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Stojmenovski A, Gatarić B, Vučen S, Railić M, Krstonošić V, Kukobat R, Mirjanić M, Škrbić R, Račić A. Formulation and Evaluation of Polysaccharide Microparticles for the Controlled Release of Propranolol Hydrochloride. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:788. [PMID: 38931909 PMCID: PMC11207763 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16060788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Propranolol hydrochloride, a non-cardio-selective beta blocker, is used to treat several conditions in children, including hypertension, arrhythmias, hyperthyroidism, hemangiomas, etc. Commercial liquid formulations are available in Europe and the US, but they have disadvantages, such as limited stability, bitter taste, and the need for multiple daily doses due to the drug's short half-life. Considering these limitations, controlled-release solid formulations, such as microparticles, may offer a better solution for pediatric administration. The main objective of this study was to formulate an encapsulation system for propranolol hydrochloride, based on sodium alginate and other polysaccharide polymers, to control and prolong its release. Microparticles were prepared using the ionotropic gelation method, which involves instilling a polymer solution into a solution of gelling ions via the extrusion technique. Physicochemical characterization was conducted by assessing the entrapment efficiency, drug loading, swelling index, microparticle size, rheological properties, and surface tension. In order to improve the characteristics of the tested microparticles, selected formulations were coated with chitosan. Further experimental work included differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis, and SEM imaging. This in vitro release study showed that chitosan-coated microparticles demonstrate favorable properties, suggesting a novel approach to formulating pediatric dosage forms, although further optimization is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Stojmenovski
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Banja Luka, Save Mrkalja 16, 78000 Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina; (A.S.); (R.Š.)
| | - Biljana Gatarić
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Banja Luka, Save Mrkalja 14, 78000 Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina;
| | - Sonja Vučen
- SSPC, The SFI Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland; (S.V.); (M.R.)
| | - Maja Railić
- SSPC, The SFI Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland; (S.V.); (M.R.)
| | - Veljko Krstonošić
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia;
| | - Radovan Kukobat
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Technology, University of Banja Luka, B.V Stepe Stepanovica 73, 78000 Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina;
| | - Maja Mirjanić
- Apoteke Bpharm, Kulska obala bb, 79220 Novi Grad, Bosnia and Herzegovina;
| | - Ranko Škrbić
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Banja Luka, Save Mrkalja 16, 78000 Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina; (A.S.); (R.Š.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Banja Luka, Save Mrkalja 16, 78000 Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Anđelka Račić
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Banja Luka, Save Mrkalja 14, 78000 Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina;
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Simšič T, Planinšek O, Baumgartner A. Taste-masking methods in multiparticulate dosage forms with a focus on poorly soluble drugs. ACTA PHARMACEUTICA (ZAGREB, CROATIA) 2024; 74:177-199. [PMID: 38815202 DOI: 10.2478/acph-2024-0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
In the past, the administration of medicines for children mainly involved changes to adult dosage forms, such as crushing tablets or opening capsules. However, these methods often led to inconsistent dosing, resulting in under- or overdosing. To address this problem and promote adherence, numerous initiatives, and regulatory frameworks have been developed to develop more child-friendly dosage forms. In recent years, multiparticulate dosage forms such as mini-tablets, pellets, and granules have gained popularity. However, a major challenge that persists is effectively masking the bitter taste of drugs in such formulations. This review therefore provides a brief overview of the current state of the art in taste masking techniques, with a particular focus on taste masking by film coating. Methods for evaluating the effectiveness of taste masking are also discussed and commented on. Another important issue that arises frequently in this area is achieving sufficient dissolution of poorly water-soluble drugs. Since the simultaneous combination of sufficient dissolution and taste masking is particularly challenging, the second objective of this review is to provide a critical summary of studies dealing with multiparticulate formulations that are tackling both of these issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilen Simšič
- 1Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- 2Alterno Labs d.o.o. 1231 Ljubljana-Črnuče Slovenia
| | - Odon Planinšek
- 1Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ana Baumgartner
- 1Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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3
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Nakatomi C, Wakao T, Yogi T, Hsu CC, Inui T, Ono K. Discrimination of cellulose microparticles in rats. Physiol Behav 2024; 277:114486. [PMID: 38336088 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2024.114486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Oral perception of food particles is important in mastication and swallowing. However, the mechanism underlying particle perception remains poorly understood because of the lack of suitable experimental systems. We evaluated microparticle perception in rats utilizing insoluble cellulose particles of varying diameters (20-170 μm). The cellulose additives have polycrystalline morphologies and contain smaller crushed particles. The filtrate containing 20 μm particles at a concentration of 1.6% was passed through 3 μm pore-size filter paper, and numerous small particles equivalent to a 0.25 mM soluble solution were observed. In two-bottle preference tests, rats showed no innate preference or avoidance of particles of any size at concentrations ranging from 0.05-1.6%. Next, conditioned preference learning tests employing 8% glucose and fructose solutions were performed. After being repeatedly presented with glucose and fructose solutions containing particles of different sizes (170 and 20 μm particles or 20 μm filtrate) at a concentration of 1.6%, the rats preferred particles in glucose solution even without glucose presentation. Intriguingly, rats preferred the filtrate following repeated presentations of glucose-containing filtrate and water containing fructose. These results suggest that rats can distinguish microparticles in water. The preference learning test is useful for analyzing particle perception mechanisms in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Nakatomi
- Division of Physiology, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1, Manazuru, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 803-8580, Japan
| | - Takutoshi Wakao
- Division of Physiology, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1, Manazuru, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 803-8580, Japan; Division of Orofacial Functions and Orthodontics, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1, Manazuru, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 803-8580, Japan
| | - Taishi Yogi
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1, Manazuru, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 803-8580, Japan
| | - Chia-Chien Hsu
- Division of Physiology, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1, Manazuru, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 803-8580, Japan
| | - Tadashi Inui
- Department of Oral Physiology, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 13, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8586, Japan
| | - Kentaro Ono
- Division of Physiology, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1, Manazuru, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 803-8580, Japan.
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Carrillo E, Parrilla R, Tárrega A. The difficult decision of buying food for others: Which puree will my baby like? Food Res Int 2024; 179:114018. [PMID: 38342538 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
When selecting commercial baby food, parents make the initial decision, but the baby's approval ultimately determines the likelihood of repurchasing. However, discerning what babies prefer and enjoy can be challenging for food developers because babies cannot verbally express their preferences. To gain insight into the decision-making process of parents when selecting food for their infants, this study aims to examine: 1. the reasons behind choosing commercial baby food purees, 2. the sensory factors that influence baby acceptance, and 3. how accurately parents can predict baby acceptance. Two experiments were performed. The first investigated the purchasing decisions and underlying reasons of 100 parents, who evaluated 14 different commercial baby food purees. Second, a study was conducted involving 40 parents and their babies (8-30 months) who evaluated a set of 9 baby food purees in two different settings: 1. the parents tasted the puree, and 2. the babies ate the product at home. The results of the first experiment were analyzed using regression trees to uncover the hierarchy of factors that influenced parental decisions. Two negative factors, product unfamiliarity, and high price, were the most important factors leading to parental rejection. Healthiness, tastiness, satiety and good price were the reasons that contributed to a final positive purchasing decision. In the second experiment, the influence of the sensory attributes on babies' perception were determined through a PLS-regression model. The findings revealed that the chicken flavor and vegetable flavors, such as potato, onion, peas, and legumes, positively correlated with infants' liking, whereas fish, tomato, and acidic flavors had negative implications. The texture attributes of sandiness and stickiness had a positive effect on baby liking, whereas smoothness had a negative impact. The results of the regression model based on the predictions revealed that flavor attributes that drive liking and disliking for babies coincided with their parents. However, the texture attributes did not match. Parents considered texture attributes, specifically creaminess and smoothness, as relevant and positive. However, these texture attributes did not affect or slightly decrease babies' acceptance that was positively affected by sandiness and stickiness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Carrillo
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de los Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Agustín Escardino Benlloch 7, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Rubén Parrilla
- Alimentación y Nutrición Familiar S.L. (ALNUT), Carrer de Garbí, 1, 46240 Carlet, Spain
| | - Amparo Tárrega
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de los Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Agustín Escardino Benlloch 7, 46980 Paterna, Spain.
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D'Amico V, Denora N, Ivone M, Iacobazzi RM, Laquintana V, Cutrignelli A, Franco M, Barone M, Lopalco A, Lopedota AA. Investigating the prilling/vibration technique to produce gastric-directed drug delivery systems for misoprostol. Int J Pharm 2024; 651:123762. [PMID: 38185338 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Prilling/vibration technique to produce oral microcapsules was explored to achieve local delivery of misoprostol (MIS), a prostaglandin E1 analogue indicated for the treatment of gastric-duodenal ulcers, at the gastric mucosa. To improve MIS chemical stability and reduce its associated systemic side effects, drug delivery systems were designed and developed as microcapsules consisting of a core of sunflower oil and MIS (Fs6 and Fs14) or a MIS complex with hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) (Fs18), confirmed by specific studies, and a polymeric shell. The produced microcapsules showed high encapsulation efficiencies for those with MIS solubilized in sunflower oil (>59.86 %) and for the microcapsules with MIS/HP-β-CD (97.61 %). To demonstrate the ability of these systems to deliver MIS into the stomach, swelling and drug release experiments were also conducted in simulated gastric fluid. Among the three formulations, FS18 showed gastric release within 30 min and was the most advantageous formulation because the presence of the MIS/HP-β-CD inclusion complex ensured a greater ability to stabilise MIS in the simulated gastric environment. In addition, these new systems have a small size (<540 µm), and good flow properties and the dose of the drug could be easily adapted using different amounts of microcapsules (flexibility), making them a passepartout for different age population groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vita D'Amico
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 4 E. Orabona street, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Nunzio Denora
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 4 E. Orabona street, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Marianna Ivone
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 4 E. Orabona street, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Rosa Maria Iacobazzi
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 4 E. Orabona street, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Valentino Laquintana
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 4 E. Orabona street, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Annalisa Cutrignelli
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 4 E. Orabona street, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Massimo Franco
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 4 E. Orabona street, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Michele Barone
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine-Jonian Area-(DiMePRe-J), University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Policlinic University Hospital, 11 G. Cesare Square, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Lopalco
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 4 E. Orabona street, 70125 Bari, Italy.
| | - Angela Assunta Lopedota
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 4 E. Orabona street, 70125 Bari, Italy
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Mu Y, Zhao L, Shen L. Medication adherence and pharmaceutical design strategies for pediatric patients: An overview. Drug Discov Today 2023; 28:103766. [PMID: 37708932 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2023.103766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Medication adherence in pediatric patients is a key factor in drug development and dosage form design. High medication adherence is not only important to achieve the expected treatment effects but can also effectively reduce medical costs. It is an ongoing task to accurately identify differences in medication adherence between children and adults and analyze the factors related to pediatric medication adherence. This is necessary to guide the development of pediatric drugs. This review focuses on factors that influence pediatric medication adherence as well as pharmaceutical design strategies to improve adherence. Current new dosage forms, new technologies, and new devices are comprehensively summarized in terms of their advantages and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Mu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1200, Cai-Lun Road, Pudong District, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Lijie Zhao
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Preparation Technology of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1200, Cai-Lun Road, Pudong District, Shanghai 201203, PR China.
| | - Lan Shen
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1200, Cai-Lun Road, Pudong District, Shanghai 201203, PR China.
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Cho HJ, Kim JS, Jin SG, Choi HG. Development of Novel Tamsulosin Pellet-Loaded Oral Disintegrating Tablet Bioequivalent to Commercial Capsule in Beagle Dogs Using Microcrystalline Cellulose and Mannitol. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15393. [PMID: 37895073 PMCID: PMC10607519 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we developed a tamsulosin pellet-loaded orally disintegrating tablet (ODT) that is bioequivalent to commercially available products and has improved patient compliance using microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and mannitol. Utilizing the fluid bed technique, the drug, sustained release (SR) layer, and enteric layer were sequentially prepared by coating MCC pellets with the drug, HPMC, Kollicoat, and a mixture of Eudragit L and Eudragit NE, respectively, resulting in the production of tamsulosin pellets. The tamsulosin pellet, composed of the MCC pellet, drug layer, SR layer, and enteric layer at a weight ratio of 20:0.8:4.95:6.41, was selected because its dissolution was equivalent to that of the commercial capsule. Tamsulosin pellet-loaded ODTs were prepared using tamsulosin pellets and various co-processed excipients. The tamsulosin pellet-loaded ODT composed of tamsulosin pellets, mannitol-MCC mixture, silicon dioxide, and magnesium stearate at a weight ratio of 32.16:161.84:4.0:2.0 gave the best protective effect on the coating process and a dissolution profile similar to that of the commercial capsule. Finally, no significant differences in beagle dogs were observed in pharmacokinetic parameters, suggesting that they were bioequivalent. In conclusion, tamsulosin pellet-loaded ODTs could be a potential alternative to commercial capsules, improving patient compliance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyuk Jun Cho
- College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, 55 Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangnok-gu, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
- Pharmaceutical Research Centre, Hanmi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Paltan-Myeon, Hwaseong 18536, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Suk Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, 55 Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangnok-gu, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Giu Jin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Dongnam-gu, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Gon Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, 55 Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangnok-gu, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
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Avila-Sierra A, Lavoisier A, Timpe C, Kuehl P, Wagner L, Tournier C, Ramaioli M. Paediatric Solid Oral Dosage Forms for Combination Products: Improving In Vitro Swallowability of Minitablets Using Binary Mixtures with Pellets. Eur J Pharm Sci 2023:106471. [PMID: 37210000 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing interest in enhancing the acceptability of paediatric pharmaceutical formulations. Solid oral dosage forms (SODF) are being considered as an alternative to liquid formulations, but they may compromise palatability as large volumes may be required. We hypothesised that a binary mixture of paediatric SODF, designed to increase the formulation maximum packing fraction, could reduce the suspension viscosity and facilitate swallowing. Using the Paediatric Soft Robotic Tongue (PSRT) - an in vitro device inspired by the anatomy and physiology of 2-year-old children - we investigated the oral phase of swallowing for multi-particulate formulations, i.e., pellets (350 and 700 µm particles), minitablets (MTs, 1.8 mm), and their binary mixtures (BM), by evaluating oral swallowing time, the percentage of particles swallowed, and post-swallow residues. We also conducted a systematic analysis of the effect of feeding method, bolus volume, carrier type, particle size, and particle volume fraction on pellets swallowability. The results demonstrated that the introduction of pellets affected the flowing ability of the carriers, increasing shear viscosity. The size of the pellets did not appear to influence particle swallowability but raising the particle volume fraction (v.f.) above 10% resulted in a decrease in the percentage of particles swallowed. At v.f. 0.4, pellets were easier to swallow (+ 13.1%) than MTs, being the administration method used highly dependent on the characteristics of the multi-particulate formulation under consideration. Finally, mixing MTs with only 24% of pellets improved particle swallowability, achieving swallowing levels similar to those of pellets alone. Thus, combining SODF, i.e., MTs and pellets, improves MT swallowability, and offers new possibilities for adjusting product palatability, being particularly attractive for combination products.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anais Lavoisier
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR SayFood, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Carsten Timpe
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Konzern-Hauptsitz Grenzacherstrasse 124, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Peter Kuehl
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Konzern-Hauptsitz Grenzacherstrasse 124, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Leonie Wagner
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Konzern-Hauptsitz Grenzacherstrasse 124, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Carole Tournier
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France; INRAE, PROBE research infrastructure, ChemoSens facility, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Marco Ramaioli
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR SayFood, 91120 Palaiseau, France
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Patterson NM, Kuiper YS, Rodrigues SA, James BJ, Gant N, Hautus MJ. Advancing textural heterogeneity: Effect of manipulating multi-component model foods on the perception of textural complexity. Food Res Int 2023; 165:112533. [PMID: 36869533 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify the individual and interacting effects of varying the mechanical properties of two inserts (к-carrageenan beads; 1, 2 and 4% w/w and/or agar-based disks; 0.3, 1.2 and 3% w/w) in pectin-based gels on the perception of textural complexity. A full factorial design was utilised, 16 samples were characterised with sensory and instrumental tests. Rate-All-That-Apply (RATA) was performed by 50 untrained participants. RATA selection frequency provided different information to attribute intensity regarding the detection of low yield stress inserts. In the two-component samples, the perception of textural complexity (n = 89) increased with insert yield stress for both к-carrageenan beads and agar disks. However, with the addition of medium and high yield stress к-carrageenan beads to three-component samples, the increases in perceived textural complexity caused by increased agar yield stress were eliminated. The definition of textural complexity, the number and intensity of texture sensations, as well as their interactions and contrasts, was in line with the results, and the hypothesis that not only mechanical properties but also the interaction of components play a key role in the perception of textural complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niamh M Patterson
- School of Psychology, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Yvonne S Kuiper
- Department of Exercise Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Sophia A Rodrigues
- The University of Waikato, Te Whare Wananga, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
| | - Bryony J James
- The University of Waikato, Te Whare Wananga, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
| | - Nicholas Gant
- Department of Exercise Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Michael J Hautus
- School of Psychology, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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10
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Wu M, Tao W, Wang Y, Wang Y, Wu F, Xiao L, Feng Y. Research on classification of the oral liquid formulations of traditional Chinese medicine and critical quality parameters affecting organoleptic properties based on apparent and oral texture for placebo simulation. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.104045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Abeln K, Cox K, Haggerty L, Privitera MB. Acceptability of Multiparticulate Dosing Using Sympfiny ® Delivery System with Children (Age 1-12). Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14112524. [PMID: 36432715 PMCID: PMC9698589 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14112524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated multiparticulate formulation administered over a two-week period of time via the Sympfiny® system with children of ages 1-12 years. The study was conducted with parent-child pairs (N = 120 total participants) following a specific dose strategy to mimic PURIXAN's dosing guidelines based upon the child's age. PURIXAN® (mercaptopurine) and Methotrexate have been identified as potential chemotherapy drugs that could benefit from reformulation into multiparticulate. Multiparticulate drugs have advantages as they can be flavorless, and do not require liquid reconstitution and do not require refrigeration. The study included three parts: initial in-person session, 14 days of at-home use, and a final in-person session. The in-person sessions were conducted at HS Design's (HSD) (Morristown, NJ, USA) offices located in Morristown, New Jersey, where a study moderator captured and recorded all subjective comments by participants and observed device use to identify use errors. The participants were instructed to administer a dose (placebo) for the next 14 days and at each dose delivery to fill out a daily survey regarding their experience. Overall, the cumulative survey responses and feedback collected during the in-person sessions suggest that child participants ages 5-12 years old found multiparticulate to be an acceptable formulation and would be willing to take this medication if they were sick. Over time, more children ages 1-4 did not open their mouths; consistently around 15-20% of 1-4 years olds spat the placebo. However, approximately 95% of parents found the Sympfiny® system acceptable and indicated that they would use it to deliver medication to their child.
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12
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Preference, Perception, and Acceptability of Fluid Gels as a Potential Age-Appropriate Dosage Form for Elderly Patients with Dysphagia. Gels 2022; 8:gels8040218. [PMID: 35448119 PMCID: PMC9028045 DOI: 10.3390/gels8040218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of pharmaceutical dosage forms that are tailored to specific populations according to their preferences and acceptability could improve medication adherence, which could lead to effective pharmacotherapy. This study evaluated the preference for and perceptions of fluid gels as a potential age-appropriate dosage form for older adults with dysphagia. The palatability and swallowability of the developed fluid gels were also assessed to determine the consumer acceptability of this formulation. A cross-sectional survey was conducted through the electronic distribution of a self-administered questionnaire among adults in Malaysia between April and December 2021. A randomized and double-blinded clinical study was conducted to evaluate the palatability and swallowability of the fluid gels in 30 healthy participants. A cross-sectional study involving 673 respondents revealed that the fluid gels were perceived positively by consumers (64.4%), were easily swallowed (50.8%), were safe to be consumed (45.3%), and were suitable as a new pharmaceutical formulation (43.8%). The clinical study shows that moderately thickened fluid gels masked the bitterness of the medication and were easily swallowed. The newly developed fluid gels were also positively perceived by the participants. Taken together, fluid gels have shown great potential as an innovative oral formulation that is suitable for consumption by elderly patients with dysphagia.
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Walsh J, Schaufelberger D, Iurian S, Klein S, Batchelor H, Turner R, Gizurarson S, Boltri L, Alessandrini E, Tuleu C. Path towards efficient paediatric formulation development based on partnering with clinical pharmacologists and clinicians, a conect4children expert group white paper. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2021; 88:5034-5051. [PMID: 34265091 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.14989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Improved global access to novel age-appropriate formulations for paediatric subsets, either of new chemical entities or existing drugs, is a priority to ensure that medicines meet the needs of these patients. However, despite regulatory incentives, the introduction to the market of paediatric formulations still lags behind adult products. This is mainly caused by additional complexities associated with the development of acceptable age-appropriate paediatric medicines. This position paper recommends the use of a paediatric Quality Target Product Profile as an efficient tool to facilitate early planning and decision making across all teams involved in paediatric formulation development during the children-centric formulation design for new chemical entities, or to repurpose/reformulate off-patent drugs. Essential key attributes of a paediatric formulation are suggested and described. Moreover, greater collaboration between formulation experts and clinical colleagues, including healthcare professionals, is advocated to lead to safe and effective, age-appropriate medicinal products. Acceptability testing should be a secondary endpoint in paediatric clinical trials to ensure postmarketing adherence is not compromised by a lack of acceptability. Not knowing the indications and the related age groups and potential dosing regimens early enough is still a major hurdle for efficient paediatric formulation development; however, the proposed paediatric Quality Target Product Profile could be a valuable collaborative tool for planning and decision making to expedite paediatric product development, particularly for those with limited experience in developing a paediatric product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Walsh
- BioCity Nottingham, Jenny Walsh Consulting Ltd, Nottingham, UK
| | - Daniel Schaufelberger
- School of Medicine, All Children's Hospital, Schaufelberger Consulting LLC and Johns Hopkins University, St. Petersburg, FL, USA
| | - Sonia Iurian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Sandra Klein
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Hannah Batchelor
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Roy Turner
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Sveinbjörn Gizurarson
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland; and Pharmacy Department, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Luigi Boltri
- Pharmaceutical Development, Adare Pharmaceuticals, Milan, Italy
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Palatability and Swallowability of Pimavanserin When Mixed with Selected Food Vehicles: An Exploratory Open-Label Crossover Study. Geriatrics (Basel) 2021; 6:geriatrics6020061. [PMID: 34203662 PMCID: PMC8293179 DOI: 10.3390/geriatrics6020061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing) affects up to 13% of persons 65 years and older and 51% of older persons in nursing homes and can contribute to reduced adherence to oral medications. This was an exploratory, single-center, open-label, randomized, crossover study in healthy older adult participants. Primary objectives were evaluation of palatability (taste) and swallowability of the contents of pimavanserin 34 mg capsules mixed with selected soft foods or a liquid nutritional supplement. Secondary objectives included evaluation of additional palatability endpoints and ease of capsule manipulation for mixing. A total of 18 healthy, older adult participants (mean age 65 years) were included. Mean participant ratings for all food vehicles were "moderately like" to "neither like nor dislike" for palatability and "very easy" to "somewhat easy" for swallowability. Capsule manipulation to allow sprinkling of contents was rated "very easy" or "somewhat easy" by most participants. There were five treatment-emergent adverse events, all mild; two were deemed related to study treatment. The palatability and swallowability of pimavanserin was considered acceptable when administered with certain soft foods or a liquid nutritional supplement by the study participants.
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Alessandrini E, Brako F, Scarpa M, Lupo M, Bonifazi D, Pignataro V, Cavallo M, Cullufe O, Enache C, Nafria B, Claverol J, De Taeye L, Vermeulen E, Preston J, Tuleu C. Children's Preferences for Oral Dosage Forms and Their Involvement in Formulation Research via EPTRI (European Paediatric Translational Research Infrastructure). Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13050730. [PMID: 34063499 PMCID: PMC8156390 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13050730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The paucity of evidence-based data on formulation characteristics preferred by the children is known to limit the design of tailored paediatric dosage forms. The European Paediatric Translational Research Infrastructure (EPTRI) commissioned a study to evaluate children's dosage forms perceived preferences in some European countries and explore the feasibility of using the young persons advisory groups (YPAGs) to involve children in formulation research. An online, age-adapted survey was developed and translated into six languages. The survey link was disseminated across seven European countries: Albania, Italy, the Netherlands, and Dutch-speaking part of Belgium, Romania, Spain, and the United Kingdom. Respondents' (n = 1172) perceived preferences for oral dosage forms primarily differed based on age, health status, and experience. Conventional dosage forms, i.e., liquid (35%), tablets (19%), and capsules (14%), were the most selected. Liquid was widely selected by children less than 12 years and by those healthy and taking medicines rarely. Monolithic solid forms were mostly chosen by adolescents and by children with a chronic disease taking medicines frequently. There was a clear lack of familiarity with more novel dosage forms (e.g., orodispersible films and granules). Noteworthy, granules were not appreciated, particularly by adolescents (52.8%). To rationalise the creation of paediatric formulations, it is important to involve children as active stakeholders and to apply tools assessing children's perspectives on medicines to inform acceptable dosage form development from the start.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Alessandrini
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University College London School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK; (F.B.); (M.S.); (C.T.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Francis Brako
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University College London School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK; (F.B.); (M.S.); (C.T.)
- Medway School of Pharmacy, Universities at Medway, Anson Building, Chatham ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Mariagiovanna Scarpa
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University College London School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK; (F.B.); (M.S.); (C.T.)
| | - Mariangela Lupo
- TEDDY European Network of Excellence for Paediatric Research, via Luigi Porta 14, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Donato Bonifazi
- Consorzio per Valutazioni Biologiche e Farmacologiche, CVBF, via N. Putignani 178, 70122 Bari, Italy; (D.B.); (V.P.); (M.C.)
| | - Valeria Pignataro
- Consorzio per Valutazioni Biologiche e Farmacologiche, CVBF, via N. Putignani 178, 70122 Bari, Italy; (D.B.); (V.P.); (M.C.)
| | - Maria Cavallo
- Consorzio per Valutazioni Biologiche e Farmacologiche, CVBF, via N. Putignani 178, 70122 Bari, Italy; (D.B.); (V.P.); (M.C.)
| | - Ornela Cullufe
- Consorzio per Valutazioni Biologiche e Farmacologiche, Dege e Shoqerise se Huaj, CVBF Albania, Rr.Prokop Myzeqari, 1000 Tirana, Albania;
| | - Cristina Enache
- The Romanian Angel Appeal Foundation, Strada Rodiei, 030956 București, Romania;
| | - Begonya Nafria
- Sant Joan de Déu Research Institute, Esplugues de Llobregat, 08950 Barcelona, Spain; (B.N.); (J.C.)
| | - Joana Claverol
- Sant Joan de Déu Research Institute, Esplugues de Llobregat, 08950 Barcelona, Spain; (B.N.); (J.C.)
| | - Leen De Taeye
- Department of Internal Medicine and Paediatrics, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Eric Vermeulen
- Dutch Patient Alliance for Rare and Genetic Diseases, VSOP, Koninginnelaan 23, 3762 DA Soest, The Netherlands;
| | - Jennifer Preston
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, Alder Hey Children’s NHS Foundation Trust, Eaton Rd, Liverpool, L12 2AP, UK;
| | - Catherine Tuleu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University College London School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK; (F.B.); (M.S.); (C.T.)
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Miyazaki Y, Tsuboi A, Maruyama S, Aoshima H, Uchino T, Kagawa Y. Evaluation of Dantrolene Granules Extemporaneously Reformulated from Capsules in a Pharmacy. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2020; 68:989-995. [PMID: 32999151 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c20-00521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Dantrolene capsule, an effective therapeutic agent for the treatment of spasticity, is administered to children who cannot swallow the capsule after reformulation into a powder. The powdered drug can alter the specified dosage and it is also difficult to dispense the powdered formulation because of its bulky and sticky nature. To resolve these problems, we reformulated dantrolene capsules into granules using a centrifugal planetary mixer in the pharmacy. The granules containing lactose-cornstarch, D-mannitol, or microcrystalline cellulose as a diluent were examined to determine particle size distribution, flowability, drug content uniformity, and disintegration time. The granules with microcrystalline cellulose were superior to the other forms, owing to their smaller size, good drug content uniformity, and rapid disintegration. We further investigated the usability of the granules in the dispensing procedure (dividing and packing) and in the dosing process (retrieval from package) using the powders as controls. The deviation of the divided amount and loss on dosing were reduced relative to the powders. In addition, drug dissolution properties and storage stability for 12 months were the same as those of the powders. Therefore, we concluded that dantrolene granules are excellent alternatives as an extemporaneous preparation in pharmacies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Miyazaki
- Department of Clinical Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
| | - Ayaka Tsuboi
- Department of Pharmacy, Shizuoka Children Hospital
| | | | | | - Tomonobu Uchino
- Department of Clinical Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
| | - Yoshiyuki Kagawa
- Department of Clinical Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
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Olarte Mantilla SM, Shewan HM, Shingleton R, Stokes JR, Smyth HE. Ability to detect and identify the presence of particles influences consumer acceptance of yoghurt. Food Qual Prefer 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2020.103979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Katarzyna Hofmanová J, Bennett J, Coupe A, A. Bartlett J, Monahan A, Batchelor HK. A Novel Oral Syringe for Dosing and Administration of Multiparticulate Formulations: Acceptability Study in Preschool and School Children. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12090806. [PMID: 32854339 PMCID: PMC7557978 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12090806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The popularity of multiparticulate formulations (MPs) as a paediatric dosage form continues to increase. MPs comprise of multiple small units that are easy-to-swallow. Currently, MPs are commonly manufactured into unit doses that are either swallowed whole or opened prior to administration. While this is an acceptable approach, dosing is envisioned to be optimised with a "standard" paediatric device which can better harness the flexible dosing potential of MPs. We evaluated a novel oral syringe (SympfinyTM, HS Design, Morristown, NJ, USA) that is being developed as a tool to dispense and administer MPs to children. Forty children, 4-12 years old, received 0.5, 1.2, and 2.0 mL doses of placebo MPs using the oral syringe with spring water or a drink of choice to complete sample intake. Acceptability was recorded as those able to completely swallow the dose and participants also rated dose acceptability on a 5-point scale. The ability to completely swallow the dose decreased as dose volume increased; the smallest dose was completely swallowed by 87.5% (35/40) children, and 69.4% (27/39) of children confirmed their willingness to take the sample as a daily medicine. Larger doses, 1.2 and 2.0 mL, gave values of 55% and 57.5% for the doses completely swallowed and 58.8% and 51.72% for willingness to take the sample as a daily medicine, respectively. Use of a drink of choice showed no increase in swallowability as compared with water. The novel oral syringe being developed is an appropriate device for dispensing doses flexibly and administering neutral tasting MPs directly to the mouth in the lower dose range without the need for a co-administration vehicle in children aged 4-12 years.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joanne Bennett
- Pfizer Global R&D, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, UK; (J.B.); (A.C.)
| | - Alastair Coupe
- Pfizer Global R&D, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, UK; (J.B.); (A.C.)
| | | | - Andrew Monahan
- Pfizer Global R&D, Groton, CT 06340, USA; (J.A.B.); (A.M.)
| | - Hannah Katharine Batchelor
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-(0)141-548-2125
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Mohylyuk V, Patel K, Scott N, Richardson C, Murnane D, Liu F. Wurster Fluidised Bed Coating of Microparticles: Towards Scalable Production of Oral Sustained-Release Liquid Medicines for Patients with Swallowing Difficulties. AAPS PharmSciTech 2019; 21:3. [PMID: 31713006 PMCID: PMC6848247 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-019-1534-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Suspension of microparticles in an easy-to-swallow liquid is one approach to develop sustained-release formulations for children and patients with swallowing difficulties. However, to date production of sustained-release microparticles at the industrial scale has proven to be challenging. The aim of this investigation was to develop an innovative concept in coating sustained-release microparticles using industrial scalable Wurster fluidised bed to produce oral liquid suspensions. Microcrystalline cellulose cores (particle size <150 μm) were coated with Eudragit® NM 30 D and Eudragit® RS/RL 30 D aqueous dispersions using a fluidised bed coater. A novel approach of periodic addition of a small quantity (0.1% w/w) of dry powder glidant, magnesium stearate, to the coating chamber via an external port was applied throughout the coating process. This method significantly increased coating production yield from less than 50% to up to 99% compared to conventional coating process without the dry powder glidant. Powder rheology tests showed that dry powder glidants increased the tapped density and decreased the cohesive index of coated microparticles. Reproducible microencapsulation of a highly water-soluble drug, metoprolol succinate, was achieved, yielding coated microparticles less than 200 μm in size with 20-h sustained drug release, suitable for use in liquid suspensions. The robust, scalable technology presented in this study offers an important solution to the long-standing challenges of formulating sustained-release dosage forms suitable for children and older people with swallowing difficulties.
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Application of biorelevant saliva-based dissolution for optimisation of orally disintegrating formulations of felodipine. Int J Pharm 2019; 555:228-236. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Dziemidowicz K, Lopez FL, Bowles BJ, Edwards AJ, Ernest TB, Orlu M, Tuleu C. Co-Processed Excipients for Dispersible Tablets-Part 2: Patient Acceptability. AAPS PharmSciTech 2018; 19:2646-2657. [PMID: 29943280 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-018-1104-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Palatability and patient acceptability are critical attributes of dispersible tablet formulation. Co-processed excipients could provide improved organoleptic profile due to rational choice of excipients and manufacturing techniques. The aim of this study was to identify the most suitable co-processed excipient to use within directly compressible dispersible tablet formulations. Nine excipients, selected based on successful manufacturability, were investigated in a randomised, preference and acceptability testing in 24 healthy adult volunteers. Excipients were classified in order of preference as follows (from most preferred): SmartEx QD100 > F-Melt Type C > F-Melt Type M > MicroceLac > Ludiflash > CombiLac > Pharmaburst 500 > Avicel HFE-102 > Avicel PH-102. Broad differences were identified in terms of acceptability, with SmartEx QD100 being 'very acceptable', F-Melt Type C, F-Melt Type M and MicroceLac being 'acceptable', Ludiflash, CombiLac and Pharmaburst 500 being 'neutral' and Avicel products being 'very unacceptable' based on ratings using five-point hedonic scales. Organoleptic differences were ascribed to different composition and physical properties of excipients, resulting in dissimilar taste and mouth-feel. Excipients with particle size in water larger than 200-250 μm were considered poorly acceptable, which supports the use of this value as a threshold for maximum particle size of dispersible formulation. The most promising co-processed excipients for directly compressible dispersible tablets were successfully identified.
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