potential future use as a bio-preservative or in phage therapy. Using a spot test and an efficiency of plating analysis, Ec_MI-02 was found to infect in addition to the propagation host, E. coli O157:H7 NCTC 12900, five different serotypes of E. coli O157:H7 (three clinical samples from infected patients, one from contaminated green salad, and one from contaminated ground beef). Based on morphology and genome analysis, Ec_MI-02 belongs to the genus Tequatrovirus under the order Caudovirales. The adsorption rate constant (K) of Ec_MI-02 was found to be 1.55 × 10-8 mL/min. The latent period was 50 min with a burst size of almost 10 plaque forming units (pfu)/host cell in the one-step growth curve when the phage Ec_MI-02 was cultivated using the propagation host E. coli O157:H7 NCTC 12900. Ec_MI-02 was found to be stable at a wide range of pH, temperature, and commonly used laboratory disinfectants. Its genome is 165,454 bp long with a GC content of 35.5% and encodes 266 protein coding genes. Ec_MI-02 has genes encoding for rI, rII, and rIII lysis inhibition proteins, which supports the observation of delayed lysis in the one-step growth curve. The current study provides additional evidence that wild birds could also be a good natural reservoir for bacteriophages that do not carry antibiotic resistance genes and could be good candidates for phage therapy. In addition, studying the genetic makeup of bacteriophages that infect human pathogens is crucial for ensuring their safe usage in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Ismail Sultan-Alolama
- Zayed Complex for Herbal Research and Traditional Medicine, Research and Innovation Center, Department of Health, Abu Dhabi 5674, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Amr Amin
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ranjit Vijayan
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
- The Big Data Analytics Center, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
- Zayed Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 17666, United Arab Emirates
| | - Khaled A El-Tarabily
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
- Khalifa Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
- Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
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Lopez MES, Gontijo MTP, Cardoso RR, Batalha LS, Eller MR, Bazzolli DMS, Vidigal PMP, Mendonça RCS. Complete genome analysis of Tequatrovirus ufvareg1, a Tequatrovirus species inhibiting Escherichia coli O157:H7. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1178248. [PMID: 37274318 PMCID: PMC10236363 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1178248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Bacteriophages infecting human pathogens have been considered potential biocontrol agents, and studying their genetic content is essential to their safe use in the food industry. Tequatrovirus ufvareg1 is a bacteriophage named UFV-AREG1, isolated from cowshed wastewater and previously tested for its ability to inhibit Escherichia coli O157:H7. Methods T. ufvareg1 was previously isolated using E. coli O157:H7 (ATCC 43895) as a bacterial host. The same strain was used for bacteriophage propagation and the one-step growth curve. The genome of the T. ufvareg1 was sequenced using 305 Illumina HiSeq, and the genome comparison was calculated by VIRIDIC and VIPTree. Results Here, we characterize its genome and compare it to other Tequatrovirus. T. ufvareg1 virions have an icosahedral head (114 x 86 nm) and a contracted tail (117 x 23 nm), with a latent period of 25 min, and an average burst size was 18 phage particles per infected E. coli cell. The genome of the bacteriophage T. ufvareg1 contains 268 coding DNA sequences (CDS) and ten tRNA genes distributed in both negative and positive strains. T. ufvareg1 genome also contains 40 promoters on its regulatory regions and two rho-independent terminators. T. ufvareg1 shares an average intergenomic similarity (VIRIDC) of 88.77% and an average genomic similarity score (VipTree) of 88.91% with eight four reference genomes for Tequatrovirus available in the NCBI RefSeq database. The pan-genomic analysis confirmed the high conservation of Tequatrovirus genomes. Among all CDS annotated in the T. ufvareg1 genome, there are 123 core genes, 38 softcore genes, 94 shell genes, and 13 cloud genes. None of 268 CDS was classified as being exclusive of T. ufvareg1. Conclusion The results in this paper, combined with other previously published findings, indicate that T. ufvareg1 bacteriophage is a potential candidate for food protection against E. coli O157:H7 in foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryoris Elisa Soto Lopez
- Departamento de Tecnologia de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Departamento de Ingeniería de Alimentos, Universidad de Córdoba, Montería, Colombia
| | - Marco Tulio Pardini Gontijo
- Departamento de Tecnologia de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Rodrigo Rezende Cardoso
- Departamento de Tecnologia de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Laís Silva Batalha
- Departamento de Tecnologia de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Monique Renon Eller
- Departamento de Tecnologia de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Śliwka P, Weber-Dąbrowska B, Żaczek M, Kuźmińska-Bajor M, Dusza I, Skaradzińska A. Characterization and Comparative Genomic Analysis of Three Virulent E. coli Bacteriophages with the Potential to Reduce Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria in the Environment. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065696. [PMID: 36982770 PMCID: PMC10059673 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The emerging global crisis of antibiotic resistance demands new alternative antibacterial solutions. Although bacteriophages have been used to combat bacterial infections for over a century, a dramatic boost in phage studies has recently been observed. In the development of modern phage applications, a scientific rationale is strongly required and newly isolated phages need to be examined in detail. In this study, we present the full characterization of bacteriophages BF9, BF15, and BF17, with lytic activity against extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs)- and AmpC β-lactamases (AmpC)-producing Escherichia coli, the prevalence of which has increased significantly in livestock in recent decades, representing a great hazard to food safety and a public health risk. Comparative genomic and phylogenetic analysis indicated that BF9, BF15, and BF17 represent the genera Dhillonvirus, Tequatrovirus, and Asteriusvirus, respectively. All three phages significantly reduced in vitro growth of their bacterial host and retained the ability to lyse bacteria after preincubation at wide ranges of temperature (−20–40 °C) and pH (5–9). The results described herein indicate the lytic nature of BF9, BF15, and BF17, which, along with the absence of genes encoding toxins and bacterial virulence factors, represents an undoubted asset in terms of future phage application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Śliwka
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Beata Weber-Dąbrowska
- Bacteriophage Laboratory, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland
- Phage Therapy Unit, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Maciej Żaczek
- Bacteriophage Laboratory, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marta Kuźmińska-Bajor
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Izabela Dusza
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Aneta Skaradzińska
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-71-320-7791
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10
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Cao S, Yang W, Zhu X, Liu C, Lu J, Si Z, Pei L, Zhang L, Hu W, Li Y, Wang Z, Pang Z, Xue X, Li Y. Isolation and identification of the broad-spectrum high-efficiency phage vB_SalP_LDW16 and its therapeutic application in chickens. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:386. [PMID: 36329508 PMCID: PMC9632116 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03490-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Salmonella infection in livestock and poultry causes salmonellosis, and is mainly treated using antibiotics. However, the misuse use of antibiotics often triggers the emergence of multi-drug-resistant Salmonella strains. Currently, Salmonella phages is safe and effective against Salmonella, serving as the best drug of choice. This study involved 16 Salmonella bacteriophages separated and purified from the sewage and the feces of the broiler farm. A phage, vB_SalP_LDW16, was selected based on the phage host range test. The phage vB_SalP_LDW16 was characterized by the double-layer plate method and transmission electron microscopy. Furthermore, the clinical therapeutic effect of phage vB_SalP_LDW16 was verified by using the pathogenic Salmonella Enteritidis in the SPF chicken model. Results The phage vB_SalP_LDW16 with a wide host range was identified to the family Siphoviridae and the order Caudoviridae, possess a double-stranded DNA and can lyse 88% (22/25) of Salmonella strains stored in the laboratory. Analysis of the biological characteristics, in addition, revealed the optimal multiplicity of infection (MOI) of vB_SalP_LDW16 to be 0.01 and the phage titer to be up to 3 × 1014 PFU/mL. Meanwhile, the phage vB_SalP_LDW16 was found to have some temperature tolerance, while the titer decreases rapidly above 60 ℃, and a wide pH (i.e., 5–12) range as well as relative stability in pH tolerance. The latent period of phage was 10 min, the burst period was 60 min, and the burst size was 110 PFU/cell. Furthermore, gastric juice was also found to highly influence the activity of the phage. The clinical treatment experiments showed that phage vB_SalP_LDW16 was able to significantly reduce the bacterial load in the blood through phage treatment, thereby improving the pathological changes in the intestinal, liver, and heart damage, and promoting the growth and development of the chicken. Conclusions The phage vB_SalP_LDW16 is a highly lytic phage with a wide host range, which can be potentially used for preventing and treating chicken salmonellosis, as an alternative or complementary antibiotic treatment in livestock farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengliang Cao
- grid.411351.30000 0001 1119 5892Phage Research Center, Liaocheng University, No. 1 Hunan Road, 252000 Liaocheng, Shandong China ,grid.411351.30000 0001 1119 5892School of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Liaocheng University, No. 1 Hunan Road, 252000 Liaocheng, Shandong China
| | - Wenwen Yang
- grid.411351.30000 0001 1119 5892Phage Research Center, Liaocheng University, No. 1 Hunan Road, 252000 Liaocheng, Shandong China ,grid.411351.30000 0001 1119 5892School of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Liaocheng University, No. 1 Hunan Road, 252000 Liaocheng, Shandong China
| | - Xihui Zhu
- grid.411351.30000 0001 1119 5892Phage Research Center, Liaocheng University, No. 1 Hunan Road, 252000 Liaocheng, Shandong China ,grid.411351.30000 0001 1119 5892School of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Liaocheng University, No. 1 Hunan Road, 252000 Liaocheng, Shandong China
| | - Cheng Liu
- grid.411351.30000 0001 1119 5892Phage Research Center, Liaocheng University, No. 1 Hunan Road, 252000 Liaocheng, Shandong China ,grid.411351.30000 0001 1119 5892School of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Liaocheng University, No. 1 Hunan Road, 252000 Liaocheng, Shandong China
| | - Jianbiao Lu
- grid.411351.30000 0001 1119 5892Phage Research Center, Liaocheng University, No. 1 Hunan Road, 252000 Liaocheng, Shandong China ,grid.411351.30000 0001 1119 5892School of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Liaocheng University, No. 1 Hunan Road, 252000 Liaocheng, Shandong China
| | - Zhenshu Si
- grid.411351.30000 0001 1119 5892Phage Research Center, Liaocheng University, No. 1 Hunan Road, 252000 Liaocheng, Shandong China ,grid.411351.30000 0001 1119 5892School of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Liaocheng University, No. 1 Hunan Road, 252000 Liaocheng, Shandong China
| | - Lanying Pei
- grid.411351.30000 0001 1119 5892Phage Research Center, Liaocheng University, No. 1 Hunan Road, 252000 Liaocheng, Shandong China ,grid.411351.30000 0001 1119 5892School of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Liaocheng University, No. 1 Hunan Road, 252000 Liaocheng, Shandong China
| | - Leilei Zhang
- grid.411351.30000 0001 1119 5892Phage Research Center, Liaocheng University, No. 1 Hunan Road, 252000 Liaocheng, Shandong China ,grid.411351.30000 0001 1119 5892School of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Liaocheng University, No. 1 Hunan Road, 252000 Liaocheng, Shandong China
| | - Wensi Hu
- grid.411351.30000 0001 1119 5892Phage Research Center, Liaocheng University, No. 1 Hunan Road, 252000 Liaocheng, Shandong China ,grid.411351.30000 0001 1119 5892School of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Liaocheng University, No. 1 Hunan Road, 252000 Liaocheng, Shandong China
| | - Yanlan Li
- grid.411351.30000 0001 1119 5892Phage Research Center, Liaocheng University, No. 1 Hunan Road, 252000 Liaocheng, Shandong China ,grid.411351.30000 0001 1119 5892School of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Liaocheng University, No. 1 Hunan Road, 252000 Liaocheng, Shandong China
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- grid.411351.30000 0001 1119 5892Phage Research Center, Liaocheng University, No. 1 Hunan Road, 252000 Liaocheng, Shandong China ,grid.411351.30000 0001 1119 5892School of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Liaocheng University, No. 1 Hunan Road, 252000 Liaocheng, Shandong China
| | - Zheyu Pang
- grid.411351.30000 0001 1119 5892Phage Research Center, Liaocheng University, No. 1 Hunan Road, 252000 Liaocheng, Shandong China ,grid.411351.30000 0001 1119 5892School of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Liaocheng University, No. 1 Hunan Road, 252000 Liaocheng, Shandong China
| | - Xijuan Xue
- Shandong Sinder Technology Co., Ltd., Sinder Industrial Park, Shungeng Road, Zhucheng Development Zone, Weifang, Shandong 262200 China
| | - Yubao Li
- grid.411351.30000 0001 1119 5892Phage Research Center, Liaocheng University, No. 1 Hunan Road, 252000 Liaocheng, Shandong China ,grid.411351.30000 0001 1119 5892School of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Liaocheng University, No. 1 Hunan Road, 252000 Liaocheng, Shandong China
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11
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Rai P, Shetty SS, Prabell S, Kuntar A, Pinto D, Kumar BK, Divyashree M, Raj JRM, Premanath R, Deekshit VK, Karunasagar I, Karunasagar I. Characterisation of broad-spectrum phiKZ like jumbo phage and its utilisation in controlling multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates. Microb Pathog 2022; 172:105767. [PMID: 36096457 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of highly virulent multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa has become increasingly evident among hospital-acquired infections and has raised the need for alternative therapies. Phage therapy can be one such alternative to antibiotic therapy to combat multidrug-resistant pathogenic bacteria, but this requires the availability of phages with a broad host range. In this study, isolation and molecular characterisation of P. aeruginosa specific phages were carried out. A total of 17 phages isolated showed different spectra of activity and efficiency of lysis against 82 isolates of P. aeruginosa obtained from clinical samples (n = 13), hospital effluent (n = 46) and fish processing plant effluent (n = 23). Antibiotic susceptibility test results revealed multi-drug resistance in 61 of the total 82 isolates. Three new jumbo lytic P. aeruginosa specific broad host range phages were isolated and characterised in this present study belonged to the family Myoviridae (order Caudovirales). The genetic analysis of ɸU5 revealed that phage has a genome size of 282.6 kbp with 373 putative open reading frames (ORFs), and its genetic architecture is similar to phiKZ like jumbo phages infecting P. aeruginosa. The bacteriophages isolated in this study had lytic ability against biofilm-forming and multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa and could be candidates for further studies towards phage therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Rai
- Nitte (Deemed to be University), Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research (NUCSER), Division of Infectious Diseases, Deralakatte, Mangaluru, 575018, Karnataka, India.
| | - Shruthi Seetharam Shetty
- Nitte (Deemed to be University), Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research (NUCSER), Division of Infectious Diseases, Deralakatte, Mangaluru, 575018, Karnataka, India
| | - Sujana Prabell
- Nitte (Deemed to be University), Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research (NUCSER), Division of Infectious Diseases, Deralakatte, Mangaluru, 575018, Karnataka, India
| | - Akshatha Kuntar
- Nitte (Deemed to be University), Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research (NUCSER), Division of Infectious Diseases, Deralakatte, Mangaluru, 575018, Karnataka, India
| | - Deepak Pinto
- Nitte (Deemed to be University), Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research (NUCSER), Division of Infectious Diseases, Deralakatte, Mangaluru, 575018, Karnataka, India
| | - Ballamoole Krishna Kumar
- Nitte (Deemed to be University), Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research (NUCSER), Division of Infectious Diseases, Deralakatte, Mangaluru, 575018, Karnataka, India
| | - Mithoor Divyashree
- Nitte (Deemed to be University), Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research (NUCSER), Division of Infectious Diseases, Deralakatte, Mangaluru, 575018, Karnataka, India
| | - Juliet Roshini Mohan Raj
- Nitte (Deemed to be University), Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research (NUCSER), Division of Infectious Diseases, Deralakatte, Mangaluru, 575018, Karnataka, India
| | - Ramya Premanath
- Nitte (Deemed to be University), Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research (NUCSER), Division of Infectious Diseases, Deralakatte, Mangaluru, 575018, Karnataka, India
| | - Vijaya Kumar Deekshit
- Nitte (Deemed to be University), Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research (NUCSER), Division of Infectious Diseases, Deralakatte, Mangaluru, 575018, Karnataka, India
| | - Indrani Karunasagar
- Nitte (Deemed to be University), Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research (NUCSER), Division of Infectious Diseases, Deralakatte, Mangaluru, 575018, Karnataka, India
| | - Iddya Karunasagar
- Nitte (Deemed to be University), University Enclave, Medical Sciences Complex, Deralakatte, Mangaluru, 575018, India
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12
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Mondal P, Mallick B, Dutta M, Dutta S. Isolation, characterization, and application of a novel polyvalent lytic phage STWB21 against typhoidal and nontyphoidal Salmonella spp. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:980025. [PMID: 36071966 PMCID: PMC9441917 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.980025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is one of the common causal agents of bacterial gastroenteritis-related morbidity and mortality among children below 5 years and the elderly populations. Salmonellosis in humans is caused mainly by consuming contaminated food originating from animals. The genus Salmonella has several serovars, and many of them are recently reported to be resistant to multiple drugs. Therefore, isolation of lytic Salmonella bacteriophages in search of bactericidal activity has received importance. In this study, a Salmonella phage STWB21 was isolated from a lake water sample and found to be a novel lytic phage with promising potential against the host bacteria Salmonella typhi. However, some polyvalence was observed in their broad host range. In addition to S. typhi, the phage STWB21 was able to infect S. paratyphi, S. typhimurium, S. enteritidis, and a few other bacterial species such as Sh. flexneri 2a, Sh. flexneri 3a, and ETEC. The newly isolated phage STWB21 belongs to the Siphoviridae family with an icosahedral head and a long flexible non-contractile tail. Phage STWB21 is relatively stable under a wide range of pH (4–11) and temperatures (4°C–50°C) for different Salmonella serovars. The latent period and burst size of phage STWB21 against S. typhi were 25 min and 161 plaque-forming units per cell. Since Salmonella is a foodborne pathogen, the phage STWB21 was applied to treat a 24 h biofilm formed in onion and milk under laboratory conditions. A significant reduction was observed in the bacterial population of S. typhi biofilm in both cases. Phage STWB21 contained a dsDNA of 112,834 bp in length, and the GC content was 40.37%. Also, genomic analysis confirmed the presence of lytic genes and the absence of any lysogeny or toxin genes. Overall, the present study reveals phage STWB21 has a promising ability to be used as a biocontrol agent of Salmonella spp. and proposes its application in food industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payel Mondal
- Division of Electron Microscopy, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Bani Mallick
- Division of Electron Microscopy, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Moumita Dutta
- Division of Electron Microscopy, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- *Correspondence: Moumita Dutta, ;
| | - Shanta Dutta
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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13
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Bacteriophage cocktail and phage antibiotic synergism as promising alternatives to conventional antibiotics for the control of multi-drug-resistant uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Virus Res 2021; 302:198496. [PMID: 34182014 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Infections related to antibiotic resistant bacteria are accelerating on a global scale, and hence to encounter this problem in case of urinary tract infections; bacteriophages were isolated for biocontrol of multi-drug resistant (MDR) uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPECs) isolates. Four lytic phages were purified, characterized, and evaluated for their effectiveness in the form of cocktail and in synergy with antibiotics. Morphological features and other life cycle specifications of phages revealed that two phages Escherichia phage FS11 and Escherichia phage FS17 belonged to Myoviridae and the other two phages Escherichia phage PS8 and Escherichia phage PS6 belonged to Siphoviridae family of order Caudovirales. One step growth curve analysis demonstrated that phage FS11 and phage FS17 had latent time of 24 min and 26 min, and a burst size of ~121 and 98 phage particles/ cell respectively; while for phage PS8 and phage PS6, the latent time was 42 min and 35 min, and the burst size was 87 and 78 particles/ cell, respectively; depicting the lytic nature of phages. The use of all four phages together in the form of a cocktail resulted into a considerable enhancement in the lytic ability; the phage cocktail lysed 86.7% of the clinical isolates, compared to lysis in the range of 50%-66% by individual phages. Studies on in vitro evaluation of phage-antibiotic combinations revealed synergism between antibiotics and the phage cocktail (phage PS6 and phage FS17), wherein the phage cocktail was observed to efficiently inhibit the strains in the presence of sub-lethal doses of antibiotics. The study thus concludes that the use of multiple phages and phage-antibiotic combinations could prove beneficial in the era of rapidly increasing drug-resistant strains.
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14
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Tao C, Yi Z, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Zhu H, Afayibo DJA, Li T, Tian M, Qi J, Ding C, Gao S, Wang S, Yu S. Characterization of a Broad-Host-Range Lytic Phage SHWT1 Against Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella and Evaluation of Its Therapeutic Efficacy in vitro and in vivo. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:683853. [PMID: 34179174 PMCID: PMC8222671 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.683853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Inappropriate use of antibiotics has accelerated to the emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria, becoming a major health threat. Moreover, bacterial biofilms contribute to antibiotic resistance and prolonged infections. Bacteriophage (phage) therapy may provide an alternative strategy for controlling multidrug-resistant bacterial infections. In this study, a broad-host-range phage, SHWT1, with lytic activity against multidrug-resistant Salmonella was isolated, characterized and evaluated for the therapeutic efficacy in vitro and in vivo. Phage SHWT1 exhibited specific lytic activity against the prevalent Salmonella serovars, such as Salmonella Pullorum, Salmonella Gallinarum, Salmonella Enteritidis, and Salmonella Typhimurium. Morphological analysis showed that phage SHWT1 was a member of the family Siphoviridae and the order Caudovirales. Phage SHWT1 had a latent period of 5 min and burst size of ~150 plaque-forming units (PFUs)/cell. The phage was stable from pH 3-12 and 4–65°C. Phage SHWT1 also showed capacity to lyse Salmonella planktonic cells and inhibit the biofilm formation at optimal multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, and 100, respectively. In addition, phage SHWT1 was able to lyse intracellular Salmonella within macrophages. Genome sequencing and phylogenetic analyses revealed that SHWT1 was a lytic phage without toxin genes, virulence genes, antibiotic resistance genes, or significant genomic rearrangements. We found that phage SHWT1 could successfully protect mice against S. enteritidis and S. typhimurium infection. Elucidation of the characteristics and genome sequence of phage SHWT1 demonstrates that this phage is a potential therapeutic agent against the salmonellosis caused by multidrug-resistant Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenglin Tao
- Department of Animal Public Health, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zhengfei Yi
- Department of Animal Public Health, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaodong Zhang
- Department of Animal Public Health, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Department of Animal Public Health, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Zhu
- Department of Animal Public Health, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Dossêh Jean Apôtre Afayibo
- Department of Animal Public Health, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Animal Public Health, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingxing Tian
- Department of Animal Public Health, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingjing Qi
- Department of Animal Public Health, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chan Ding
- Department of Animal Public Health, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou, China
| | - Song Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Shaohui Wang
- Department of Animal Public Health, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengqing Yu
- Department of Animal Public Health, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou, China
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15
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Abdelsattar AS, Dawoud A, Makky S, Nofal R, Aziz RK, El-Shibiny A. Bacteriophages: from isolation to application. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2021; 23:337-360. [PMID: 33902418 DOI: 10.2174/1389201022666210426092002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Bacteriophages are considered as a potential alternative to fight pathogenic bacteria during the antibiotic resistance era. With their high specificity, they are being widely used in various applications: medicine, food industry, agriculture, animal farms, biotechnology, diagnosis, etc. Many techniques have been designed by different researchers for phage isolation, purification, and amplification, each of which has strengths and weaknesses. However, all aim at having a reasonably pure phage sample that can be further characterized. Phages can be characterized based on their physiological, morphological or inactivation tests. Microscopy, in particular, has opened a wide gate not only for visualizing phage morphological structure, but also for monitoring biochemistry and behavior. Meanwhile, computational analysis of phage genomes provides more details about phage history, lifestyle, and potential for toxigenic or lysogenic conversion, which translate to safety in biocontrol and phage therapy applications. This review summarizes phage application pipelines at different levels and addresses specific restrictions and knowledge gaps in the field. Recently developed computational approaches, which are used in phage genome analysis, are critically assessed. We hope that this assessment provides researchers with useful insights for selection of suitable approaches for Phage-related research aims and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdallah S Abdelsattar
- Center for Microbiology and Phage Therapy, Zewail City of Science and Technology, October Gardens, 6th of October City, Giza, 12578. Egypt
| | - Alyaa Dawoud
- Center for Microbiology and Phage Therapy, Zewail City of Science and Technology, October Gardens, 6th of October City, Giza, 12578. Egypt
| | - Salsabil Makky
- Center for Microbiology and Phage Therapy, Zewail City of Science and Technology, October Gardens, 6th of October City, Giza, 12578. Egypt
| | - Rana Nofal
- Center for Microbiology and Phage Therapy, Zewail City of Science and Technology, October Gardens, 6th of October City, Giza, 12578. Egypt
| | - Ramy K Aziz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Qasr El-Ainy St, Cairo. Egypt
| | - Ayman El-Shibiny
- Center for Microbiology and Phage Therapy, Zewail City of Science and Technology, October Gardens, 6th of October City, Giza, 12578. Egypt
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16
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Zhang Y, Liao YT, Salvador A, Wu VCH. Genomic Characterization of Two Shiga Toxin-Converting Bacteriophages Induced From Environmental Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:587696. [PMID: 33716997 PMCID: PMC7946995 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.587696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin (Stx), encoded by stx genes located in prophage sequences, is the major agent responsible for the pathogenicity of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and is closely associated with the development of hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). Although numerous Stx prophage sequences have been reported as part of STEC bacterial genomes, the information about the genomic characterization of Stx-converting bacteriophages induced from STEC strains is relatively scarce. The objectives of this study were to genomically characterize two Stx-converting phages induced from environmental STEC strains and to evaluate their correlations with published Stx-converting phages and STEC strains of different origins. The Stx1-converting phage Lys8385Vzw and the Stx2-converting phage Lys19259Vzw were induced from E. coli O103:H11 (RM8385) and E. coli O157:H7 (RM19259), respectively. Whole-genome sequencing of these phages was conducted on a MiSeq sequencer for genomic characterization. Phylogenetic analysis and comparative genomics were performed to determine the correlations between these two Stx-converting phages, 13 reference Stx-converting phages, and 10 reference STEC genomes carrying closely related Stx prophages. Both Stx-converting phages Lys8385Vzw and Lys19259Vzw had double-stranded DNA, with genome sizes of 50,953 and 61,072 bp, respectively. Approximately 40% of the annotated coding DNA sequences with the predicted functions were likely associated with the fitness for both phages and their bacterial hosts. The whole-genome–based phylogenetic analysis of these two Stx-converting phages and 13 reference Stx-converting phages revealed that the 15 Stx-converting phages were divided into three distinct clusters, and those from E. coli O157:H7, in particular, were distributed in each cluster, demonstrating the high genomic diversity of these Stx-converting phages. The genomes of Stx-converting phage Lys8385Vzw and Lys19259Vzw shared a high-nucleotide similarity with the prophage sequences of the selected STEC isolates from the clinical and environmental origin. The findings demonstrate the genomic diversity of Stx-converting phages induced from different STEC strains and provide valuable insights into the dissemination of stx genes among E. coli population via the lysogenization of Stx-converting phages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Zhang
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Western Regional Research Center, Albany, CA, United States
| | - Yen-Te Liao
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Western Regional Research Center, Albany, CA, United States
| | - Alexandra Salvador
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Western Regional Research Center, Albany, CA, United States
| | - Vivian C H Wu
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Western Regional Research Center, Albany, CA, United States
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17
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Kassa T. Bacteriophages Against Pathogenic Bacteria and Possibilities for Future Application in Africa. Infect Drug Resist 2021; 14:17-31. [PMID: 33442273 PMCID: PMC7797301 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s284331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteriophages (phages) are viruses that infect prokaryotic cells. Phages exist in many shapes and sizes with the majority of them being less than 100 nm in size. Essentially, the majority of phages identified are double-stranded DNA virions with the remaining few being found as RNA or single-stranded DNA viruses. These biological entities are plentiful in different environments, especially in wet sources. Treatment of a bacterial disease using phage application has been documented in the pre-antibiotic era. Different studies have emerging to value the efficacy of phage use in in-vitro and in-vivo based systems against specific bacterial agents of humans, animals or plant diseases. The process represents a natural and nontoxic framework to avert infections due to pathogenic and antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. Most of the published researches on the usefulness of phages against disease-causing bacteria (including antimicrobial-resistant strains) of humans, animals or plants are emerging from the US and European countries with very few studies available from Africa. This review assesses published articles in the area of phage applications against pathogenic or antimicrobial-resistant bacteria from experimental, clinical and field settings. The knowledge and skill of isolating lytic phages against bacteria can be operational for its simpler procedures and economic benefit. Future studies in Africa and other emerging countries may consider in-house phage preparations for effective control and eradication of pathogenic and multidrug resistant bacteria of humans, animals and plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tesfaye Kassa
- School of Medical Laboratory Science, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
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18
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Khalatbari-Limaki S, Hosseinzadeh S, Shekarforoush SS, Berizi E. The morphological and biological characteristics of a virulent PI phage isolated from slaughterhouse sewage in Shiraz, Iran. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY 2020; 12:616-624. [PMID: 33613917 PMCID: PMC7884271 DOI: 10.18502/ijm.v12i6.5037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Foodborne pathogens are among the serious problems all around the world and thus a novel and natural strategy to control and to inhibit such pathogens is highly demanded nowadays. The aim of this study was to isolate a specific bacteriophage of Escherichia coli O157:H7 from sewage in Fars province, Iran to determine its morphological and antimicrobial activities. MATERIALS AND METHODS In order to isolate the bacteriophage of E. coli O157:H7, 10 samples of slaughterhouse wastewaters were used. Double-Layer Agar method was employed to isolate the bacteriophage. To identify the fine structure of the bacteriophage, electron microscope was employed. Host range and antibacterial activity of the phage was also investigated, in vitro. RESULTS The morphological and biological characteristics of a virulent Siphoviridae phage, PI, are reported. It was found that infection of E. coli O157:H7 strains with this specific bacteriophage produce clear plaques. In the one-step growth analysis, it was confirmed that the phage has been characterized with a very short rise period (around 15 min), an average burst size of 193 PFU/cell, high infectivity and potent lytic action. The bacteriolytic activity of PI was also investigated, in vitro. It was also clarified that at the MOI of 100, 10 and 1, the phage rapidly lysed the bacterial cells within 0.5 or 2 h. CONCLUSION These results indicate that the phage PI is a newly discovered phage against E. coli O157:H7 in Iran which may be recommended to use as bio-control purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Khalatbari-Limaki
- Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Saeid Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Seyed Shahram Shekarforoush
- Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Enayat Berizi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Nutrition Research Center, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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19
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Fu P, Zhao Q, Shi L, Xiong Q, Ren Z, Xu H, Chai S, Xu Q, Sun X, Sang M. Identification and characterization of two bacteriophages with lytic activity against multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli. Virus Res 2020; 291:198196. [PMID: 33098914 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Escherichia coli is an opportunistic bacterial pathogen that causes a wide range of nosocomial infections. The emergence of multidrug resistance in E. coli poses a severe threat to global health. Phage therapies are an alternative method to control multidrug-resistant pathogens, which have been attracting increasing attention. Owing to their ability to lyse bacteria specifically and efficiently, bacteriophages are considered novel antimicrobial agents. In this study, we used multidrug-resistant E. coli as an indicator and isolated, characterized, and compared two new phages of the Siphoviridae family referred to as vB_EcoS_XF and vB_EcoS_XY2. These phages were able to infect several pathogenic multidrug-resistant E. coli strains. A short latent period and large burst size ensured their rapidly reproduction in host cells. Their tolerance of high temperatures and high pH levels meant that remained stable when used to control pathogenic E. coli strains. No obvious cytotoxicity was observed when either HEK293 T or A549 cells were incubated with these two phages. Mass spectrometry analysis allowed us to identify several phage-encoded proteins. Genomic analysis revealed that no toxic proteins or antibiotic proteins were encoded. Genome comparison and phylogenetic analysis indicated that the phages identified show high similarity with E. coli phages of the genus Kagunavirus. The desirable characteristics of the novel phages identified make them good potential therapeutic candidates, and components of phage cocktails to treat multidrug-resistant E. coli in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Fu
- Center for Translational Medicine, Hubei Clinical Research Center of Parkinson's disease, Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Xiangyang No.1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang, 441000, China.
| | - Qiang Zhao
- Center for Translational Medicine, Hubei Clinical Research Center of Parkinson's disease, Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Xiangyang No.1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang, 441000, China.
| | - Li Shi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xiangyang No. 1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang, 441000, China.
| | - Qin Xiong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xiangyang No. 1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang, 441000, China.
| | - Zijing Ren
- Center for Translational Medicine, Hubei Clinical Research Center of Parkinson's disease, Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Xiangyang No.1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang, 441000, China.
| | - Hongxia Xu
- Center for Translational Medicine, Hubei Clinical Research Center of Parkinson's disease, Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Xiangyang No.1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang, 441000, China.
| | - Senmao Chai
- Center for Translational Medicine, Hubei Clinical Research Center of Parkinson's disease, Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Xiangyang No.1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang, 441000, China.
| | - Qianqian Xu
- Center for Translational Medicine, Hubei Clinical Research Center of Parkinson's disease, Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Xiangyang No.1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang, 441000, China.
| | - Xiaodong Sun
- Center for Translational Medicine, Hubei Clinical Research Center of Parkinson's disease, Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Xiangyang No.1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang, 441000, China.
| | - Ming Sang
- Center for Translational Medicine, Hubei Clinical Research Center of Parkinson's disease, Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Xiangyang No.1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang, 441000, China.
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Kim GH, Kim JW, Kim J, Chae JP, Lee JS, Yoon SS. Genetic Analysis and Characterization of a Bacteriophage ØCJ19 Active against Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Food Sci Anim Resour 2020; 40:746-757. [PMID: 32968727 PMCID: PMC7492175 DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2020.e49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is the major pathogenic
E. coli that causes diarrhea and edema in post-weaning
piglets. In this study, we describe the morphology and characteristics of
ØCJ19, a bacteriophage that infects ETEC, and performed genetic analysis.
Phage ØCJ19 belongs to the family Myoviridae. One-step
growth curve showed a latent phase of 5 min and burst size of approximately 20
phage particles/infected cell. Phage infectivity was stable for 2 h between
4°C and 55°C, and the phage was stable between pH 3 and 11.
Genetic analysis revealed that phage ØCJ19 has a total of 49,567 bases
and 79 open reading frames (ORFs). The full genomic sequence of phage
ØCJ19 showed the most similarity to an Escherichia
phage, vB_EcoS_ESCO41. There were no genes encoding lysogeny,
toxins, virulence factors, or antibiotic resistance in this phage, suggesting
that this phage can be used safely as a biological agent to control ETEC.
Comparative genomic analysis in terms of the tail fiber proteins could provide
genetic insight into host recognition and the relationship with other
coliphages. These results showed the possibility to improve food safety by
applying phage ØCJ19 to foods of animal origin contaminated with ETEC and
suggests that it could be the basis for establishing a safety management system
in the animal husbandry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyeong-Hwuii Kim
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Korea
| | - Jae-Won Kim
- Institute of Biotechnology, CJ CheilJedang, Suwon 16495, Korea
| | - Jaegon Kim
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Korea
| | - Jong Pyo Chae
- Institute of Biotechnology, CJ CheilJedang, Suwon 16495, Korea
| | - Jin-Sun Lee
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Korea
| | - Sung-Sik Yoon
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Korea
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21
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Lee C, Choi IY, Park DH, Park MK. Isolation and characterization of a novel Escherichia coli O157:H7-specific phage as a biocontrol agent. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2020; 18:189-199. [PMID: 32399231 PMCID: PMC7203308 DOI: 10.1007/s40201-020-00452-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Escherichia coli O157:H7 is one of the major foodborne pathogens of global public concern. Bacteriophages (phages) have emerged as a promising alternative to antibiotics for controlling pathogenic bacteria. Here, a lytic E. coli O157:H7-specific phage (KFS-EC) was isolated, identified, and characterized to evaluate its potential as a biocontrol agent for E. coli O157:H7. METHODS KFS-EC was isolated from slaughterhouse in Korea. Morphological analysis, genomic analysis and several physiological tests were performed to identify and characterize the KFS-EC. RESULTS A specificity test indicated KFS-EC was strictly specific to E. coli O157:H7 strains among 60 bacterial strains tested. Morphological and phylogenetic analyses confirmed that KFS-EC belongs to the Rb49virus genus, Tevenvirinae subfamily, and the Myoviridae family of phages. KFS-EC genome consists of 164,725 bp and a total of 270 coding sequence features, of which 114 open reading frames (ORFs) were identified as phage functional genes. KFS-EC does not contain genes encoding lysogenic property and pathogenicity, which ensure its safe application. KFS-EC was relatively stable (~1 log decrease) under stressed conditions such as temperatures (20 °C-50 °C), pHs (3-11), organic solvents (ethanol and chloroform), and biocides (0.1% citric acid, 1% citric acid, and 0.1% peracetic acid). KFS-EC was able to inhibit E. coli O157:H7 efficiently at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 0.01 for 8 h with greater inhibitory effect and durability and was stable at 4 °C and 22 °C over a 12-week storage period. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that KFS-EC could be used as a biocontrol agent to E. coli O157:H7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheonghoon Lee
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - In Young Choi
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Hyeon Park
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Kyung Park
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Food and Bio-industry Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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22
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Sain A, Jayaprakash N. Draft genome sequence data of a T7like phage 3A_8767 isolated from wastewater of a butcher house near Palar river. Data Brief 2020; 30:105446. [PMID: 32322614 PMCID: PMC7163073 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2020.105446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Phage 3A_8767 is a newly isolates phage from river water sample against Salmonella typhi 8767 (MTCC). The genome of the phage is linear, double stranded and 38,821 bp long in size. A total 49 functional ORF (open reading frame) were annotated and no tRNA was predicted. Phage 3A_8767 has icosahedral shaped head with stubby tail which comes under family Podoviridae, and genera T7 like virus.
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23
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Peng Q, Fang M, Liu X, Zhang C, Liu Y, Yuan Y. Isolation and Characterization of a Novel Phage for Controlling Multidrug-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8040542. [PMID: 32283667 PMCID: PMC7232175 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8040542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of multidrug-resistant bacterial pathogens has severely threatened global health. A phage with the ability to efficiently and specifically lyse bacteria is considered an alternative for controlling multidrug-resistant bacterial pathogens. The discovery of novel agents for controlling the infections caused by K. pneumoniae is urgent due to the broad multidrug-resistance of K. pneumoniae. Only a few phage isolates have been reported to infect multidrug-resistant K. pneumoniae. In this study, by using the multidrug-resistant K. pneumoniae strain as an indicator, a novel phage called vB_KleS-HSE3, which maintains high antibacterial activity and high physical stability, was isolated from hospital sewage. This phage infected one of four tested multidrug-resistant K. pneumoniae strains. This phage belongs to the Siphoviridae family and a comparative genomic analysis showed that this phage is part of a novel phage lineage among the Siphoviridae family of phages that infect strains of Klebsiella. Based on its features, the vB_KleS-HSE3 phage has potential for controlling infections caused by multidrug-resistant K. pneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Peng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China; (Q.P.); (M.F.); (X.L.); (C.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Meng Fang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China; (Q.P.); (M.F.); (X.L.); (C.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Xushan Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China; (Q.P.); (M.F.); (X.L.); (C.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Chunling Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China; (Q.P.); (M.F.); (X.L.); (C.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yue Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China; (Q.P.); (M.F.); (X.L.); (C.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yihui Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- Correspondence:
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24
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Cubo MT, Alías-Villegas C, Balsanelli E, Mesa D, de Souza E, Espuny MR. Diversity of Sinorhizobium (Ensifer) meliloti Bacteriophages in the Rhizosphere of Medicago marina: Myoviruses, Filamentous and N4-Like Podovirus. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:22. [PMID: 32038600 PMCID: PMC6992544 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Using different Sinorhizobium meliloti strains as hosts, we isolated eight new virulent phages from the rhizosphere of the coastal legume Medicago marina. Half of the isolated phages showed a very narrow host range while the other half exhibited a wider host range within the strains tested. Electron microscopy studies showed that phages M_ort18, M_sf1.2, and M_sf3.33 belonged to the Myoviridae family with feature long, contractile tails and icosaedral head. Phages I_sf3.21 and I_sf3.10T appeared to have filamentous shape and produced turbid plaques, which is a characteristic of phages from the Inoviridae family. Phage P_ort11 is a member of the Podoviridae, with an icosahedral head and a short tail and was selected for further characterization and genome sequencing. P_ort11 contained linear, double-stranded DNA with a length of 75239 bp and 103 putative open reading frames. BLASTP analysis revealed strong similarities to Escherichia phage N4 and other N4-like phages. This is the first report of filamentous and N4-like phages that infect S. meliloti.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Teresa Cubo
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Cynthia Alías-Villegas
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Eduardo Balsanelli
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Dany Mesa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Emanuel de Souza
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - María Rosario Espuny
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
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25
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Yang Z, Shi Y, Zhang C, Luo X, Chen Y, Peng Y, Gong Y. Lytic Bacteriophage Screening Strategies for Multidrug-Resistant Bloodstream Infections in a Burn Intensive Care Unit. Med Sci Monit 2019; 25:8352-8362. [PMID: 31693655 PMCID: PMC6858784 DOI: 10.12659/msm.917706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing antibiotic resistance and multidrug resistance (MDR) in patients with bloodstream infection (BSI) has resulted in treatment using bacteriophage. This study aimed to identify Gram-negative bacilli and Gram-positive cocci and antibiotic resistance in patients with BSI in a burn intensive care unit (BICU). The environment, including sewage systems, were investigated for the presence of lytic bacteriophage. MATERIAL AND METHODS Between January 2011 to December 2017, 486 patients with BSI were admitted to the BICU. Blood culture identified the main infectious organisms. Bacterial screening tests for antibiotic resistance included the D test and the modified Hodge test (MHT). Lytic bacteriophage was isolated from the environment. RESULTS In 486 patients with BSI, the main causative organisms were Gram-negative bacilli (64.6%), Gram-positive cocci (27.7%), and fungi (7.7%). The main pathogenic organisms that showed multidrug resistance (MDR) were Acinetobacter baumannii (26.0%), Staphylococcus aureus (16.8%), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (14.2%). Bacteriophage was mainly isolated from Gram-negative bacilli. Screening of hospital and residential sewage systems identified increased levels of bacteriophage in hospital sewage. CONCLUSIONS The causative organisms of BSI and the presence of MDR in a hospital BICU were not typical, which supports the need for routine bacterial monitoring. Hospital sewage provides a potential source of bacteriophage for the treatment of MDR pathogenic bacteria.
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26
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Pacífico C, Hilbert M, Sofka D, Dinhopl N, Pap IJ, Aspöck C, Carriço JA, Hilbert F. Natural Occurrence of Escherichia coli-Infecting Bacteriophages in Clinical Samples. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2484. [PMID: 31736918 PMCID: PMC6834657 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction between bacteriophages, bacteria and the human host as a tripartite system has recently captured attention. The taxonomic diversity of bacteriophages, as a natural parasite of bacteria, still remains obscure in human body biomes, representing a so-called “viral dark matter.” Here, we isolated and characterized coliphages from blood, urine and tracheal aspirates samples collected at a tertiary care hospital in Austria. Phages were more often isolated from blood, followed by urine and tracheal aspirates. Phylogenetic analysis and genome comparisons allowed the identification of phages belonging to the Tunavirinae subfamily, and to the Peduovirus and Tequintavirus genera. Tunavirinae phages cluster together and are found in samples from 14 patients, suggesting their prevalence across a variety of human samples. When compared with other phage genomes, the highest similarity level was at 87.69% average nucleotide identity (ANI), which suggests that these are in fact a newly isolated phage species. Tequintavirus phages share a 95.90% with phage 3_29, challenging the ANI threshold currently accepted to differentiate phage species. The isolated phages appear to be virulent, with the exception of the Peduovirus members, which are integrative and seem to reside as prophages in bacterial genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cátia Pacífico
- Department of Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Food Safety, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.,Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems, Austria
| | - Miriam Hilbert
- Department of Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Food Safety, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.,Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems, Austria
| | - Dmitrij Sofka
- Department of Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Food Safety, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nora Dinhopl
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ildiko-Julia Pap
- Institute of Hygiene and Microbiology, University Hospital St. Pölten, St. Pölten, Austria
| | - Christoph Aspöck
- Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems, Austria.,Institute of Hygiene and Microbiology, University Hospital St. Pölten, St. Pölten, Austria
| | - João André Carriço
- Faculty of Medicine, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Friederike Hilbert
- Department of Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Food Safety, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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27
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Liu H, Lu M, Liu X. Characterization and complete genome sequence of the virulent phage ST20 infecting Escherichia coli O165:H8. Arch Virol 2019; 164:3115-3119. [PMID: 31535209 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-019-04399-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A virulent phage, named ST20, infecting Escherichia coli O165:H8 was isolated from wastewater and subjected to genomic sequencing using the Illumina HiSeq system. Genomic analysis revealed that it contains double-stranded DNA, and its complete genome consists of 44,517 nucleotides with an average GC content of 50.81%. Morphological observations showed that phage ST20 belongs to the order Caudovirales and the family Siphoviridae due to its characteristic icosahedral capsid and a long noncontractile tail. This phage was further characterized by one-step growth curve analysis and measurement of its stability at 4 °C. The study has implications for the development of potential biocontrol agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghui Liu
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
| | - Min Lu
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
| | - Xinchun Liu
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China.
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28
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Liao YT, Salvador A, Harden LA, Liu F, Lavenburg VM, Li RW, Wu VCH. Characterization of a Lytic Bacteriophage as an Antimicrobial Agent for Biocontrol of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli O145 Strains. Antibiotics (Basel) 2019; 8:E74. [PMID: 31195679 PMCID: PMC6627115 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics8020074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O145 is one of the most prevalent non-O157 serogroups associated with foodborne outbreaks. Lytic phages are a potential alternative to antibiotics in combatting bacterial pathogens. In this study, we characterized a Siphoviridae phage lytic against STEC O145 strains as a novel antimicrobial agent. Escherichia phage vB_EcoS-Ro145clw (Ro145clw) was isolated and purified prior to physiological and genomic characterization. Then, in vitro antimicrobial activity against an outbreak strain, E. coli O145:H28, was evaluated. Ro145clw is a double-stranded DNA phage with a genome 42,031 bp in length. Of the 67 genes identified in the genome, 21 were annotated with functional proteins, none of which were stx genes. Ro145clw had a latent period of 21 min and a burst size of 192 phages per infected cell. The phage could sustain a wide range of pH (pH 3 to pH 10) and temperatures (-80 °C to -73 °C). Ro145clw was able to reduce E. coli O145:H28 in lysogeny broth by approximately 5 log at 37 °C in four hours. These findings indicate that the Ro145clw phage is a promising antimicrobial agent that can be used to control E. coli O145 in adverse pH and temperature conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Te Liao
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Western Regional Research Center (WRRC), Albany, CA 94710, USA.
| | - Alexandra Salvador
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Western Regional Research Center (WRRC), Albany, CA 94710, USA.
| | - Leslie A Harden
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Western Regional Research Center (WRRC), Albany, CA 94710, USA.
| | - Fang Liu
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Western Regional Research Center (WRRC), Albany, CA 94710, USA.
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China.
| | - Valerie M Lavenburg
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Western Regional Research Center (WRRC), Albany, CA 94710, USA.
| | - Robert W Li
- Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
| | - Vivian C H Wu
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Western Regional Research Center (WRRC), Albany, CA 94710, USA.
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29
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Efficiency of Single Phage Suspensions and Phage Cocktail in the Inactivation of Escherichia coli and Salmonella Typhimurium: An In Vitro Preliminary Study. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7040094. [PMID: 30935094 PMCID: PMC6518180 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7040094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterobacteriaceae Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium strains are among the main pathogens responsible for moderate and serious infections at hospital and community environments, in part because they frequently present resistance to antibiotics. As the treatment of Enterobacteriaceae infections is empiric, using the same antibiotics to treat E. coli and Salmonella infections, the same concept can be applied with phages. The use of different phages combined in cocktails, frequently used to circumvent the development of phage-resistant mutants, also allows for the treatment of multiple pathogens, broadening the phages’ action spectrum. As such, the aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of a cocktail of two phages (ELY-1, produced on E. coli and phSE-5, produced on S. Typhimurium) to control E. coli and S. Typhimurium. Phages ELY-1 and phSE-5 were effective against E. coli (maximum reductions of 4.5 and 3.8 log CFU/mL, respectively), S. Typhimurium (maximum reductions of 2.2 and 2.6 log CFU/mL, respectively), and the mixture of both bacteria (maximum reductions of 2.2 and 2.0 log CFU/mL, respectively). The cocktail ELY-1/phSE-5 was more effective against S. Typhimurium and the mixture of both bacteria (maximum reduction of 3.2 log CFU/mL for both) than the single phage suspensions and as effective against E. coli as its specific phage ELY-1 (maximum reductions of 4.5 log CFU/mL). The use of both the phage cocktails, as well as the single-phage suspensions, however, did not prevent the occurrence of phage-resistant mutants. Overall, the results indicate that the application of the phages in the form of a cocktail show their potential to be used presumptively, that is, prior to the identification of the pathogens, paving its use to control E. coli or S. Typhimurium.
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30
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Lopes A, Pereira C, Almeida A. Sequential Combined Effect of Phages and Antibiotics on the Inactivation of Escherichia coli. Microorganisms 2018; 6:E125. [PMID: 30563133 PMCID: PMC6313441 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms6040125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of antibiotic resistance in bacteria is a global concern. The use of bacteriophages (or phages) alone or combined with antibiotics is consolidating itself as an alternative approach to inactivate antibiotic-resistant bacteria. However, phage-resistant mutants have been considered as a major threat when phage treatment is employed. Escherichia coli is one of the main responsible pathogens for moderate and serious infections in hospital and community environments, being involved in the rapid evolution of fluoroquinolones and third-generation cephalosporin resistance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of combined treatments of phages and antibiotics in the inactivation of E. coli. For this, ciprofloxacin at lethal and sublethal concentrations was added at different times (0, 6, 12 and 18 h) and was tested in combination with the phage ELY-1 to inactivate E. coli. The efficacy of the combined treatment varied with the antibiotic concentration and with the time of antibiotic addition. The combined treatment prevented bacterial regrowth when the antibiotic was used at minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and added after 6 h of phage addition, causing less bacterial resistance than phage and antibiotic applied alone (4.0 × 10-7 for the combined treatment, 3.9 × 10-6 and 3.4 × 10-5 for the antibiotics and the phages alone, respectively). Combined treatment with phage and antibiotic can be effective in reducing the bacterial density and it can also prevent the emergence of resistant variants. However, the antibiotic concentration and the time of antibiotic application are essential factors that need to be considered in the combined treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lopes
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Carla Pereira
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Adelaide Almeida
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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