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More than XRF Mapping: STEAM (Statistically Tailored Elemental Angle Mapper) a Pioneering Analysis Protocol for Pigment Studies. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11041446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Among the possible variants of X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), applications exploiting scanning Macro-XRF (MA-XRF) are lately widespread as they allow the visualization of the element distribution maintaining a non-destructive approach. The surface is scanned with a focused or collimated X-ray beam of millimeters or less: analyzing the emitted fluorescence radiation, also elements present below the surface contribute to the elemental distribution image obtained, due to the penetrative nature of X-rays. The importance of this method in the investigation of historical paintings is so obvious—as the elemental distribution obtained can reveal hidden sub-surface layers, including changes made by the artist, or restorations, without any damage to the object—that recently specific international conferences have been held. The present paper summarizes the advantages and limitations of using MA-XRF considering it as an imaging technique, in synergy with other hyperspectral methods, or combining it with spot investigations. The most recent applications in the cultural Heritage field are taken into account, demonstrating how obtained 2D-XRF maps can be of great help in the diagnostic applied on Cultural Heritage materials. Moreover, a pioneering analysis protocol based on the Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM) algorithm is presented, unifying the MA-XRF standard approach with punctual XRF, exploiting information from the mapped area as a database to extend the comprehension to data outside the scanned region, and working independently from the acquisition set-up. Experimental application on some reference pigment layers and a painting by Giotto are presented as validation of the proposed method.
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Ryan CG, Kirkham R, de Jonge MD, Siddons DP, van der Ent A, Pagés A, Boesenberg U, Kuczewski AJ, Dunn P, Jensen M, Liu W, Harris H, Moorhead GF, Paterson DJ, Howard DL, Afshar N, Garrevoet J, Spiers K, Falkenberg G, Woll AR, De Geronimo G, Carini GA, James SA, Jones MWM, Fisher LA, Pearce M. The Maia Detector and Event Mode. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/08940886.2018.1528430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - M. D. de Jonge
- Australian Synchrotron, ANSTO, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - D. P. Siddons
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, USA
| | - A. van der Ent
- Sustainable Minerals Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - A. Pagés
- CSIRO, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - U. Boesenberg
- European X-ray Free-Electron Laser Facility, Schenefeld, Germany
| | | | - P. Dunn
- CSIRO, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - W. Liu
- CSIRO, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - H. Harris
- Department of Chemisty, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | | | - D. J. Paterson
- Australian Synchrotron, ANSTO, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - D. L. Howard
- Australian Synchrotron, ANSTO, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - N. Afshar
- Australian Synchrotron, ANSTO, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - J. Garrevoet
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg, Germany
| | - K. Spiers
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg, Germany
| | - G. Falkenberg
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg, Germany
| | - A. R. Woll
- Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | | | - G. A. Carini
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, USA
| | - S. A. James
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - M. W. M. Jones
- Institute for Future Environments, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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