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Ebrahimi M, Sivaprasad S, Thompson P, Perry G. Retinal Neurodegeneration in Euglycemic Hyperinsulinemia, Prediabetes, and Diabetes. Ophthalmic Res 2022; 66:385-397. [PMID: 36463857 DOI: 10.1159/000528503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a challenging public health problem mainly because of its growing prevalence and risk of blindness. In general, our current knowledge and practice have failed to prevent the onset or progression of DR to sight-threatening complications. While there are treatment options for sight-threatening complications of DR, it is crucial to pay more attention to the early stages of DR to decrease its prevalence. Growing evidence suggests many pathologic changes occur before clinical presentations of DR in euglycemic hyperinsulinemia, prediabetes, and diabetes. These pathological changes occur in retinal neurons, glia, and microvasculature. A new focus on these preclinical pathologies - especially on hyperinsulinemia - may provide further insight into disease mechanisms, endpoints for clinical trials, and druggable targets in early disease. Here, we review the current evidence on the pathophysiological changes reported in preclinical DR and appraise preventive and treatment options for DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moein Ebrahimi
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy, and Autoimmunity, Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Sobha Sivaprasad
- NIHR Moorfields Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK
| | - Paul Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - George Perry
- Department of Biology, University of Texas and San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
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Dabravolski SA, Markin AM, Andreeva ER, Eremin II, Orekhov AN, Melnichenko AA. Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Pathological and Therapeutic Roles of Pericytes in Atherosclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:11663. [PMID: 36232962 PMCID: PMC9570222 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pericytes are multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells playing an active role in angiogenesis, vessel stabilisation, maturation, remodelling, blood flow regulation and are able to trans-differentiate into other cells of the mesenchymal lineage. In this review, we summarised recent data demonstrating that pericytes play a key role in the pathogenesis and development of atherosclerosis (AS). Pericytes are involved in lipid accumulation, inflammation, growth, and vascularization of the atherosclerotic plaque. Decreased pericyte coverage, endothelial and pericyte dysfunction is associated with intraplaque angiogenesis and haemorrhage, calcification and cholesterol clefts deposition. At the same time, pericytes can be used as a novel therapeutic target to promote vessel maturity and stability, thus reducing plaque vulnerability. Finally, we discuss recent studies exploring effective AS treatments with pericyte-mediated anti-atherosclerotic, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siarhei A. Dabravolski
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering, ORT Braude College, Snunit 51, P.O. Box 78, Karmiel 2161002, Israel
| | - Alexander M. Markin
- Petrovsky National Research Center of Surgery, Abrikosovsky Lane, 2, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena R. Andreeva
- Laboratory of Cell Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Khoroshevskoye Shosse, 76a, 123007 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ilya I. Eremin
- Petrovsky National Research Center of Surgery, Abrikosovsky Lane, 2, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander N. Orekhov
- Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Osennyaya 4-1-207, 121609 Moscow, Russia
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Quiroz J, Yazdanyar A. Animal models of diabetic retinopathy. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:1272. [PMID: 34532409 PMCID: PMC8421981 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-6737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The retina is the posterior neuro-integrated layer of the eye that conducts impulses induced by light to the optic nerve for human vision. Diseases of the retina often leads to diminished vision and in some cases blindness. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a worldwide public health issue and globally, there is an estimated 463 million people that are affected by DM and its consequences. Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a blinding complication of chronic uncontrolled DM and is the most common cause of blindness in the United States between the ages 24-75. It is estimated that the global prevalence of DR will increase to 191.0 million by 2030, of those 56.3 million possessing vision-threatening diabetic retinopathy (VTDR). For the most part, current treatment modalities control the complications of DR without addressing the underlying pathophysiology of the disease. Therefore, there is an unmet need for new therapeutics that not only repair the damaged retinal tissue, but also reverse the course of DR. The key element in developing these treatments is expanding our basic knowledge by studying DR pathogenesis in animal models of proliferative and non-proliferative DR (PDR and NPDR). There are numerous models available for the research of both PDR and NPDR with substantial overlap. Animal models available include those with genetic backgrounds prone to hyperglycemic states, immunologic etiologies, or environmentally induced disease. In this review we aimed to comprehensively summarize the available animal models for DR while also providing insight to each model's ocular therapeutic potential for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Quiroz
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Amirfarbod Yazdanyar
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, State University of New York (SUNY), Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
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Preguiça I, Alves A, Nunes S, Gomes P, Fernandes R, Viana SD, Reis F. Diet-Induced Rodent Models of Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy, Retinopathy and Nephropathy. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12010250. [PMID: 31963709 PMCID: PMC7019796 DOI: 10.3390/nu12010250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Unhealthy dietary habits are major modifiable risk factors for the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus, a metabolic disease with increasing prevalence and serious consequences. Microvascular complications of diabetes, namely diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN), retinopathy (DR), and nephropathy (DN), are associated with high morbidity rates and a heavy social and economic burden. Currently, available therapeutic options to counter the evolution of diabetic microvascular complications are clearly insufficient, which strongly recommends further research. Animal models are essential tools to dissect the molecular mechanisms underlying disease progression, to unravel new therapeutic targets, as well as to evaluate the efficacy of new drugs and/or novel therapeutic approaches. However, choosing the best animal model is challenging due to the large number of factors that need to be considered. This is particularly relevant for models induced by dietary modifications, which vary markedly in terms of macronutrient composition. In this article, we revisit the rodent models of diet-induced DPN, DR, and DN, critically comparing the main features of these microvascular complications in humans and the criteria for their diagnosis with the parameters that have been used in preclinical research using rodent models, considering the possible need for factors which can accelerate or aggravate these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Preguiça
- Institute of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, & Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (I.P.); (A.A.); (S.N.); (P.G.); (R.F.); (S.D.V.)
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - André Alves
- Institute of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, & Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (I.P.); (A.A.); (S.N.); (P.G.); (R.F.); (S.D.V.)
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sara Nunes
- Institute of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, & Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (I.P.); (A.A.); (S.N.); (P.G.); (R.F.); (S.D.V.)
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Pedro Gomes
- Institute of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, & Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (I.P.); (A.A.); (S.N.); (P.G.); (R.F.); (S.D.V.)
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rosa Fernandes
- Institute of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, & Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (I.P.); (A.A.); (S.N.); (P.G.); (R.F.); (S.D.V.)
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sofia D. Viana
- Institute of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, & Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (I.P.); (A.A.); (S.N.); (P.G.); (R.F.); (S.D.V.)
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, ESTESC-Coimbra Health School, Pharmacy, 3046-854 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Flávio Reis
- Institute of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, & Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (I.P.); (A.A.); (S.N.); (P.G.); (R.F.); (S.D.V.)
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-239-480-053
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