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Yoo Y, Kwak HY. Nucleation Process in Explosive Boiling Phenomena of Water on Micro-Platinum Wire. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 26:35. [PMID: 38248161 PMCID: PMC10814057 DOI: 10.3390/e26010035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
The maximum temperature limit at which liquid boils explosively is referred to as the superheat limit of liquid. Through various experimental studies on the superheating limit of liquids, rapid evaporation of liquids has been observed at the superheating limit. This study explored the water nucleation process at the superheat limit achieved in micro-platinum wires using a molecular interaction model. According to the molecular interaction model, the nucleation rate and time delay at 576.2 K are approximately 2.1 × 1011/(μm3μs) and 5.7 ns, respectively. With an evaporation rate (116.0 m/s) much faster than that of hydrocarbons (14.0 m/s), these readings show that explosive boiling or rapid phase transition from liquid to vapor can occur at the superheat limit of water. Subsequent bubble growth after bubble nucleation was also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yungpil Yoo
- Department of Climate Change Energy Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea;
- Blue Economy Strategy Institute Co., Ltd., #602, 150 Dogok-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06260, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Young Kwak
- Blue Economy Strategy Institute Co., Ltd., #602, 150 Dogok-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06260, Republic of Korea
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
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2
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Ozsipahi M, Akkus Y, Nguyen CT, Beskok A. Energy-Based Interface Detection for Phase Change Processes of Monatomic Fluids in Nanoconfinements. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:8397-8403. [PMID: 34435788 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c02517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
An energy-based liquid-vapor interface detection method is presented using molecular dynamics simulations of liquid menisci confined between two parallel plates under equilibrium and evaporation/condensation conditions. This method defines the liquid-vapor interface at the location where the average kinetic energy of atoms first exceeds the average potential energy imposed by all neighboring molecules. This definition naturally adapts to the location of the menisci relative to the walls and can properly model the behavior of the liquid adsorbed layers. Unlike the density cutoff methods frequently used in the literature that suffer from density layering effects, this new method gives smooth and continuous liquid-vapor interfaces in nanoconfinements. Surface tension values calculated from the equilibrium MD simulations match the Young-Laplace equation better when using the radius of curvatures calculated from this method. Overall, this energy-based liquid-vapor interface detection method can be used in studies of nanoscale phase change processes and other relevant applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Ozsipahi
- Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75205, United States
| | | | | | - Ali Beskok
- Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75205, United States
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Uhlig M, Garcia R. In Situ Atomic-Scale Imaging of Interfacial Water under 3D Nanoscale Confinement. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:5593-5598. [PMID: 33983752 PMCID: PMC9135320 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c01092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Capillary condensation of water from vapor is an everyday phenomenon which has a wide range of scientific and technological implications. Many aspects of capillary condensation are not well understood such as the structure of interfacial water, the existence of distinct properties of confined water, or the validity of the Kelvin equation at nanoscale. We note the absence of high-spatial resolution images inside a meniscus. Here, we develop an AFM-based method to provide in situ atomic-scale resolution maps of the solid-water interface of a nanomeniscus (80-250 nm3). The separation between the first two hydration layers on graphite is 0.30 nm, while on mica it is 0.28 nm. Those values are very close to the ones expected for the same surfaces immersed in bulk water. Thus, the hydration layer structure on a crystalline surface is independent of the water volume.
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A holistic survey on mechatronic Systems in Micro/Nano scale with challenges and applications. JOURNAL OF MICRO-BIO ROBOTICS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12213-021-00145-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Kim QH, Jhe W. Interfacial thermodynamics of spherical nanodroplets: molecular understanding of surface tension via a hydrogen bond network. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:18701-18709. [PMID: 32970091 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr04533k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Surface tension plays a ubiquitous role in phase transitions including condensation or evaporation of atmospheric liquid droplets. In particular, understanding of interfacial thermodynamics of the critical nucleus of 1 nm scale is important for molecular characterization of the activation energy barrier of nucleation. Here, we investigate surface tension of spherical nanodroplets with both molecular dynamics and density functional theory and find that surface tension decreases appreciably below 1 nm radius, whose analytical expression is consistently derived from the classic Tolman's equation. In particular, the free energy analysis of nanodroplets shows that the change of surface tension originates dominantly from the configurational energy of interfacial molecules, which is evidenced by the increasingly disrupted hydrogen bond network as the droplet size decreases. Our result can be applied to the interface-related phenomena associated with molecular fluctuations such as biomolecule adsorption at the sub-nm scale where macroscopic thermodynamic quantities are ill-defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- QHwan Kim
- Center for 0D Nanofluidics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Institute of Applied Physics, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Wonho Jhe
- Center for 0D Nanofluidics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Institute of Applied Physics, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Klein AL, Lubda M, Akbarzadeh Taghavi P, Lademann J, Beckers I, von Hagen J, Kolmar H, Patzelt A. Solvent-Containing Closure Material Can Be Used to Prevent Follicular Penetration of Caffeine and Fluorescein Sodium Salt on Porcine Ear Skin. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2020; 33:117-126. [PMID: 32045923 DOI: 10.1159/000505839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
AIM The skin represents a drug delivery portal. The establishment of a skin model capable of distinguishing between the follicular and intercellular penetration pathways remains a challenge. The study described herein was aimed at showing the influence of two nail varnishes as closure material and four application techniques to spread the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) on a successful follicular closure without inducing penetration-enhancing effects. MATERIALS AND METHODS For all experiments, ex vivo porcine ear skin was used. In study design A, a standard and a solvent-free nail varnish were compared. It was tested whether the different application techniques (spreading with pipette, careful finger massage, 5-Hz finger massage, 5-Hz automatic massage) potentially destroy an intact follicular closure. Laser scanning microscopy imaging was used to measure if the model drug (fluorescein sodium salt) penetrated into the hair follicles. Study design B investigated how the penetration is affected when applying standard nail varnish containing solvents to skin. It was tested if the varnish blocks the API (caffeine) on completely covered areas and if adjacent areas show increased penetration. Furthermore, lateral diffusion of the API was investigated. After 20 h, the skin layers were separated by tape stripping and heat separation. The tissue samples were homogenized. Caffeine was quantified by chromatography. RESULTS In study design A, the standard nail varnish showed a secure follicular closure, while the solvent-free nail varnish was not able to prevent follicular penetration. Moreover, rapid application techniques were found to destroy an intact follicular closure. Only the two most gentle application techniques kept the follicular closing intact. In study design B, no caffeine was detected in both skin areas that were completely covered. Since no significant difference in caffeine penetration between the two uncovered groups was found, any influence of the applied closure material on adjacent areas was excluded. CONCLUSION This study clearly demonstrates that a standard nail varnish in combination with a gentle application technique of the API provides a secure follicular closure. The presented study only investigated the closure for the substances caffeine and fluorescein sodium salt. The results might not be transferable to all kinds of APIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lena Klein
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Berlin, Germany,
| | | | - Paniz Akbarzadeh Taghavi
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Berlin, Germany.,Beuth University of Applied Sciences Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jürgen Lademann
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Harald Kolmar
- Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Alexa Patzelt
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Berlin, Germany
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Iwamatsu M, Mori H. Effect of line tension on axisymmetric nanoscale capillary bridges at the liquid-vapor equilibrium. Phys Rev E 2019; 100:042802. [PMID: 31770920 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.100.042802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The effect of line tension on the axisymmetric nanoscale capillary bridge between two identical substrates with convex, concave, and flat geometry at the liquid-vapor equilibrium is theoretically studied. The modified Young's equation for the contact angle, which takes into account the effect of line tension, is derived on a general axisymmetric curved surface using the variational method. Even without the effect of line tension, the parameter space where the bridge can exist is limited simply by the geometry of substrates. The modified Young's equation further restricts the space where the bridge can exist when the line tension is positive because the equilibrium contact angle always remains finite and the wetting state near the zero contact angle cannot be realized. It is shown that the interplay of the geometry and the positive line tension restricts the formation of capillary bridge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masao Iwamatsu
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Mori
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
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Li C, Kameyama T, Takahashi T, Kaneko T, Kato T. Nucleation dynamics of single crystal WS 2 from droplet precursors uncovered by in-situ monitoring. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12958. [PMID: 31506485 PMCID: PMC6736981 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49113-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) attract intence attention due to its unique optoelectrical features. Recent progress in production stage of TMD enables us to synthesis uniform and large area TMD with mono layer thickness. Elucidation of growth mechanism is a challenge to improve the crystallinity of TMD, which is regargeded as a next crutial subject in the production stage. Here we report novel diffusion and nucleation dynamics during tungsten disulphide (WS2) growth. The diffusion length (Ld) of the precursors have been measured with unique nucleation control methods. It was revealed that the Ld reaches up to ~750 μm. This ultra-long diffusion can be attributed to precursor droplets observed during in-situ monitoring of WS2 growth. The integrated synthesis of >35,000 single crystals and monolayer WS2 was achieved at the wafer scale based on this model. Our findings are highly significant for both the fundamental study of droplet-mediated crystal growth and the industrial application of integrated single-crystal TMDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tohoku University, 980-8579, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tomoya Kameyama
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tohoku University, 980-8579, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Takahashi
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tohoku University, 980-8579, Sendai, Japan
| | - Toshiro Kaneko
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tohoku University, 980-8579, Sendai, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Kato
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tohoku University, 980-8579, Sendai, Japan. .,JST-PRESTO, Tohoku University, 980-8579, Sendai, Japan.
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Park J, Go T, Ryu J, Lee SJ. Air spreading through wetted cellulose membranes: Implications for the safety function of hydraulic valves in plants. Phys Rev E 2019; 100:032409. [PMID: 31640020 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.100.032409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Plants transport water against the risk of cavitation inside xylem vessels, called "embolism." As one of their hydraulic strategies, pit membranes composed of cellulose fibers have been known as safety valves that prevent the spreading of embolism towards adjacent xylem vessels. However, detailed observation of embolism spreading through a pit membrane is still lacking. Here, we hypothesized that the pit membranes normally remain to be wetted in xylem vessels and noticed in particular the hydraulic role of water film on air spreading that has been overlooked previously. For the hydrodynamic study of the embolism spreading through a wetted pit membrane, we investigated the penetration and spreading dynamics of air plugs through the wetted cellulose membrane in a channel flow. Air spreading exhibits two types of dynamics: continuous and discrete spreading. We elucidated the correlation of dynamic characteristics of air flow and pressure variations according to membrane thickness. Our study speculates that the thickness of pit membranes affects the behaviors of water film captured by cellulose fibers, and it is a crucial criterion for the reversible gating of further spreading of embolism throughout xylem networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- JooYoung Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, San 31, Hyoja-dong, Pohang 37673, South Korea
| | - Taesik Go
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, San 31, Hyoja-dong, Pohang 37673, South Korea
| | - Jeongeun Ryu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, San 31, Hyoja-dong, Pohang 37673, South Korea
| | - Sang Joon Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, San 31, Hyoja-dong, Pohang 37673, South Korea
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