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Zhang Y, Wang H, Qiu P, Jiang J, Wu X, Mei J, Sun H. Decidual macrophages derived NO downregulates PD-L1 in trophoblasts leading to decreased Treg cells in recurrent miscarriage. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1180154. [PMID: 37520550 PMCID: PMC10379637 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1180154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Placental trophoblasts contribute to regulatory T (Treg) function via the programmed cell death-1 (PD-1)/PD-1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) pathway during normal pregnancy. Decreased expression of PD-L1 in trophoblasts was closely associated with Treg deficiency in the development of pregnancy failure. Thus, targeting PD-L1 might be a novel therapy to prevent pregnancy loss. However, the mechanisms for modulating the expression of PD-L1 in trophoblasts are an enigma. Methods The proportion of decidual Treg cells, and the profile of decidual macrophages (DMs) sampled from women with normal pregnancy (NP) and recurrent miscarriage (RM) were evaluated by flow cytometry. The expression of Yin and Yang 1 protein (YY1) and PD-L1 in human villous were measured by Immunohistochemistry (IHC), qRT-PCR and western blot. The determination of soluble PD-L1 (sPD-L1) in serum from NP and RM, and trophoblast conditioned media (TCM) was performed by the PD-L1 SimpleStep ELISA kit. Knockdown of YY1 was processed in the human trophoblast derived cell lines, HTR-8 and Bewo, with siYY1 transfection. Peripheral naïve CD4+ T cells were isolated from women with NP for the in vitro culture. The percentages of Treg cells differentiated from peripheral naïve CD4+ T cells were measured by flow cytometry. The interaction between YY1 and CD274 was proved by CHIP. The expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in decidua was evaluated by IHC. The level of NO in serum from women with NP and RM was determined by the Griess reagent system. The effects of NO on YY1 were determined by the in vitro culture of HTR-8 cells with the NO donor, SNAP. The in vivo model comprising twelve pregnant mice and underwent different treatment. The percentages of Treg cells in murine uterus were measured by flow cytometry. Similarly, Western blot and IHC were performed to determine the expression of YY1 and PD-L1 in murine placenta. Results Decreased expression of YY1 and PD-L1 in trophoblasts and lower proportion of decidual Treg cells were observed in patients with RM. Knockdown of YY1 contributes to a lower expression of YY1 and PD-L1. Soluble PD-L1 in the supernatant from HTR-8 cells was also decreased with siYY1 administration. Lower Treg differentiation was observed in the presence of supernatant from HTR-8 cells treated with siYY1. CHIP analysis revealed that endogenous YY1 directly occupied the promoter region of the CD274 (PD-L1) gene. Accompanied with increased M1 DMs, higher NO was observed in serum sampled from patients with RM. In the presence of Reduced expression of YY1 and PD-L1 was observed in HTR-8 cells with the treatment of SNAP. Furthermore, less Treg differentiation was observed with SNAP treated TCM. Moreover, our in vivo data found that YY1 deficiency was associated with decreased PD-L1, which further resulting in less Treg differentiation and Treg deficiency at the maternal-fetal interface and increased embryo loss. Discussion Our work found the modulatory capacity of YY1 on PD-L1 in trophoblasts during early pregnancy. Furthermore, reduced YY1 was supposed resulting from higher levels of NO produced from the M1 DMs in RM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jie Mei
- *Correspondence: Haixiang Sun, ; Jie Mei,
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Kayashima Y, Townley-Tilson WHD, Vora NL, Boggess K, Homeister JW, Maeda-Smithies N, Li F. Insulin Elevates ID2 Expression in Trophoblasts and Aggravates Preeclampsia in Obese ASB4-Null Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032149. [PMID: 36768469 PMCID: PMC9917068 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a risk factor for preeclampsia. We investigated how obesity influences preeclampsia in mice lacking ankyrin-repeat-and-SOCS-box-containing-protein 4 (ASB4), which promotes trophoblast differentiation via degrading the inhibitor of DNA-binding protein 2 (ID2). Asb4-/- mice on normal chow (NC) develop mild preeclampsia-like phenotypes during pregnancy, including hypertension, proteinuria, and reduced litter size. Wild-type (WT) and Asb4-/- females were placed on a high-fat diet (HFD) starting at weaning. At the age of 8-9 weeks, they were mated with WT or Asb4-/- males, and preeclamptic phenotypes were assessed. HFD-WT dams had no obvious adverse outcomes of pregnancy. In contrast, HFD-Asb4-/- dams had significantly more severe preeclampsia-like phenotypes compared to NC-Asb4-/- dams. The HFD increased white fat weights and plasma leptin and insulin levels in Asb4-/- females. In the HFD-Asb4-/- placenta, ID2 amounts doubled without changing the transcript levels, indicating that insulin likely increases ID2 at a level of post-transcription. In human first-trimester trophoblast HTR8/SVneo cells, exposure to insulin, but not to leptin, led to a significant increase in ID2. HFD-induced obesity markedly worsens the preeclampsia-like phenotypes in the absence of ASB4. Our data indicate that hyperinsulinemia perturbs the timely removal of ID2 and interferes with proper trophoblast differentiation, contributing to enhanced preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukako Kayashima
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - W. H. Davin Townley-Tilson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Neeta L. Vora
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Kim Boggess
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jonathon W. Homeister
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Nobuyo Maeda-Smithies
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-919-966-6915; Fax: +1-919-966-8800
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Halari CD, Nandi P, Sidhu J, Sbirnac M, Zheng M, Lala PK. Decorin–induced, preeclampsia-associated microRNA-512-3p restrains extravillous trophoblast functions by targeting USF2/PPP3R1 axis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1014672. [PMID: 36299488 PMCID: PMC9588925 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1014672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Decorin (DCN) is a leucine-rich proteoglycan produced by chorionic villus mesenchymal cells anddecidual cells during human pregnancy. Studies from our laboratory demonstrated that decidua-derived DCN restrains multiple trophoblast functions including proliferation, migration, invasion andendovascular differentiation, mediated by DCN-binding to multiple tyrosine kinase receptors; expressed by the trophoblast. Furthermore, DCN was shown to be selectively over-produced by thedecidua in preeclampsia (PE) subjects and elevated in the second trimester maternal plasma in PE, before the appearance of clinical signs, presenting as a predictive biomarker for PE. Micro (mi)RNAs are single-stranded non-coding RNAs (17–25 nucleotides) that typically downregulate target genes by repressing translation or facilitating degradation of mRNAs. The human; placenta expresses many miRNAs, some of which are exclusively expressed by the trophoblast. Many; of these miRNAs are dysregulated in PE-associated placentas and some appear in the maternal blood as PE biomarkers. However, little is known about their contribution to the pathogenesis of PE, a multi-factorial disease associated with a hypo-invasive placenta. The objective of the present study was to examine whether exposure of extravillous trophoblast (EVT) to DCN affects expression of specific miRNAs, and to test the role of these miRNAs in altering EVT functions. We identified miR-512-3p, as one of the DCN-induced miRNAs, also upregulated in PE placentas. It was shown to be elevated in ectopic DCN-over-expressing or exogenous DCN-treated first trimester human trophoblast cell line HTR-8/SVneo. Use of miRNA-mimics and inhibitors revealed that miR-512-3p compromised trophoblast migration, invasion and VEGF-dependent endovascular differentiation. Finally, Protein Phosphatase 3 Regulatory Subunit B, Alpha (PPP3R1), a known target of miR-512-3p, was paradoxically elevated in miR-512-3p-overexpressing trophoblast and PE-associated placentas. Using Enrichr, a tool that consists of both a validated user-submitted gene list and a search engine for transcription factors, we found that PPP3R1 elevation resulted from the miRNA binding to and targeting Upstream Transcription Factor 2 (USF2) which targeted PPP3R1. These findings reveal a novel aspect of pathogenesis of PE and biomarker potentials of this miRNA in PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chidambra D. Halari
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Pinki Nandi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Jasmin Sidhu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Maria Sbirnac
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Michael Zheng
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Peeyush K. Lala
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
- Children’s Health Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Peeyush K. Lala,
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Go YY, Lee CM, Chae SW, Song JJ. Osteogenic Efficacy of Human Trophoblasts-Derived Conditioned Medium on Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231710196. [PMID: 36077594 PMCID: PMC9456271 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231710196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Trophoblasts play an important role in the regulation of the development and function of the placenta. Our recent study demonstrated the skin regeneration capacity of trophoblast-derived extracellular vesicles (EV). Here, we aimed to determine the potential of trophoblast-derived conditioned medium (TB-CM) in enhancing the osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). We found that TB-CM promoted the osteogenic differentiation of MSCs in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, it inhibited adipogenesis of MSCs. We also found that the primary trophoblast-derived conditioned medium (PTB-CM) significantly enhanced the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of human MSCs. Our study demonstrated the regulatory mechanisms underlying the TB-CM-induced osteogenesis in MSCs. An upregulation of genes associated with cytokines/chemokines was observed. The treatment of MSCs with TB-CM stimulated osteogenesis by activating several biological processes, such as mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) signaling. This study demonstrated the proliferative and osteogenic efficacies of the trophoblast-derived secretomes, suggesting their potential for use in clinical interventions for bone regeneration and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon-Young Go
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul 08308, Korea
- Institute for Health Care Convergence Center, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul 08308, Korea
| | - Chan-Mi Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul 08308, Korea
| | - Sung-Won Chae
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul 08308, Korea
- Institute for Health Care Convergence Center, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul 08308, Korea
| | - Jae-Jun Song
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul 08308, Korea
- Institute for Health Care Convergence Center, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul 08308, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-2626-3191; Fax: +82-2-2626-0475
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Effect of endoplasmic reticulum stress on human trophoblast cells: Survival triggering or catastrophe resulting in death. Acta Histochem 2022; 124:151951. [PMID: 35998395 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2022.151951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress has been reported to play a role in the pathogenesis of intrauterine growth retardation and preeclampsia, especially implantation failure. Although in vitro ER stress studies in human trophoblast cell line have been conducted in recent years, the influence of Thapsigargin on intracellular dynamics on calcium homeostasis has not been proven. Here, the effects of ER stress and impaired calcium homeostasis on apoptosis, autophagy, cytoskeleton, hypoxia, and adhesion molecules in 2D and spheroid cultures of human trophectoderm cells were investigated at gene expression and protein levels. Thapsigargin caused ER stress by increasing GRP78 gene expression and protein levels. Human trophectoderm cells displayed different characterization properties in 2D and spheroids. While it moves in the pathway of EIF2A and IRE1A mechanisms in 2D, it proceeds in the pathway of EIF2A and ATF6 mechanisms in spheroids and triggers different responses in survival and programmed cell death mechanisms such as apoptosis and autophagy. This led to changes in the cytoskeleton, cell adhesion molecules and cell-cell interactions by affecting the hypoxia mechanism.
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Hashem Boroojerdi M, Hosseinpour Sarmadi V, Maqbool M, Ling KH, Safarzadeh Kozani P, Safarzadeh Kozani P, Ramasamy R. Directional capacity of human mesenchymal stem cells to support hematopoietic stem cell proliferation in vitro. Gene 2022; 820:146218. [PMID: 35134469 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) reside in a specialised microenvironment in the bone marrow, which is majorly composed of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and its' derivatives. This study aimed to investigate the regulatory role of MSCs to decipher the cellular and humoral communications on HSCs' proliferation, self-renewal, and differentiation at the transcriptomic level. MATERIALS AND METHODS Microarray assay was employed to analyse the gene expression profile of HSCs that imparted by MSCs during co-culture. RESULTS The proliferation of human umbilical cord blood-derived HSCs (hUC-HSCs) markedly propagated when MSCs were used as the feeder layer, without disturbing the undifferentiated state of HSCs, and reduced the cell death of HSCs. Upon co-culture with MSCs, the global microarray analysis of HSCs disclosed 712 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (561 up-regulated and 151 down-regulated). The dysregulations of various transcripts were enriched for cellular functions such as cell cycle (including CCND1), apoptosis (including TNF), and genes related to signalling pathways governing self-renewal, as well as WNT5A from the Wnt signalling pathway, MAPK, Hedgehog, FGF2 from FGF, Jak-STAT, and PITX2 from the TGF-β signalling pathway. To concur this, real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) was utilised for corroborating the microarray results from five of the most dysregulated genes. CONCLUSION This study elucidates the underlying mechanisms of the mitogenic influences of MSCs on the propagation of HSCs. The exploitation of such mechanisms provides a potential means for achieving larger quantities of HSCs in vitro, thus obviating the need for manipulating their differentiation potential for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohadese Hashem Boroojerdi
- Stem Cell & Immunity Research Group, Immunology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Genetics and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Vahid Hosseinpour Sarmadi
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran; Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Maqbool
- Stem Cell & Immunity Research Group, Immunology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Genetics and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - King-Hwa Ling
- Genetics and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Pooria Safarzadeh Kozani
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pouya Safarzadeh Kozani
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Paramedicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Rajesh Ramasamy
- Stem Cell & Immunity Research Group, Immunology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Genetics and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Dental Radiology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60132, Indonesia.
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Halari CD, Renaud SJ, Lala PK. Molecular mechanisms in IL-1β-mediated decorin production by decidual cells. Mol Hum Reprod 2021; 27:6463501. [PMID: 34915564 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gaab068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Decorin, a small leucine-rich proteoglycan produced by decidual cells restrains trophoblast differentiation, migration and invasiveness of extra-villous trophoblast cells. Decidual overproduction of decorin is associated with preeclampsia, and elevated decorin levels in maternal plasma are a predictive biomarker of preeclampsia. Furthermore, decorin plays an autocrine role in maturation of human endometrial stromal cells into decidual cells. Thus, a balanced decorin production by the decidua is critical for healthy pregnancy. However, the molecular mechanisms regulating decorin production by the decidua are unclear. Interleukin-1 beta is an inflammation-associated multi-functional cytokine, and is reported to induce decidualization in primates. Hence, the present study was designed: (i) to test if exogenous Interleukin-1 beta stimulated decorin production by human endometrial stromal cells; and if so, (ii) to identify the cellular source of Interleukin-1 beta in first trimester decidual tissue; (iii) to identify the downstream molecular partners in Interleukin-1 beta mediated decorin production by human endometrial stromal cells. Results revealed that (i) amongst multiple pro-inflammatory cytokines tested, Interleukin-1 beta alone stimulated decorin production by these cells; (ii) both macrophages and decidual cells in first trimester decidua produced Interleukin-1 beta; (iii) Interleukin-1 beta mediated decorin production was dependent on Interleukin-1 receptor activation, followed by activation and nuclear translocation of nuclear factor kappa B and its binding to the decorin promoter. These results reveal that Interleukin-1 beta plays a novel role in inducing decorin production by human endometrial stromal cells by activating nuclear factor kappa B.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Halari
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - S J Renaud
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.,Children's Health Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - P K Lala
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.,Children's Health Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.,Department of Oncology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
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Roles of Two Small Leucine-Rich Proteoglycans Decorin and Biglycan in Pregnancy and Pregnancy-Associated Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910584. [PMID: 34638928 PMCID: PMC8509074 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Two small leucine-rich proteoglycans (SLRP), decorin and biglycan, play important roles in structural–functional integrity of the placenta and fetal membranes, and their alterations can result in several pregnancy-associated diseases. In this review, we briefly discuss normal placental structure and functions, define and classify SLRPs, and then focus on two SLRPs, decorin (DCN) and biglycan (BGN). We discuss the consequences of deletions/mutations of DCN and BGN. We then summarize DCN and BGN expression in the pregnant uterus, myometrium, decidua, placenta, and fetal membranes. Actions of these SLRPs as ligands are then discussed in the context of multiple binding partners in the extracellular matrix and cell surface (receptors), as well as their alterations in pathological pregnancies, such as preeclampsia, fetal growth restriction, and preterm premature rupture of membranes. Lastly, we raise some unanswered questions as food for thought.
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Halari CD, Nandi P, Jeyarajah MJ, Renaud SJ, Lala PK. Decorin production by the human decidua: role in decidual cell maturation. Mol Hum Reprod 2021; 26:784-796. [PMID: 32866233 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gaaa058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Decidualization involves the proliferation and differentiation of fibroblast-like endometrial stromal cells into epithelioid-shaped and secretory 'decidual' cells in response to steroid hormones. Human decidual cells produce insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-1 and prolactin (PRL), two well-recognized markers of decidual cell maturation and a proteoglycan decorin (DCN). We reported that DCN restrains the human trophoblast renewal, migration, invasion and endovascular differentiation needed for uterine arterial remodeling during normal pregnancy. DCN overproduction by the decidua is associated with a hypo-invasive placenta and a serious pregnancy disorder, pre-eclampsia (PE). Furthermore, elevated maternal plasma DCN levels during the second trimester is a predictive biomarker of PE. While these paracrine roles of decidua-derived DCN on trophoblast physiology and pathology have been well-defined, it remains unknown whether DCN plays any autocrine role in decidual cell development. The objectives of this study were to examine: the kinetics of DCN production during decidualization of human endometrial stromal cells; gestational age-related changes in DCN production by the first trimester decidua; and a possible autocrine role of DCN on decidual cell maturation. We found that DCN production is enhanced during decidualization of both primary and immortalized human endometrial stromal cells in vitro and during early gestation in decidual samples tested ex vivo, and that it is important for endometrial stromal cell maturation into a decidual phenotype. Decorin-depleted human endometrial stromal cells exposed to decidualizing stimuli failed to mature fully, as evidenced by fibroblastoid morphology, reduced insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-1 and PRL expression, and reduction in cellular ploidy. We identified heart and neural crest derivatives-expressed protein 2, and progesterone receptor as potential downstream mediators of DCN effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Halari
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - P Nandi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - M J Jeyarajah
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - S J Renaud
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.,Children's Health Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - P K Lala
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.,Children's Health Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.,Department of Oncology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
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10
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Lala PK, Nandi P, Hadi A, Halari C. A crossroad between placental and tumor biology: What have we learnt? Placenta 2021; 116:12-30. [PMID: 33958236 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2021.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Placenta in certain species including the human has evolved as a highly invasive tumor-like organ invading the uterus aned its vasculature to derive oxygen and nutrients for the fetus and exchange waste products. While several excellent reviews have been written comparing hemochorial placentation with tumors, no comprehensive review is available dealing with mechanistic insights into what makes them different, and what tumor biologists can learn from placental biologists, and vice versa. In this review, we analyze the structure-function relationship of the human placenta, emphasizing the functional need of the spatio-temporally orchestrated trophoblast invasiveness for fetal development and growth, and pathological consequences of aberrant invasiveness for fetal and maternal health. We then analyze similarities and differences between the placenta and invasive tumors in terms of hallmarks of cancer, some key molecules regulating their invasive functions, and how placental cancers (choriocarcinomas) or other cancers become refractory or even addicted to these invasion-restraining molecules. We cite in vitro models of human trophoblast and choriocarcinoma cell lines utilized to study mechanisms in normal placental development as well as those responsible for tumor progression. We discuss the pathobiology of hyper-invasive placentas and show thattrophoblastic neoplasias are a unique and heterogeneous class of tumors. We delve into the questions as to why metastasis from other organs rarely occurs at the placental site and whether pregnancy makes the mother more or less vulnerable to cancer-related morbidity/mortality. We attempt to compare trophoblast stem cells and cancer stem cells. Finally, we leave the readers with some thoughts as foods of future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peeyush K Lala
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Westernat Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A5C1, Canada; Associate Scientist, Children's Health Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6C2V5.
| | - Pinki Nandi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Westernat Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A5C1, Canada.
| | - Ali Hadi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Westernat Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A5C1, Canada.
| | - Chidambra Halari
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Westernat Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A5C1, Canada.
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Singh U, Hur M, Dorman K, Wurtele ES. MetaOmGraph: a workbench for interactive exploratory data analysis of large expression datasets. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:e23. [PMID: 31956905 PMCID: PMC7039010 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz1209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The diverse and growing omics data in public domains provide researchers with tremendous opportunity to extract hidden, yet undiscovered, knowledge. However, the vast majority of archived data remain unused. Here, we present MetaOmGraph (MOG), a free, open-source, standalone software for exploratory analysis of massive datasets. Researchers, without coding, can interactively visualize and evaluate data in the context of its metadata, honing-in on groups of samples or genes based on attributes such as expression values, statistical associations, metadata terms and ontology annotations. Interaction with data is easy via interactive visualizations such as line charts, box plots, scatter plots, histograms and volcano plots. Statistical analyses include co-expression analysis, differential expression analysis and differential correlation analysis, with significance tests. Researchers can send data subsets to R for additional analyses. Multithreading and indexing enable efficient big data analysis. A researcher can create new MOG projects from any numerical data; or explore an existing MOG project. MOG projects, with history of explorations, can be saved and shared. We illustrate MOG by case studies of large curated datasets from human cancer RNA-Seq, where we identify novel putative biomarker genes in different tumors, and microarray and metabolomics data from Arabidopsis thaliana. MOG executable and code: http://metnetweb.gdcb.iastate.edu/ and https://github.com/urmi-21/MetaOmGraph/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urminder Singh
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Center for Metabolic Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Department of Genetics Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Manhoi Hur
- Center for Metabolic Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Karin Dorman
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Department of Genetics Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Eve Syrkin Wurtele
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Center for Metabolic Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Department of Genetics Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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12
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Hou M, Han J, Li G, Kwon MY, Jiang J, Emani S, Taglauer ES, Park JA, Choi EB, Vodnala M, Fong YW, Emani SM, Rosas IO, Perrella MA, Liu X. Multipotency of mouse trophoblast stem cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:55. [PMID: 32054514 PMCID: PMC7020558 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-1567-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In a number of disease processes, the body is unable to repair injured tissue, promoting the need to develop strategies for tissue repair and regeneration, including the use of cellular therapeutics. Trophoblast stem cells (TSCs) are considered putative stem cells as they differentiate into other subtypes of trophoblast cells. To identify cells for future therapeutic strategies, we investigated whether TSCs have properties of stem/progenitor cells including self-renewal and the capacity to differentiate into parenchymal cells of fetal organs, in vitro and in vivo. METHODS TSCs were isolated using anti-CD117 micro-beads, from embryonic day 18.5 placentas. In vitro, CD117+ TSCs were cultured, at a limiting dilution in growth medium for the development of multicellular clones and in specialized medium for differentiation into lung epithelial cells, cardiomyocytes, and retinal photoreceptor cells. CD117+ TSCs were also injected in utero into lung, heart, and the sub-retinal space of embryonic day 13.5 fetuses, and the organs were harvested for histological assessment after a natural delivery. RESULTS We first identified CD117+ cells within the labyrinth zone and chorionic basal plate of murine placentas in late pregnancy, embryonic day 18.5. CD117+ TSCs formed multicellular clones that remained positive for CD117 in vitro, consistent with self-renewal properties. The clonal cells demonstrated multipotency, capable of differentiating into lung epithelial cells (endoderm), cardiomyocytes (mesoderm), and retinal photoreceptor cells (ectoderm). Finally, injection of CD117+ TSCs in utero into lungs, hearts, and the sub-retinal spaces of fetuses resulted in their engraftment on day 1 after birth, and the CD117+ TSCs differentiated into lung alveolar epithelial cells, heart cardiomyocytes, and retina photoreceptor cells, corresponding with the organs in which they were injected. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that CD117+ TSCs have the properties of stem cells including clonogenicity, self-renewal, and multipotency. In utero administration of CD117+ TSCs engraft and differentiate into resident cells of the lung, heart, and retina during mouse development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minmin Hou
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Junwen Han
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Gu Li
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Min-Young Kwon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Jiani Jiang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Sirisha Emani
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Jin-Ah Park
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eun-Bee Choi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Munender Vodnala
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yick W Fong
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sitaram M Emani
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ivan O Rosas
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Mark A Perrella
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xiaoli Liu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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13
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In Vivo and In Vitro Models of Diabetes: A Focus on Pregnancy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1307:553-576. [PMID: 32504388 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2020_536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes in pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of poor outcomes, both for the mother and her offspring. Although clinical and epidemiological studies are invaluable to assess these outcomes and the effectiveness of potential treatments, there are certain ethical and practical limitations to what can be assessed in human studies.Thus, both in vivo and in vitro models can aid us in the understanding of the mechanisms behind these complications and, in the long run, towards their prevention and treatment. This review summarizes the existing animal and cell models used to mimic diabetes, with a specific focus on the intrauterine environment. Summary of this review.
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14
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Brkić J, Dunk C, Shan Y, O'Brien JA, Lye P, Qayyum S, Yang P, Matthews SG, Lye SJ, Peng C. Differential Role of Smad2 and Smad3 in the Acquisition of an Endovascular Trophoblast-Like Phenotype and Preeclampsia. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:436. [PMID: 32733385 PMCID: PMC7362585 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
During placental development, cytotrophoblast progenitor cells differentiate into the syncytiotrophoblast and invasive extravillous trophoblasts (EVTs). Some EVTs further differentiate into endovascular trophoblasts (enEVTs) which exhibit endothelial-like properties. Abnormal placental development, including insufficient enEVT-mediated remodeling of the uterine spiral arteries, is thought to be a precipitating factor in the onset of preeclampsia (PE), a pregnancy-related hypertensive disorder. Several members of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily, such as TGF-βs, Nodal, and Activin have been reported to either promote or inhibit the invasive EVT pathway. These ligands signal through serine/threonine receptor complexes to activate downstream signaling mediators, Smad2 and Smad3. In this study, we determined Smad2 and Smad3 expression pattern in placenta and their effects on trophoblast invasion and differentiation. Total Smad2/3 levels were relatively constant across gestation while the ratio of active phosphorylated forms to their total levels varied with gestational stages, with a higher pSmad2/total Smad2 in later gestation and a higher pSmad3/total Smad3 in early gestation. Immunofluorescent staining revealed that pSmad3 was localized in nuclei of EVTs in anchoring villi. On the other hand, pSmad2 was mostly absent in this invasive EVT population. In addition, pSmad3/total Smad3, but not pSmad2/total Smad2, was significantly lower in both early onset and late onset PE cases, as compared to gestational age-matched controls. Functional studies carried out using a first trimester trophoblast cell line, HTR-8/SVneo, and first trimester human placental explants showed that Smad2 and Smad3 had differential roles in the invasive pathway. Specifically, siRNA-mediated knockdown of Smad2 resulted in an increase in trophoblast invasion and an upregulation of mRNA levels of enEVT markers while the opposite was observed with Smad3 knockdown. In addition, Smad2 siRNA accelerated the EVT outgrowth in first trimester placental explants while the Smad3 siRNA reduced the outgrowth of EVTs when compared to the control. Furthermore, knockdown of Smad2 enhanced, whereas overexpression of Smad2 suppressed, the ability of trophoblasts to form endothelial-like networks. Conversely, Smad3 had opposite effects as Smad2 on network formation. These findings suggest that Smad2 and Smad3 have opposite functions in the acquisition of an enEVT-like phenotype and defects in Smad3 activation are associated with PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Brkić
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Caroline Dunk
- Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yanan Shan
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Phetcharawan Lye
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sheza Qayyum
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Peifeng Yang
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Stephen J. Lye
- Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Chun Peng
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Centre for Research in Biomolecular Interactions, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Chun Peng
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15
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Transcriptomic and functional analyses of 3D placental extravillous trophoblast spheroids. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12607. [PMID: 31471547 PMCID: PMC6717201 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48816-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Placental extravillous trophoblast (EVT) invasion is essential in establishing proper blood supply to the fetus during pregnancy. However, traditional 2D in vitro systems do not model the in vivo invasion process in an anatomically-relevant manner. Our objectives were to develop a 3D spheroid model that would allow better emulation of placental invasion in vitro and to characterize the transcriptomic and functional outcomes. HTR8/SVneo EVT cells were self-assembled into 3D spheroids using ultra-low attachment plates. Transcriptomic profiling followed by gene set enrichment and gene ontology analyses revealed major global transcriptomic differences, with significant up-regulations in EVTs cultured as 3D spheroids in canonical pathways and biological processes such as immune response, angiogenesis, response to stimulus, wound healing, and others. These findings were further validated by RT-qPCR, showing significant up-regulations in genes and/or proteins related to epithelial-mesenchymal transition, cell-cell contact, angiogenesis, and invasion/migration. A high-throughput, spheroid invasion assay was applied to reveal the dynamic invasion of EVTs away from the spheroid core into extracellular matrix. Lastly, lipopolysaccharide, dexamethasone, or Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol exposure was found to impact the invasion of EVT spheroids. Altogether, we present a well-characterized, 3D spheroid model of EVT invasion and demonstrate its potential use in drug and toxin screening during pregnancy.
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16
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Nallanthighal S, Heiserman JP, Cheon DJ. The Role of the Extracellular Matrix in Cancer Stemness. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:86. [PMID: 31334229 PMCID: PMC6624409 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
As our understanding of cancer cell biology progresses, it has become clear that tumors are a heterogenous mixture of different cell populations, some of which contain so called "cancer stem cells" (CSCs). Hallmarks of CSCs include self-renewing capability, tumor-initiating capacity and chemoresistance. The extracellular matrix (ECM), a major structural component of the tumor microenvironment, is a highly dynamic structure and increasing evidence suggests that ECM proteins establish a physical and biochemical niche for CSCs. In cancer, abnormal ECM dynamics occur due to disrupted balance between ECM synthesis and secretion and altered expression of matrix-remodeling enzymes. Tumor-derived ECM is biochemically distinct in its composition and is stiffer compared to normal ECM. In this review, we will provide a brief overview of how different components of the ECM modulate CSC properties then discuss how physical, mechanical, and biochemical cues from the ECM drive cancer stemness. Given the fact that current CSC targeting therapies face many challenges, a better understanding of CSC-ECM interactions will be crucial to identify more effective therapeutic strategies to eliminate CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dong-Joo Cheon
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
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17
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Pillai VV, Siqueira LG, Das M, Kei TG, Tu LN, Herren AW, Phinney BS, Cheong SH, Hansen PJ, Selvaraj V. Physiological profile of undifferentiated bovine blastocyst-derived trophoblasts. Biol Open 2019; 8:bio037937. [PMID: 30952696 PMCID: PMC6550082 DOI: 10.1242/bio.037937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Trophectoderm of blastocysts mediate early events in fetal-maternal communication, enabling implantation and establishment of a functional placenta. Inadequate or impaired developmental events linked to trophoblasts directly impact early embryo survival and successful implantation during a crucial period that corresponds with high incidence of pregnancy losses in dairy cows. As yet, the molecular basis of bovine trophectoderm development and signaling towards initiation of implantation remains poorly understood. In this study, we developed methods for culturing undifferentiated bovine blastocyst-derived trophoblasts and used both transcriptomics and proteomics in early colonies to categorize and elucidate their functional characteristics. A total of 9270 transcripts and 1418 proteins were identified and analyzed based on absolute abundance. We profiled an extensive list of growth factors, cytokines and other relevant factors that can effectively influence paracrine communication in the uterine microenvironment. Functional categorization and analysis revealed novel information on structural organization, extracellular matrix composition, cell junction and adhesion components, transcription networks, and metabolic preferences. Our data showcase the fundamental physiology of bovine trophectoderm and indicate hallmarks of the self-renewing undifferentiated state akin to trophoblast stem cells described in other species. Functional features uncovered are essential for understanding early events in bovine pregnancy towards initiation of implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viju Vijayan Pillai
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Luiz G Siqueira
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation - Embrapa Gado de Leite, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais 36038-330, Brazil
| | - Moubani Das
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Tiffany G Kei
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Lan N Tu
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Anthony W Herren
- Genome Center, Proteomics Core Facility, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Brett S Phinney
- Genome Center, Proteomics Core Facility, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Soon Hon Cheong
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Peter J Hansen
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Vimal Selvaraj
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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18
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Guo YL. The underdeveloped innate immunity in embryonic stem cells: The molecular basis and biological perspectives from early embryogenesis. Am J Reprod Immunol 2019; 81:e13089. [PMID: 30614149 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Revised: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) have been intensively studied as a promising cell source for regenerative medicine. The rapid advancements in the field have not only proven the feasibility of ESC-based cell therapy, but also led to a better understanding of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) as a unique cell population at an early stage of embryogenesis. Recent studies have revealed that both human and mouse ESCs have attenuated innate immune responses to infectious agents and inflammatory cytokines. These findings raise interesting questions about the rationale for ESCs, the PSCs experimentally derived from preimplantation stage embryos, to not have an innate defense mechanism that has been adapted so well in somatic cells. All somatic cells have innate immune systems that can be activated by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) or cellular damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), leading to production of cytokines. The underdeveloped innate immunity represents a unique property of PSCs that may have important implications. This review discusses the immunological properties of PSCs, the molecular basis underlying their diminished innate immune responses, and the hypothesis that the attenuated innate immune responses could be an adaptive mechanism that allows PSCs to avoid cytotoxicity associated with inflammation and immune responses during early embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Lin Guo
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi
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