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Nölle N, Hörnstein A, Lambert C. Vitamin D fortification of selected edible insect species through UVB-treatment. Food Chem 2024; 444:138679. [PMID: 38341920 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.138679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Edible insects are attracting increased interest worldwide, because they are arguably more sustainable than more established animal foods. Apart from being rich in protein and minerals, they can also form vitamin D3 after treatment with UVB light (290-315 nm). However, only limited research, which has almost exclusively been conducted on living insects, reared under UVB lamps, has been done in this regard. As research on mushrooms has shown, that vitamin D formation is much more effective and less time consuming, when a previously sliced or ground product is treated with UVB light, it would likely be more practical to treat powdered insects with UVB light, rather than rearing them under UVB lamps. Therefore, the aim of this work was to confirm the presence of vitamin D3 in powdered UVB-treated yellow mealworms (Tenebrio molitor), migratory locusts (Locusta migratoria) and two-spotted crickets (Gryllus bimaculatus) as well as to subsequently quantify potential vitamin D content. Samples were analyzed via HPLC, and presence of vitamin D3 was verified via standard addition and spectrum analysis. UVB-treated migratory locusts and two-spotted crickets did not contain quantifiable amounts of vitamin D3. However, UVB-treated mealworms showed substantial amounts of vitamin D3 (8.95-18.24 µg/g dry matter). Thus, the UVB-treatment of powdered mealworm is an effective approach via which to enhance their vitamin D3 content and even modest serving sizes can supply the recommended daily intake of vitamin D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Nölle
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Department of Molecular Nutritional Science, University of Hohenheim Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Aranya Hörnstein
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Department of Molecular Nutritional Science, University of Hohenheim Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Christine Lambert
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Department of Molecular Nutritional Science, University of Hohenheim Stuttgart, Germany
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2
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Latney LV. Updates for Reptile Pediatric Medicine. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2024; 27:379-409. [PMID: 38097491 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2023.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
The health of hatchling, juvenile, and young adult reptiles continues to be plagued by historic nutritional deficiencies, old and emerging infectious diseases, and more recent phenotype-selective congenital abnormalities that impact welfare. Knowledge of mating seasonality, average egg counts, gestation times, and age and/or size for sexual maturity is necessary to help guide best practices for care of pediatric reptiles. Calcium, vitamin D3, and ultraviolet B (UVB) lighting recommendations vary in effectiveness amongst different species and can change with age. Phenotype-selective color patterns for spider ball pythons and scalation pattern for bearded dragons have resulted in vestibular disease, and increased evaporative water loss, respectively. Salmonellosis remains the most reported zoonotic disease for captive reptiles in the United States, despite improvements in client education and improvements in captive reptile husbandry.
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Affiliation(s)
- La'Toya V Latney
- Avian and Exotic Medicine & Surgery, The Animal Medical Center, 510 East 62nd Street, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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3
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Kim TK, Slominski RM, Pyza E, Kleszczynski K, Tuckey RC, Reiter RJ, Holick MF, Slominski AT. Evolutionary formation of melatonin and vitamin D in early life forms: insects take centre stage. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2024. [PMID: 38686544 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Melatonin, a product of tryptophan metabolism via serotonin, is a molecule with an indole backbone that is widely produced by bacteria, unicellular eukaryotic organisms, plants, fungi and all animal taxa. Aside from its role in the regulation of circadian rhythms, it has diverse biological actions including regulation of cytoprotective responses and other functions crucial for survival across different species. The latter properties are also shared by its metabolites including kynuric products generated by reactive oxygen species or phototransfomation induced by ultraviolet radiation. Vitamins D and related photoproducts originate from phototransformation of ∆5,7 sterols, of which 7-dehydrocholesterol and ergosterol are examples. Their ∆5,7 bonds in the B ring absorb solar ultraviolet radiation [290-315 nm, ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation] resulting in B ring opening to produce previtamin D, also referred to as a secosteroid. Once formed, previtamin D can either undergo thermal-induced isomerization to vitamin D or absorb UVB radiation to be transformed into photoproducts including lumisterol and tachysterol. Vitamin D, as well as the previtamin D photoproducts lumisterol and tachysterol, are hydroxylated by cyochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes to produce biologically active hydroxyderivatives. The best known of these is 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D) for which the major function in vertebrates is regulation of calcium and phosphorus metabolism. Herein we review data on melatonin production and metabolism and discuss their functions in insects. We discuss production of previtamin D and vitamin D, and their photoproducts in fungi, plants and insects, as well as mechanisms for their enzymatic activation and suggest possible biological functions for them in these groups of organisms. For the detection of these secosteroids and their precursors and photoderivatives, as well as melatonin metabolites, we focus on honey produced by bees and on body extracts of Drosophila melanogaster. Common biological functions for melatonin derivatives and secosteroids such as cytoprotective and photoprotective actions in insects are discussed. We provide hypotheses for the photoproduction of other secosteroids and of kynuric metabolites of melatonin, based on the known photobiology of ∆5,7 sterols and of the indole ring, respectively. We also offer possible mechanisms of actions for these unique molecules and summarise differences and similarities of melatoninergic and secosteroidogenic pathways in diverse organisms including insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Kang Kim
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Radomir M Slominski
- Department of Genetics, Genomics, Bioinformatics and Informatics Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Elzbieta Pyza
- Department of Cell Biology and Imaging, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, Kraków, 30-387, Poland
| | - Konrad Kleszczynski
- Department of Dermatology, Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 58, Münster, 48161, Germany
| | - Robert C Tuckey
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Russel J Reiter
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, UT Health, Long School of Medicine, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | | | - Andrzej T Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cancer Chemoprevention Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
- VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
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4
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Barboza T, Bercier M. An Update on Companion Inland Bearded Dragon (Pogona vitticeps) Nutrition. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2024; 27:71-84. [PMID: 37709603 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2023.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Evidence-based recommendations for the amount, type, and frequency of food items and supplements are lacking for bearded dragons. General recommendations based on ecological data, a few studies, and experts in the field are to: provide at least 50% high-fiber plant matter dusted in pure calcium and less than 50% adult and lower fat larval insects gut loaded with an 8% calcium diet and dusted with pure calcium, provide ultraviolet B lighting for vitamin D3 synthesis, provide multivitamins on a weekly basis, or monthly at minimum, provide a water dish large enough to soak and drink.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trinita Barboza
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Zoological Companion Animal Medicine Service, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, MA, USA.
| | - Marjorie Bercier
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Zoological Companion Animal Medicine Service, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, MA, USA
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Parajuli S, Beattie GAC, Holford P, Yang C, Cen Y. Susceptibility of Diaphorina citri to Irradiation with UV-A and UV-B and the Applicability of the Bunsen-Roscoe Reciprocity Law. INSECTS 2023; 14:insects14050445. [PMID: 37233073 DOI: 10.3390/insects14050445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Populations of Diaphorina citri decline with elevation and, in a study in Bhutan, were rarely found above 1200 m ASL. The impact of ultraviolet (UV) radiation, particularly UV-B, on immature stages of the psyllid was proposed as limiting factor. As no studies have been undertaken on the influences of UV radiation on the development of D. citri, we examined the effects of UV-A and UV-B on different stadia of the psyllid. In addition, compliance with the Bunsen-Roscoe reciprocity law was examined. Irradiation with UV-A marginally reduced egg hatch and the survival times of emerging nymphs. Early instar nymphs were little affected by this waveband, but the survival of adults was reduced at the higher doses used. With UV-B, egg hatch and the survival times of early and late instar nymphs declined in proportion to UV-B dose. A dose of 57.6 kJ m-2 d-1 reduced the survival time of only adult females. Female fecundity was reduced at high UV-A and UV-B doses but increased at low doses. The Bunsen-Roscoe law held true for eggs and early instar nymphs for different durations and irradiances of UV-B. Eggs and nymphs had ED50 values for UV-B lower than the daily fluxes of this wavelength experienced worldwide. Thus, UV-B could be a factor causing the psyllid to be scarce at high elevations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Parajuli
- Citrus Huanglongbing Research Laboratory/Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application/National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | | | - Paul Holford
- School of Science, University of Western Sydney, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Chuping Yang
- College of Electronic Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yijing Cen
- Citrus Huanglongbing Research Laboratory/Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application/National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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Tzompa-Sosa DA, Moruzzo R, Mancini S, Schouteten JJ, Liu A, Li J, Sogari G. Consumers' acceptance toward whole and processed mealworms: A cross-country study in Belgium, China, Italy, Mexico, and the US. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0279530. [PMID: 36630382 PMCID: PMC9833582 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0279530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The interest in edible insects as food is growing, both in traditional and non-traditional insect-eating countries given their advantages in terms of sustainability and nutritional content. However, only a few studies have conducted cross-country investigations on the acceptance of including processed or whole insects in the diet. Thus, this study aimed to examine to which extent consumers were accepting (i) whole and visible mealworms, (ii) processed mealworms in their diet and (iii) to explore the factors affecting the acceptance level of consuming mealworms in countries with and without entomophagy tradition. An online survey was applied to collect responses (3,006) from five countries-i.e., Belgium, China, Italy, Mexico, and the US-using a quota sampling method. Moreover, an information treatment was included with about half of the participants receiving information about the advantages of edible insects as food (ingredient) and the presence of food safety regulations. Across countries, gender was the main factor affecting acceptance level as men accepted mealworms more than women. Entomophagy tradition mainly explained the differences among countries. Countries with entomophagy traditions (Mexico and China) showed higher acceptance of including whole or processed mealworms in the diet compared to countries with no entomophagy traditions (i.e., Belgium, Italy, and the US). While information and age did affect differently the acceptance of including processed mealworms in countries with entomophagy traditions showing that consumer acceptance was affected by information in Mexico and by age in China. Whereas it was found that younger people (below 42 years old) in countries without entomophagy tradition were more open to accepting processed mealworms in their diet. Moreover, across countries, the acceptance of including processed mealworms was higher compared to whole mealworms. These findings provide insights into which consumer segments to target and the potential impact of information when introducing new insect-based foods in countries with and without entomophagy traditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daylan Amelia Tzompa-Sosa
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Food structure and Function Research Group, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Roberta Moruzzo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Simone Mancini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Aijun Liu
- China Center for Food Security Studies, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jie Li
- Charles H. Dyson School of Applied Economics and Management, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Giovanni Sogari
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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Effects of Sex and Whole Life Cycle UVB Irradiation on Performance and Mineral and Vitamin D3 Contents in Feeder Crickets (Gryllus bimaculatus). JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGICAL AND BOTANICAL GARDENS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/jzbg3030036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Captive insectivore nutrition is challenging due to the differing nutritional profiles of wild and captive diets and an incomplete understanding of both. Ultraviolet B (UVB)-irradiation has recently been explored as a means of improving prey-insect vitamin D3 and Ca content. Although short-term irradiation has been successful in some species, it has been unsuccessful in black field crickets (Gryllus bimaculatus)—a commonly cultured feeder insect. We exposed crickets to UVB irradiation from hatchling to adult stages and measured the vitamin D3 and mineral contents of crickets by sex. We did not detect vitamin D3 (detection limit 0.5 iU/g) or an effect of UVB irradiation on mineral content under either UV+ or UV− conditions. We identified large differences between sexes in Ca, K, Mg and P (females higher) and Cu, Fe, S and Zn (males higher), likely linked to reproductive investment. The differences do not straddle the minimum recommended concentrations of minerals for vertebrate growth and thus may be most relevant to animal nutrition in contexts of particular sensitivity or need. We demonstrate a UV-linked trade-off in cricket performance between individual cricket size and the numbers of crickets produced and characterise the energy costs associated with UVB provision. Our results do not support the use of UVB lighting for G. bimaculatus to improve nutrition but demonstrate previously unreported differences in the nutritional profiles between sexes in this species.
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Food Waste Management Employing UV-Induced Black Soldier Flies: Metabolomic Analysis of Bioactive Components, Antioxidant Properties, and Antibacterial Potential. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19116614. [PMID: 35682198 PMCID: PMC9179956 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19116614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Food waste, as a major part of municipal solid waste, has been increasingly generated worldwide. Efficient and feasible utilization of this waste material for biomanufacturing is crucial to improving economic and environmental sustainability. In the present study, black soldier flies (BSF) larvae were used as carriers to treat and upcycle food waste. Larvae of the BSF were incubated with UV light for 10, 20, and 30 min at a wavelength of 257.3 nm and an intensity of 8 W. The food waste utilization efficiency, antioxidant assays, antibacterial activity, and bioactive metabolites without and with UV treatment were determined and compared. Results showed that the BSF larvae feed utilization rate was around 75.6%, 77.7%, and 71.2% after UV treatment for 10, 20, and 30 min respectively, contrasting with the non-UV induced group (73.7%). In addition, it was perceived that the UV exposure enhanced antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of BSF extracts, and the maximum values were observed after 20 min UV induction time. Moreover, UV-induced BSF extracts showed an improved metabolic profile than the control group, with a change in the amino acids, peptides, organic acids, lipids, organic oxides, and other derivatives. This change in metabolomics profile boosted environmental signaling, degradation of starch, amino acids, sugars, and peptide metabolism. It was concluded that the bioconversion of food wastes using UV-induced BSF larvae can enhance the generation of a variety of functional proteins and bioactive compounds with potent antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. However, more studies are required to exploit the efficiency of UV treatment in improving BSF’s potential for upcycling of food wastes.
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9
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Egonyu J, Subramanian S, Tanga C, Dubois T, Ekesi S, Kelemu S. Global overview of locusts as food, feed and other uses. GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gfs.2021.100574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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10
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He Q, Qin R, Glowacki J, Zhou S, Shi J, Wang S, Gao Y, Cheng L. Synergistic stimulation of osteoblast differentiation of rat mesenchymal stem cells by leptin and 25(OH)D 3 is mediated by inhibition of chaperone-mediated autophagy. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:557. [PMID: 34717752 PMCID: PMC8557551 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02623-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vitamin D is important for the mineralization of bones by stimulating osteoblast differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs). BMMSCs are a target of vitamin D action, and the metabolism of 25(OH)D3 to biologically active 1α,25(OH)2D3 in BMMSCs promotes osteoblastogenesis in an autocrine/paracrine manner. Our previous study with human BMMSCs showed that megalin is required for the 25(OH)D3-DBP complex to enter cells and for 25(OH)D3 to stimulate osteoblast differentiation in BMMSCs. Furthermore, we reported that leptin up-regulates megalin in those cells. Leptin is a known inhibitor of PI3K/AKT-dependent chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). In this study, we tested the hypothesis that leptin acts synergistically with 25(OH)D3 to promote osteoblastogenesis in rat BMMSCs by a mechanism that entails inhibition of PI3K/AKT-dependent CMA. Methods BMMSCs were isolated from rat bone marrow (4-week-old male SD rats); qRT-PCR and western immunoblots or immunofluorescence were used to evaluate the expression of megalin, ALP, COL1A1, RUNX2, OSX, OSP, and CMA in rBMMSCs. The osteoblast differentiation was evaluated by ALP activity, ALP staining, and calcium deposition. The viability of rBMMSCs was assessed with the CCK-8 kit. Biosynthesis of 1α,25(OH)2D3 was measured by a Rat 1α,25(OH)2D3 ELISA Kit. Results The combination of leptin and 25(OH)D3 treatment significantly enhanced osteoblast differentiation as shown by ALP activity, ALP staining, and calcium deposition, the expression of osteogenic genes ALP, COL1A1, RUNX2, OSX, and OSP by qRT-PCR and western immunoblots in rBMMSCs. Leptin enhanced the expression of megalin and synthesis of 1α,25(OH)2D3 in rBMMSCs. Our data showed that leptin inhibited CMA activity of rBMMSCs by activating PI3K/AKT signal pathway; the ability of leptin to enhance 25(OH)D3 promoted osteoblast differentiation of rBMMSCs was weakened by the PI3K/AKT signal pathway inhibitor. Conclusions Our data reveal the mechanism by which leptin and 25(OH)D3 promote osteoblast differentiation in rBMMSCs. Leptin promoted the expression of megalin by inhibiting CMA, increased the utilization of 25(OH)D3 by rBMMSCs, and enhanced the ability of 25(OH)D3 to induce osteoblast differentiation of rBMMSCs. PI3K/AKT is at least partially involved in the regulation of CMA. These data indicate the importance of megalin in BMMSCs for vitamin D’s role in skeletal health. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13287-021-02623-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiting He
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 107 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruixi Qin
- Department of Pathology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Julie Glowacki
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shuanhu Zhou
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jie Shi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 107 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaoyi Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 107 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 107 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lei Cheng
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 107 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
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Calcium Accumulation and Loss and Vitamin D3 Content of Feeder Black Field Crickets (Gryllus bimaculatus) Fed on a High Calcium Diet with and without UVB Irradiation. JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGICAL AND BOTANICAL GARDENS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/jzbg2030027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium metabolism in insectivores may be perturbed by insufficient calcium or vitamin D3. Insects may be gut loaded to increase calcium content, and recent research shows that exposure to UVB radiation can increase the vitamin D3 content of some invertebrates. Typical gut loading protocols result in peak calcium content after 24–48 h, while existing evidence with UVB irradiation involves exposure periods of tens of days. We UVB-irradiated fasted black field crickets (Gryllus bimaculatus) while feeding them on high calcium diets for 48 h, then fasted them for a further 24 h, and measured the vitamin D3, calcium, and phosphorus content compared with non-irradiated controls. UVB irradiation had no effect on vitamin D3 (crickets had no detectable levels of vitamin D3 at any point), or on calcium accumulation rates, which approximated existing research. Crickets significantly increased their calcium:phosphorus ratio from 0.17 to approximately 0.4 over 24 h and this did not increase over a further 24 h of feeding. Removal of the food source resulted in loss of all accumulated calcium within 24 h. Our results have implications for managing food sources for captive insectivores and highlight the importance of good feeder preparation and rapid consumption to ensure optimal calcium delivery to predators.
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van Huis A, Rumpold B, Maya C, Roos N. Nutritional Qualities and Enhancement of Edible Insects. Annu Rev Nutr 2021; 41:551-576. [PMID: 34186013 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-041520-010856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade, the urgency to find alternative and sustainable protein sources has prompted an exponential increase in the interest in insects as a human food source. Edible insects contribute suitable amounts of energy and protein, fatty acids, and micronutrients to the human diet. Nutritional values of insects can be manipulated to meet specific needs. Edible insects in food-insecure countries can contribute to improving diets and preventing undernutrition. Bioactive compounds in insects may reduce health risks. Food safety risks are low and mainly relate to those of allergenicity. Strategies to overcome barriers to the consumption of insect products include emphasizing their sustainability, increasing their tastiness, and developing the ability to disguise insects in familiar products. A new sector of insects as food and feed is emerging. Major challenges include legislation, lowering prices by automation and cheap substrates, developing insect products that appeal to consumers, and exploring the health benefits. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Nutrition, Volume 41 is September 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnold van Huis
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Birgit Rumpold
- Department of Education for Sustainable Nutrition and Food Science, Technische Universität Berlin, 10587 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Cassandra Maya
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; ,
| | - Nanna Roos
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; ,
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Yang CL, Meng JY, Yao MS, Zhang CY. Transcriptome Analysis of Myzus persicae to UV-B Stress. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2021; 21:6281128. [PMID: 34021758 PMCID: PMC8140603 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieab033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
As an environmental stress factor, ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation directly affects the growth and development of Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Homoptera: Aphididae). How M. persicae responds to UV-B stress and the molecular mechanisms underlying this adaptation remain unknown. Here, we analyzed transcriptome data for M. persicae following exposure to UV-B radiation for 30 min. We identified 758 significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs) following exposure to UV-B stress, including 423 upregulated and 335 downregulated genes. In addition, enrichment analysis using the Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes databases illustrated that these DEGs are associated with antioxidation and detoxification, metabolic and protein turnover, immune response, and stress signal transduction. Simultaneously, these DEGs are closely related to the adaptability to UV-B stress. Our research can raise awareness of the mechanisms of insect responses to UV-B stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Li Yang
- Institute of Entomology, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of the Mountainous Region, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian-Yu Meng
- Guizhou Tobacco Science Research Institute, Guiyang, Guizhou 550081, People’s Republic of China
| | - Meng-Shuang Yao
- Institute of Entomology, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of the Mountainous Region, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chang-Yu Zhang
- Institute of Entomology, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of the Mountainous Region, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, People’s Republic of China
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Tzompa-Sosa DA, Dewettinck K, Provijn P, Brouwers JF, de Meulenaer B, Oonincx DGAB. Lipidome of cricket species used as food. Food Chem 2021; 349:129077. [PMID: 33571921 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The variation in lipidome of house cricket, banded cricket, Jamaican field cricket and two-spotted cricket was studied using high-throughput screening techniques for fingerprinting (MALDI TOF MS, GC-MS and LC MS-MS) and well-stablished chromatographic techniques for quantification (HPLC-ELSD, GC- FID). Although the four cricket species were reared in identical conditions, two-spotted & banded crickets had a lipid content 1.5 fold higher than house cricket. The lipids were high in UFA (>63%) and unsaturated TAG (>98%) making them liquid at room temperature, thus an oil. Cholesterol and several phytosterols were profiled finding high cholesterol concentration which is a point of concern. Eight phospholipid types (211 species) were identified with no major differences among cricket species. Using high-throughput screening techniques we demonstrate the complexity of cricket lipidome. Information on the lipidome of these crickets with high commercial value is important to estimate its nutritional value and their potential food applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daylan A Tzompa-Sosa
- Food Structure & Function Research group. Department of Food Technology, Food Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Koen Dewettinck
- Food Structure & Function Research group. Department of Food Technology, Food Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Paul Provijn
- Food Structure & Function Research group. Department of Food Technology, Food Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jos F Brouwers
- Research Group Analysis Techniques in Life Science, Avans University of Applied Science, 4818 AJ Breda, The Netherlands
| | - Bruno de Meulenaer
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Department of Food Technology, Food Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dennis G A B Oonincx
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University & Research Centre, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research Centre, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands
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15
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Vitamin D Metabolism and Its Role in Mineral and Bone Disorders in Chronic Kidney Disease in Humans, Dogs and Cats. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10120499. [PMID: 33291777 PMCID: PMC7761928 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10120499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Some differences regarding Vitamin D metabolism are described in dogs and cats in comparison with humans, which may be explained by an evolutionary drive among these species. Similarly, vitamin D is one of the most important regulators of mineral metabolism in dogs and cats, as well as in humans. Mineral metabolism is intrinsically related to bone metabolism, thus disturbances in vitamin D have been implicated in the development of chronic kidney disease mineral and bone disorders (CKD-MBD) in people, in addition to dogs and cats. Vitamin D deficiency may be associated with Renal Secondary Hyperparathyroidism (RSHPT), which is the most common mineral disorder in later stages of CKD in dogs and cats. Herein, we review the peculiarities of vitamin D metabolism in these species in comparison with humans, and the role of vitamin D disturbances in the development of CKD-MBD among dogs, cats, and people. Comparative studies may offer some evidence to help further research about vitamin D metabolism and bone disorders in CKD.
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Oonincx DGAB, Diehl JJE, Kik M, Baines FM, Heijboer AC, Hendriks WH, Bosch G. The nocturnal leopard gecko (Eublepharis macularius) uses UVb radiation for vitamin D 3 synthesis. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 250:110506. [PMID: 32950659 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2020.110506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D is an important regulator of calcium and phosphorus homeostasis in animals. It can be acquired from the diet or synthesised de novo when skin is exposed to UVb. Vitamin D deficiency can lead to a complex of diseases collectively called metabolic bone disease (MBD). Diurnal lizards without access to UVb are prone to develop vitamin D deficiency, even when dietary vitamin D3 is provided. A trial was conducted to determine whether juvenile nocturnal lizards require access to UVb to prevent vitamin D deficiency. All leopard geckos (Eublepharis macularius) were supplemented with dietary vitamin D3. One group was exposed to low level UVb radiation (33-51 μW/cm2) from hatching until 6 months of age and a second group remained unexposed. Animals were fed ad libitum and their growth and weight gain compared with non-exposed controls. At the end of the trial, blood samples were analysed for vitamin D3 metabolites. The concentration of the vitamin D3 metabolite, 25(OH)D3, was higher in UVb exposed animals (61 ± 20 vs. 38 ± 8 nmol/L), confirming cutaneous synthesis with UVb exposure. Growth and weight gain were similar in both groups, and this, together with the absence of clinical symptoms, suggests that dietary vitamin D3 alone can meet the vitamin D requirements for growth of this nocturnal gecko, during the first six months of life. It remains to be investigated whether the higher vitamin D metabolite levels holds other health benefits for this species, such as improved bone density or immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G A B Oonincx
- Animal Nutrition Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Entomology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - J J E Diehl
- Animal Nutrition Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - M Kik
- Pathology division, Department of Biomedical Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - F M Baines
- UV Guide UK, Greenfield, School Lane, Govilon, Abergavenny, NP7 9NT, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - A C Heijboer
- Endocrine Laboratory, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, and University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - W H Hendriks
- Animal Nutrition Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - G Bosch
- Animal Nutrition Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Mikołajczak Z, Rawski M, Mazurkiewicz J, Kierończyk B, Józefiak D. The Effect of Hydrolyzed Insect Meals in Sea Trout Fingerling ( Salmo trutta m. trutta) Diets on Growth Performance, Microbiota and Biochemical Blood Parameters. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10061031. [PMID: 32545777 PMCID: PMC7341494 DOI: 10.3390/ani10061031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The replacement of fishmeal by environmentally sustainable alternative meals has been one of the targets in aquaculture in recent decades. A number of factors support the use of insect meals, as a group of products characterized by high crude protein and crude fat content, in fish nutrition. Insects are readily accepted by a number of fish species, and they are part of the natural diet of omnivorous and carnivorous species. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of hydrolyzed Tenebrio molitor and Zophobas morio meals as a partial replacement for fishmeal in sea trout (Salmo trutta m. trutta) diets on growth performance, feed utilization, organosomatic indices, serum biochemistry, gut histology, and microbiota. In the present study, insect meals inclusion did not cause any adverse impacts on growth performance, feed utilization or gut histomorphology. However, an effect on the organosomatic indices, serum biochemistry, and microbiota was observed. In conclusion, hydrolyzed T. molitor and Z. morio meals seem to be promising alternative protein sources for sea trout nutrition. Abstract The present study is the first introduction of hydrolyzed superworm meal in sea trout nutrition. It was conducted to evaluate the effects of inclusion in the diet of hydrolyzed insect meals as a partial replacement for fishmeal on growth performance, feed utilization, organosomatic indices, serum biochemical parameters, gut histomorphology, and microbiota composition of sea trout (Salmo trutta m. trutta). The experiment was performed on 225 sea trout fingerlings distributed into three groups (3 tanks/treatment, 25 fish/tank). The control diet was fishmeal-based. In the experimental groups, 10% of hydrolyzed mealworm (TMD) and superworm (ZMD) meals were included. The protein efficiency ratio was lower in the TMD and ZMD. Higher organosomatic indices and liver lipid contents were found in the group fed ZMD. The ZMD increased levels of aspartate aminotransferase, and decreased levels of alkaline phosphatase. The Aeromonas spp. and Enterococcus spp. populations decreased in the ZMD. The concentrations of the Carnobacterium spp. decreased in the ZMD and TMD, as did that of the Lactobacillus group in the TMD. In conclusion, insect meals may be an alternative protein source in sea trout nutrition, as they yield satisfying growth performance and have the capability to modulate biochemical blood parameters and microbiota composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzanna Mikołajczak
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wołyńska 33, 60-637 Poznań, Poland;
- Correspondence: (Z.M.); (D.J.)
| | - Mateusz Rawski
- Institute of Zoology, Division of Inland Fisheries and Aquaculture, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 71c, 60-625 Poznań, Poland; (M.R.); (J.M.)
| | - Jan Mazurkiewicz
- Institute of Zoology, Division of Inland Fisheries and Aquaculture, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 71c, 60-625 Poznań, Poland; (M.R.); (J.M.)
| | - Bartosz Kierończyk
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wołyńska 33, 60-637 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Damian Józefiak
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wołyńska 33, 60-637 Poznań, Poland;
- Correspondence: (Z.M.); (D.J.)
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Detection of 7-Dehydrocholesterol and Vitamin D3 Derivatives in Honey. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25112583. [PMID: 32498437 PMCID: PMC7321140 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25112583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
20(S)-Hydroxyvitamin D3 (20(OH)D3) is an endogenous metabolite produced by the action of CYP11A1 on the side chain of vitamin D3 (D3). 20(OH)D3 can be further hydroxylated by CYP11A1, CYP27A1, CYP24A1 and/or CYP27B1 to several hydroxyderivatives. CYP11A1 also hydroxylates D3 to 22-monohydroxyvitamin D3 (22(OH)D3), which is detectable in the epidermis. 20-Hydroxy-7-dehydrocholesterol (20(OH)-7DHC) has been detected in the human epidermis and can be phototransformed into 20(OH)D3 following the absorption of ultraviolet B (UVB) energy by the B-ring. 20(OH)D3 and its hydroxyderivatives have anti-inflammatory, pro-differentiation and anti-proliferative effects, comparable to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3). Since cytochromes P450 with 20- or 25-hydroxylase activity are found in insects participating in ecdysone synthesis from 7-dehydrocholesterol (7DHC), we tested whether D3-hydroxyderivatives are present in honey, implying their production in bees. Honey was collected during summer in the Birmingham area of Alabama or purchased commercially and extracted and analyzed using LC-MS. We detected a clear peak of m/z = 423.324 [M + Na]+ for 20(OH)D3 corresponding to a concentration in honey of 256 ng/g. We also detected peaks of m/z = 383.331 [M + H − H2O]+ for 20(OH)-7DHC and 25(OH)D3 with retention times corresponding to the standards. We further detected species with m/z = 407.329 [M + Na]+ corresponding to the RT of 7DHC, D3 and lumisterol3 (L3). Similarly, peaks with m/z = 399.326 [M + H − H2O]+ were detected at the RT of 1,25(OH)2D3 and 1,20-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,20(OH)2D3). Species corresponding to 20-monohydroxylumisterol3 (20(OH)L3), 22-monohydroxyvitamin D3 (22(OH)D3), 20,23-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (20,23(OH)2D3), 20,24/25/26-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (20,24/25/26(OH)2D3) and 1,20,23/24/25/26-trihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,20,23/24/25/26(OH)3D3) were not detectable above the background. In conclusion, the presence of 7DHC and D3 and of species corresponding to 20(OH)-7DHC, 20(OH)D3, 1,20(OH)2D3, 25(OH)D3 and 1,25(OH)2D3 in honey implies their production in bees, although the precise biochemistry and photochemistry of these processes remain to be defined.
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Oonincx DG, Laurent S, Veenenbos ME, van Loon JJ. Dietary enrichment of edible insects with omega 3 fatty acids. INSECT SCIENCE 2020; 27:500-509. [PMID: 30801963 PMCID: PMC7216978 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Edible insects are advocated as sustainable and healthy food and feed. However, commercially produced insects are often low in n-3 fatty acids and have suboptimal n-6/n-3 ratios. A certain amount and proportion of these FAs is required to optimize human health. Flaxseed oil consists primarily (57%) out of alpha-linolenic acid. An experiment was conducted to quantify the effect of flaxseed oil provision on fatty acid composition and to determine the quantity needed to attain a beneficial n-6/n-3 ratio. Three species were used in the experiment: house crickets (Acheta domesticus [L.]), lesser mealworms (Alphitobius diaperinus [Pfanzer]) and black soldier flies (Hermetia illucens [L.]). These were provided with either a control diet or a diet enriched with 1%, 2%, or 4% flaxseed oil during their larval/nymphal stage. Fatty acid profiles of diets and insects were determined via GC-MS. The three species had distinct fatty acid profiles on all four diets, but responded similarly to flaxseed oil addition. For each percent added to the diet, the alpha-linolenic acid content of the insects increased by 2.3%-2.7%. Four percent addition increased the n-3 fatty acid content 10-20 fold in the three species and thereby strongly decreased n-6/n-3 ratios from 18-36 to 0.8-2.4. A ratio below 5 is considered optimal for human health and was achieved by 2% flaxseed oil inclusion for house crickets and lesser mealworms, and at 1% inclusion for black soldier flies. Adding a source of n-3 fatty acids to insect diets can thus improve the nutritional quality of insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis G.A.B. Oonincx
- Department of Animal Sciences, Animal Nutrition GroupWageningen UniversityWageningenthe Netherlands
- Laboratory of EntomologyDepartment of Plant SciencesWageningen UniversityWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Sophie Laurent
- Laboratory of EntomologyDepartment of Plant SciencesWageningen UniversityWageningenthe Netherlands
- Sophie Laurent, ONIRISFood Process EngineeringUMR CNRS 6144 GEPEANantes Cedex 3France
| | - Margot E. Veenenbos
- Laboratory of EntomologyDepartment of Plant SciencesWageningen UniversityWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Joop J.A. van Loon
- Laboratory of EntomologyDepartment of Plant SciencesWageningen UniversityWageningenthe Netherlands
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20
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Boykin KL, Carter RT, Butler-Perez K, Buck CQ, Peters JW, Rockwell KE, Mitchell MA. Digestibility of black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) fed to leopard geckos (Eublepharis macularius). PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232496. [PMID: 32392254 PMCID: PMC7213736 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Black soldier fly (BSF) larvae have been marketed as an excellent choice for providing calcium to reptiles without the need of dusting or gut loading. However, previous studies have indicated that they have limited calcium digestibility and are deficient in fat soluble vitamins (A, D3, and E). In this feeding and digestibility trial, 24 adult male leopard geckos were fed one of three diets for 4 months: 1) whole, vitamin A gut loaded larvae; 2) needle pierced, vitamin A gut loaded larvae; or 3) whole, non-gut loaded larvae. Fecal output from the geckos was collected daily and apparent digestibility was calculated for dry matter, protein, fat, and minerals. There were no differences in digestibility coefficients among groups. Most nutrients were well digested by the leopard geckos when compared to previous studies, with the exception of calcium (digestibility co-efficient 43%), as the calcium-rich exoskeleton usually remained intact after passage through the GI tract. Biochemistry profiles revealed possible deficits occurring over time for calcium, sodium, and total protein. In regards to vitamin A digestibility, plasma and liver vitamin A concentrations were significantly higher in the supplemented groups (plasma- gut loaded groups: 33.38 ± 7.11 ng/ml, control group: 25.8 ± 6.72 ng/ml, t = 1.906, p = 0.04; liver- gut loaded groups: 28.67 ± 18.90 μg/g, control group: 14.13 ± 7.41 μg/g, t = 1.951, p = 0.03). While leopard geckos are able to digest most of the nutrients provided by BSF larvae, including those that have been gut loaded, more research needs to be performed to assess whether or not they provide adequate calcium in their non-supplemented form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly L. Boykin
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States of America
| | - Renee T. Carter
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States of America
| | - Karina Butler-Perez
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States of America
| | - Cameron Q. Buck
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL, United States of America
| | - Jordan W. Peters
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States of America
| | - Kelly E. Rockwell
- Berkeley Dog and Cat Hospital, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
| | - Mark A. Mitchell
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States of America
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Elucidate the effect of insects as feed and food on nutrition and health of humans and animals. RECENT FINDINGS A new sector is developing of insects as food and feed. The academic interest is growing exponentially. In addition to their high nutritional values, there are also health benefits. These relate to prebiotic effects of insect products, such as chitin on humans and animals. Insects have a large reservoir of antimicrobial peptides. Some insect species have shown to have antioxidant properties. SUMMARY The increasing demand for meat and the limited amount of land availability prompt the search for alternative protein sources. Insects require less land and have a lower environmental impact than meat products. In addition to having a high nutritional value, they have also health benefits. Several edible insect species can be grown on organic side streams, in this way contributing to a circular economy. The number of scientific articles increased exponentially, and more than 290 start-ups are now engaging in its production and marketing. Food safety issues are not a major issue but need to be carefully checked when organic waste streams are used. The main strategies related to consumer issues are disguising the insects in familiar products and making them tasty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnold van Huis
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Gelderland, The Netherlands
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22
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Abstract
AbstractIn the last 10 years, the interest to use insects as food and feed has increased exponentially. In tropical zones, insects are a common food item as they are more readily available as food in nature than in other climate zones. However, if we want to promote insects as food and feed, harvesting from nature is not an option and the farming of these animals is required. This can be done in environmentally controlled facilities. Insects are not only nutritionally excellent food; they may also have health benefits. When using organic side streams as substrate, chemical and biological contaminants need to be considered. People in western countries are not used to eating insects, and therefore, strategies to “convince” consumers of their hygienic safety, environmental sustainability, and tastiness are necessary. The insect sector is maturing fast, but still faces many challenges, which can only be met when all stakeholders cooperate closely.
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Alwaneen WS, Husain M, Rasool KG, Alwatban MA, Salman S, Shaheen FA, Alduailij MA, Aldawood AS. Prediction of survival ratios of Cadra cautella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) different life stages after treated with ultraviolet radiation in dates. Saudi J Biol Sci 2019; 26:1358-1363. [PMID: 31762596 PMCID: PMC6864215 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2019.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Date palm, is a tree of economic importance which is grown around the world, including Saudi Arabia. Its fruit is nutritious and possesses medicinal benefits. Almond moth, is a serious date fruits pest in the field as well as in the storage and causes severe economic losses. In the given research, ultraviolet radiation type B (UV-B, 315 nm) harmful effects were evaluated against all developmental stages of C. cautella. One and 3-d-old eggs, 12 and 18-d-old larvae, 1-d and 6-d-old pupae, and 1-d-old adults, were exposed to UV-B for different intervals. Eggs were exposed for 0–30 min and 0% hatchability was achieved both for 1-d and 3-d-old eggs after 30 min. The larvae were exposed for 6–24 h, and after 24 h, mortality was 100 and 97% for 12 and 18-d-old larvae, respectively. Similarly, the pupae were exposed for 0–30 h, and 100% mortality was achieved after 30 h for 1-d-old pupae. Furthermore, none of the 6-d-old pupae emerged as an adult after 12 h of exposure. When adults were exposed for 1–4 d, no mortality was observed; however, UV-B reduced fecundity and hatchability in the treated adults. The susceptibility order was as follows: eggs > larvae > pupae > adults. Several uncharacteristic behaviors of C. cautella were noted, such as females depositing eggs openly on food items and containers, mature larvae exiting from food, larvae starting to wander for pupation, and pupation occurring typically outside the food. The application of UV-B could be an effective management strategy because all developmental stages of C. cautella were susceptible to UV-B that might be helpful to protect the dates from C. cautella infestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waleed S. Alwaneen
- National Center for Agricultural Technology (NCAT), King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mureed Husain
- Economic Entomology Research Unit, Department of Plant Protection, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Corresponding author.
| | - Khawaja G. Rasool
- Economic Entomology Research Unit, Department of Plant Protection, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohannad A. Alwatban
- National Center for Agricultural Technology (NCAT), King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shehzad Salman
- Economic Entomology Research Unit, Department of Plant Protection, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Farid A. Shaheen
- Department of Entomology, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, P.O. Box 46300, Pakistan
| | - Mona A. Alduailij
- Computer Science Department, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 8957, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman S. Aldawood
- Economic Entomology Research Unit, Department of Plant Protection, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Straub P, Tanga C, Osuga I, Windisch W, Subramanian S. Experimental feeding studies with crickets and locusts on the use of feed mixtures composed of storable feed materials commonly used in livestock production. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2019.114215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Pei S, Chen J, Lu J, Hu S, Jiang L, Lei L, Ouyang Y, Fu C, Ding Y, Li S, Kang L, Huang L, Xiang H, Xiao R, Zeng Q, Huang J. The Long Noncoding RNA UCA1 Negatively Regulates Melanogenesis in Melanocytes. J Invest Dermatol 2019; 140:152-163.e5. [PMID: 31276678 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2019.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The long noncoding RNA UCA1 was first discovered in bladder cancer and is known to regulate the proliferation and migration of melanoma. However, its role in melanogenesis is unclear. In this study, we aimed to explore the role and mechanism of UCA1 in melanogenesis. Our findings showed that the expression of UCA1 was negatively correlated with melanin content in melanocytes and pigmented nevus. Overexpression of UCA1 in melanocytes decreased melanin content and the expression of melanogenesis-related genes, whereas knockdown of UCA1 in melanocytes had the opposite effect. High-throughput sequencing revealed that microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), an important transcription factor affecting melanogenesis, was also negatively correlated with the expression of UCA1. Furthermore, the transcription factor CRE-binding protein (CREB), which promotes MITF expression, was negatively regulated by UCA1. The cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathways, which are upstream of the CREB/MITF/melanogenesis axis, were activated or inhibited in response to silencing or enhancing UCA1 expression, respectively. In addition, enhanced UCA1 expression downregulates the expression of melanogenesis-related genes induced by UVB in melanocytes. In conclusion, UCA1 may negatively regulate the CREB/MITF/melanogenesis axis through inhibiting the cAMP/PKA, ERK, and JNK signaling pathways in melanocytes. UCA1 may be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of pigmented skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyao Pei
- Department of Dermatology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jianyun Lu
- Department of Dermatology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shuanghai Hu
- Department of Dermatology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ling Jiang
- Department of Dermatology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Li Lei
- Department of Dermatology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yujie Ouyang
- Department of Dermatology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Chuhan Fu
- Department of Dermatology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yufang Ding
- Department of Dermatology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Si Li
- Department of Dermatology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Liyang Kang
- Department of Dermatology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lihua Huang
- Central Laboratory, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hong Xiang
- Central Laboratory, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Rong Xiao
- Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qinghai Zeng
- Department of Dermatology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Jinhua Huang
- Department of Dermatology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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