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Puertas-Bartolomé M, Venegas-Bustos D, Acosta S, Rodríguez-Cabello JC. Contribution of the ELRs to the development of advanced in vitro models. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1363865. [PMID: 38650751 PMCID: PMC11033926 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1363865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Developing in vitro models that accurately mimic the microenvironment of biological structures or processes holds substantial promise for gaining insights into specific biological functions. In the field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, in vitro models able to capture the precise structural, topographical, and functional complexity of living tissues, prove to be valuable tools for comprehending disease mechanisms, assessing drug responses, and serving as alternatives or complements to animal testing. The choice of the right biomaterial and fabrication technique for the development of these in vitro models plays an important role in their functionality. In this sense, elastin-like recombinamers (ELRs) have emerged as an important tool for the fabrication of in vitro models overcoming the challenges encountered in natural and synthetic materials due to their intrinsic properties, such as phase transition behavior, tunable biological properties, viscoelasticity, and easy processability. In this review article, we will delve into the use of ELRs for molecular models of intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs), as well as for the development of in vitro 3D models for regenerative medicine. The easy processability of the ELRs and their rational design has allowed their use for the development of spheroids and organoids, or bioinks for 3D bioprinting. Thus, incorporating ELRs into the toolkit of biomaterials used for the fabrication of in vitro models, represents a transformative step forward in improving the accuracy, efficiency, and functionality of these models, and opening up a wide range of possibilities in combination with advanced biofabrication techniques that remains to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Puertas-Bartolomé
- Technical Proteins Nanobiotechnology, S.L. (TPNBT), Valladolid, Spain
- Bioforge Lab (Group for Advanced Materials and Nanobiotechnology), CIBER's Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Edificio LUCIA, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Desiré Venegas-Bustos
- Bioforge Lab (Group for Advanced Materials and Nanobiotechnology), CIBER's Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Edificio LUCIA, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Sergio Acosta
- Bioforge Lab (Group for Advanced Materials and Nanobiotechnology), CIBER's Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Edificio LUCIA, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - José Carlos Rodríguez-Cabello
- Bioforge Lab (Group for Advanced Materials and Nanobiotechnology), CIBER's Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Edificio LUCIA, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
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2
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Shannon AE, Boos CE, Searle BC, Hummon AB. Gas-Phase Fractionation Data-Independent Acquisition Analysis of 3D Cocultured Spheroid Tumor Model Reveals Altered Translational Processes and Signaling Using Proteomics. J Proteome Res 2024. [PMID: 38412258 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.3c00786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) contains considerable heterogeneity; therefore, models of the disease must also reflect the multifarious components. Compared to traditional 2D models, 3D cellular models, such as tumor spheroids, have the utility to determine the drug efficacy of potential therapeutics. Monoculture spheroids are well-known to recapitulate gene expression, cell signaling, and pathophysiological gradients of avascularized tumors. However, they fail to mimic the stromal cell influence present in CRC, which is known to perturb drug efficacy and is associated with metastatic, late-stage colorectal cancer. This study seeks to develop a cocultured spheroid model using carcinoma and noncancerous fibroblast cells. We characterized the proteomic profile of cocultured spheroids in comparison to monocultured spheroids using data-independent acquisition with gas-phase fractionation. Specifically, we determined that proteomic differences related to translation and mTOR signaling are significantly increased in cocultured spheroids compared to monocultured spheroids. Proteins related to fibroblast function, such as exocytosis of coated vesicles and secretion of growth factors, were significantly differentially expressed in the cocultured spheroids. Finally, we compared the proteomic profiles of both the monocultured and cocultured spheroids against a publicly available data set derived from solid CRC tumors. We found that the proteome of the cocultured spheroids more closely resembles that of the patient samples, indicating their potential as tumor mimics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariana E Shannon
- Ohio State Biochemistry Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Claire E Boos
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Brian C Searle
- Ohio State Biochemistry Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Amanda B Hummon
- Ohio State Biochemistry Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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Martínez-Val A, Fort K, Koenig C, Van der Hoeven L, Franciosa G, Moehring T, Ishihama Y, Chen YJ, Makarov A, Xuan Y, Olsen JV. Hybrid-DIA: intelligent data acquisition integrates targeted and discovery proteomics to analyze phospho-signaling in single spheroids. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3599. [PMID: 37328457 PMCID: PMC10276052 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39347-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Achieving sufficient coverage of regulatory phosphorylation sites by mass spectrometry (MS)-based phosphoproteomics for signaling pathway reconstitution is challenging, especially when analyzing tiny sample amounts. To address this, we present a hybrid data-independent acquisition (DIA) strategy (hybrid-DIA) that combines targeted and discovery proteomics through an Application Programming Interface (API) to dynamically intercalate DIA scans with accurate triggering of multiplexed tandem mass spectrometry (MSx) scans of predefined (phospho)peptide targets. By spiking-in heavy stable isotope labeled phosphopeptide standards covering seven major signaling pathways, we benchmark hybrid-DIA against state-of-the-art targeted MS methods (i.e., SureQuant) using EGF-stimulated HeLa cells and find the quantitative accuracy and sensitivity to be comparable while hybrid-DIA also profiles the global phosphoproteome. To demonstrate the robustness, sensitivity, and biomedical potential of hybrid-DIA, we profile chemotherapeutic agents in single colon carcinoma multicellular spheroids and evaluate the phospho-signaling difference of cancer cells in 2D vs 3D culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Martínez-Val
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kyle Fort
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Bremen, Germany
| | - Claire Koenig
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Leander Van der Hoeven
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Giulia Franciosa
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | - Yue Xuan
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Bremen, Germany.
| | - Jesper V Olsen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Jubelin C, Muñoz-Garcia J, Griscom L, Cochonneau D, Ollivier E, Heymann MF, Vallette FM, Oliver L, Heymann D. Three-dimensional in vitro culture models in oncology research. Cell Biosci 2022; 12:155. [PMID: 36089610 PMCID: PMC9465969 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-022-00887-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractCancer is a multifactorial disease that is responsible for 10 million deaths per year. The intra- and inter-heterogeneity of malignant tumors make it difficult to develop single targeted approaches. Similarly, their diversity requires various models to investigate the mechanisms involved in cancer initiation, progression, drug resistance and recurrence. Of the in vitro cell-based models, monolayer adherent (also known as 2D culture) cell cultures have been used for the longest time. However, it appears that they are often less appropriate than the three-dimensional (3D) cell culture approach for mimicking the biological behavior of tumor cells, in particular the mechanisms leading to therapeutic escape and drug resistance. Multicellular tumor spheroids are widely used to study cancers in 3D, and can be generated by a multiplicity of techniques, such as liquid-based and scaffold-based 3D cultures, microfluidics and bioprinting. Organoids are more complex 3D models than multicellular tumor spheroids because they are generated from stem cells isolated from patients and are considered as powerful tools to reproduce the disease development in vitro. The present review provides an overview of the various 3D culture models that have been set up to study cancer development and drug response. The advantages of 3D models compared to 2D cell cultures, the limitations, and the fields of application of these models and their techniques of production are also discussed.
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Antunes N, Kundu B, Kundu SC, Reis RL, Correlo V. In Vitro Cancer Models: A Closer Look at Limitations on Translation. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:bioengineering9040166. [PMID: 35447726 PMCID: PMC9029854 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9040166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro cancer models are envisioned as high-throughput screening platforms for potential new therapeutic discovery and/or validation. They also serve as tools to achieve personalized treatment strategies or real-time monitoring of disease propagation, providing effective treatments to patients. To battle the fatality of metastatic cancers, the development and commercialization of predictive and robust preclinical in vitro cancer models are of urgent need. In the past decades, the translation of cancer research from 2D to 3D platforms and the development of diverse in vitro cancer models have been well elaborated in an enormous number of reviews. However, the meagre clinical success rate of cancer therapeutics urges the critical introspection of currently available preclinical platforms, including patents, to hasten the development of precision medicine and commercialization of in vitro cancer models. Hence, the present article critically reflects the difficulty of translating cancer therapeutics from discovery to adoption and commercialization in the light of in vitro cancer models as predictive tools. The state of the art of in vitro cancer models is discussed first, followed by identifying the limitations of bench-to-bedside transition. This review tries to establish compatibility between the current findings and obstacles and indicates future directions to accelerate the market penetration, considering the niche market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Antunes
- Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, 3Bs—Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, AvePark, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Portugal; (N.A.); (B.K.); (S.C.K.); (R.L.R.)
- ICVS/3 B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Banani Kundu
- Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, 3Bs—Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, AvePark, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Portugal; (N.A.); (B.K.); (S.C.K.); (R.L.R.)
- ICVS/3 B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Subhas C. Kundu
- Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, 3Bs—Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, AvePark, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Portugal; (N.A.); (B.K.); (S.C.K.); (R.L.R.)
- ICVS/3 B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Rui L. Reis
- Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, 3Bs—Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, AvePark, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Portugal; (N.A.); (B.K.); (S.C.K.); (R.L.R.)
- ICVS/3 B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Vítor Correlo
- Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, 3Bs—Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, AvePark, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Portugal; (N.A.); (B.K.); (S.C.K.); (R.L.R.)
- ICVS/3 B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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Kim SJ, Byun H, Lee S, Kim E, Lee GM, Huh SJ, Joo J, Shin H. Spatially arranged encapsulation of stem cell spheroids within hydrogels for the regulation of spheroid fusion and cell migration. Acta Biomater 2022; 142:60-72. [PMID: 35085797 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cell spheroids have been encapsulated in hydrogels for various applications because spheroids demonstrate higher cell activity than individual cells in suspension. However, there is limited information on the effect of distance between spheroids (inter-spheroid distance) on fusion or migration in a hydrogel. In this study, we developed temperature-responsive hydrogels with surface microwell patterns to culture adipose-derived stem cell (ASC) spheroids and deliver them into a Matrigel for the investigation of the effect of inter-spheroid distance on spheroid behavior. The ASC spheroids were encapsulated successfully in a Matrigel, denoted as sandwich culture, with a specific inter-spheroid distance ranging from 100 to 400 µm. Interestingly, ASCs migrated from the host spheroid and formed a bridge-like structure between spheroids, denoted as a cellular bridge, only when the inter-spheroid distance was 200 µm. Thus, we performed a sandwich culture of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and ASCs in co-cultured spheroids in the Matrigel to create a homogeneous endothelial cell network in the hydrogel. The HUVECs sprouted through the ASC cellular bridge and directly interacted with the adjacent spheroid when the inter-spheroid distance was 200 µm. Similar results were obtained from an in vivo study. Thus, our study suggests the appropriate inter-spheroid distance for effective spheroid encapsulation in a hydrogel. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Recently, spheroid-based 3D tissue culture techniques such as spheroid encapsulation or 3D printing are being intensively investigated for various purposes. However, there is limited research regarding the effect of the inter-spheroid distance on spheroid communication. Here, we demonstrate a spatially arranged spheroid encapsulation method within a Matrigel by using a temperature-responsive hydrogel. Human adipose-derived stem cell spheroids are encapsulated with a precisely controlled inter-spheroid distance from 100 to 400 µm and show different tendencies in cell migration and spheroid fusion. Our results suggest that the inter-spheroid distance affects spheroid communication, and thus, the inter-spheroid distance needs to be considered carefully according to the purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Jeong Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimri-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea; BK21 FOUR, Education and Research Group for Biopharmaceutical Innovation Leader, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimri-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Hayeon Byun
- Department of Bioengineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimri-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea; BK21 FOUR, Education and Research Group for Biopharmaceutical Innovation Leader, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimri-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangmin Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimri-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea; BK21 FOUR, Education and Research Group for Biopharmaceutical Innovation Leader, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimri-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunhyung Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimri-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea; BK21 FOUR, Education and Research Group for Biopharmaceutical Innovation Leader, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimri-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyeong Min Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimri-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea; BK21 FOUR, Education and Research Group for Biopharmaceutical Innovation Leader, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimri-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Jae Huh
- Department of Bioengineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimri-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea; BK21 FOUR, Education and Research Group for Biopharmaceutical Innovation Leader, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimri-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinmyoung Joo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), UNIST-gil 50, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea.
| | - Heungsoo Shin
- Department of Bioengineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimri-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea; BK21 FOUR, Education and Research Group for Biopharmaceutical Innovation Leader, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimri-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea; Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST), Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimri-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea.
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7
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Melliou S, Sangster KT, Djuric U, Diamandis P. The promise of organoids for unraveling the proteomic landscape of the developing human brain. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:73-80. [PMID: 34703024 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01354-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral organoids offer an opportunity to bioengineer experimental avatars of the developing human brain and have already begun garnering relevant insights into complex neurobiological processes and disease. Thus far, investigations into their heterogeneous cellular composition and developmental trajectories have been largely limited to transcriptional readouts. Recent advances in global proteomic technologies have enabled a new range of techniques to explore dynamic and non-overlapping spatiotemporal protein-level programs operational in these humanoid neural structures. Here we discuss these early protein-based studies and their potentially essential role for unraveling critical secreted paracrine signals, processes with poor proteogenomic correlations, or neurodevelopmental proteins requiring post-translational modification for biological activity. Integrating emerging proteomic tools with these faithful human-derived neurodevelopmental models could transform our understanding of complex neural cell phenotypes and neurobiological processes, not exclusively driven by transcriptional regulation. These insights, less accessible by exclusive RNA-based approaches, could reveal new knowledge into human brain development and guide improvements in neural regenerative medicine efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Melliou
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Kevin T Sangster
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Ugljesa Djuric
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Phedias Diamandis
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada. .,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada. .,Laboratory Medicine Program, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C4, Canada. .,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada.
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Valdoz JC, Johnson BC, Jacobs DJ, Franks NA, Dodson EL, Sanders C, Cribbs CG, Van Ry PM. The ECM: To Scaffold, or Not to Scaffold, That Is the Question. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12690. [PMID: 34884495 PMCID: PMC8657545 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) has pleiotropic effects, ranging from cell adhesion to cell survival. In tissue engineering, the use of ECM and ECM-like scaffolds has separated the field into two distinct areas-scaffold-based and scaffold-free. Scaffold-free techniques are used in creating reproducible cell aggregates which have massive potential for high-throughput, reproducible drug screening and disease modeling. Though, the lack of ECM prevents certain cells from surviving and proliferating. Thus, tissue engineers use scaffolds to mimic the native ECM and produce organotypic models which show more reliability in disease modeling. However, scaffold-based techniques come at a trade-off of reproducibility and throughput. To bridge the tissue engineering dichotomy, we posit that finding novel ways to incorporate the ECM in scaffold-free cultures can synergize these two disparate techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Pam M. Van Ry
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA; (J.C.V.); (B.C.J.); (D.J.J.); (N.A.F.); (E.L.D.); (C.S.); (C.G.C.)
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Pazdzior R, Kubicek S. PlateFlo - A software-controllable plate-scale perfusion system for culture of adherent cells. HARDWAREX 2021; 10:e00222. [PMID: 35607664 PMCID: PMC9123465 DOI: 10.1016/j.ohx.2021.e00222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Here we present a versatile system for milliliter-scale perfusion culture of adherent cells that can be built using basic tools, based on a readily available one-well culture plate (84 cm2 culture area). Media composition and flow paths can be programmatically controlled via USB serial interface using the FETbox hardware controller and associated PlateFlo Python package. The FETbox can control up to five high current 12 V devices such as common pinch valves, solenoids, and DC motor peristaltic pumps. It was designed to be easily customized with built-in accommodation for additional electronic components (e.g. analog sensors and input), use of the ubiquitous Arduino Nano platform, and easily expanded serial communication protocol. Multiple FETboxes can be used in parallel for additional devices. Applications of the PlateFlo system include perfusion culture of laboratory experiments requiring large cell numbers including genome-scale genetic screens and proteomics, as well as novel perfusion schemes including dynamic media conditions and sequential cell culture.
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Key Words
- Adherent
- Automation
- BOM, bill of materials
- CFD, computational fluid dynamics
- Cell culture
- DMEM, Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium
- EUR, Euro
- FDM, fused deposition modelling
- MCU, microcontroller unit
- MOSFET, metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor
- Microplate
- Millifluidic
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PCB, printed circuit board
- PWM, pulse width modulation
- Perfusion
- hIPSC, human induced pluripotent stem cell
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Su M, Zhang Z, Zhou L, Han C, Huang C, Nice EC. Proteomics, Personalized Medicine and Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:2512. [PMID: 34063807 PMCID: PMC8196570 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13112512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
As of 2020 the human genome and proteome are both at >90% completion based on high stringency analyses. This has been largely achieved by major technological advances over the last 20 years and has enlarged our understanding of human health and disease, including cancer, and is supporting the current trend towards personalized/precision medicine. This is due to improved screening, novel therapeutic approaches and an increased understanding of underlying cancer biology. However, cancer is a complex, heterogeneous disease modulated by genetic, molecular, cellular, tissue, population, environmental and socioeconomic factors, which evolve with time. In spite of recent advances in treatment that have resulted in improved patient outcomes, prognosis is still poor for many patients with certain cancers (e.g., mesothelioma, pancreatic and brain cancer) with a high death rate associated with late diagnosis. In this review we overview key hallmarks of cancer (e.g., autophagy, the role of redox signaling), current unmet clinical needs, the requirement for sensitive and specific biomarkers for early detection, surveillance, prognosis and drug monitoring, the role of the microbiome and the goals of personalized/precision medicine, discussing how emerging omics technologies can further inform on these areas. Exemplars from recent onco-proteogenomic-related publications will be given. Finally, we will address future perspectives, not only from the standpoint of perceived advances in treatment, but also from the hurdles that have to be overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Su
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China; (M.S.); (Z.Z.); (L.Z.); (C.H.)
| | - Zhe Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China; (M.S.); (Z.Z.); (L.Z.); (C.H.)
| | - Li Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China; (M.S.); (Z.Z.); (L.Z.); (C.H.)
| | - Chao Han
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China; (M.S.); (Z.Z.); (L.Z.); (C.H.)
| | - Canhua Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China; (M.S.); (Z.Z.); (L.Z.); (C.H.)
| | - Edouard C. Nice
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
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de Almeida Fiuza LF, Batista DDGJ, Nunes DF, Moreira OC, Cascabulho C, Soeiro MDNC. Benznidazole modulates release of inflammatory mediators by cardiac spheroids infected with Trypanosoma cruzi. Exp Parasitol 2020; 221:108061. [PMID: 33383023 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2020.108061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Chagas disease (CD) caused by Trypanosoma cruzi remains a serious public health problem in Latin America. The available treatment is limited to two old drugs, benznidazole (Bz) and nifurtimox, which exhibit limited efficacy and trigger side effects, justifying the search for new therapies. Also, more accurate and sensitive experimental protocols for drug discovery programs are necessary to shrink the translational gaps found among pre-clinical and clinical trials. Presently, cardiac spheroids were used to evaluate host cell cytotoxicity and anti-T.cruzi activity of benznidazole, exploring its effect on the release of inflammatory mediators. Bz presented low toxic profile on 3D matrices (LC50 > 200 μM) and high potency in vitro (EC50 = 0.99 μM) evidenced by qPCR analysis of T.cruzi-infected cardiac spheroids. Flow cytometry appraisal of inflammatory mediators released at the cellular supernatant showed increases in IL - 6 and TNF contents (≈190 and ≈ 25-fold) in parasitized spheroids as compared to uninfected cultures. Bz at 10 μM suppressed parasite load (92%) concomitantly decreasing in IL-6 (36%) and TNF (68%). Our findings corroborate the successful use of 3D cardiac matrices for in vitro identification of novel anti-parasitic agents and potential impact in host cell physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Denise da Gama Jaen Batista
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Daniela Ferreira Nunes
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Otacílio Cruz Moreira
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cynthia Cascabulho
- Laboratório de Inovações Em Terapias, Ensino e Bioprodutos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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12
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Rahman HS, Tan BL, Othman HH, Chartrand MS, Pathak Y, Mohan S, Abdullah R, Alitheen NB. An Overview of In Vitro, In Vivo, and Computational Techniques for Cancer-Associated Angiogenesis Studies. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:8857428. [PMID: 33381591 PMCID: PMC7748901 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8857428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a crucial area in scientific research because it involves many important physiological and pathological processes. Indeed, angiogenesis is critical for normal physiological processes, including wound healing and embryonic development, as well as being a component of many disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis, obesity, and diabetic retinopathies. Investigations of angiogenic mechanisms require assays that can activate the critical steps of angiogenesis as well as provide a tool for assessing the efficacy of therapeutic agents. Thus, angiogenesis assays are key tools for studying the mechanisms of angiogenesis and identifying the potential therapeutic strategies to modulate neovascularization. However, the regulation of angiogenesis is highly complex and not fully understood. Difficulties in assessing the regulators of angiogenic response have necessitated the development of an alternative approach. In this paper, we review the standard models for the study of tumor angiogenesis on the macroscopic scale that include in vitro, in vivo, and computational models. We also highlight the differences in several modeling approaches and describe key advances in understanding the computational models that contributed to the knowledge base of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heshu Sulaiman Rahman
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Sulaimani, 46001 Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Komar University of Science and Technology, Chaq Chaq Qularaesee, 46001 Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
| | - Bee Ling Tan
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hemn Hassan Othman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Sulaimani, 46001 Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
| | | | - Yashwant Pathak
- College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, USA and Adjunct Professor at Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Syam Mohan
- Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Center, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rasedee Abdullah
- Department of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Noorjahan Banu Alitheen
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Bio-Molecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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13
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Lindhorst PH, Hummon AB. Proteomics of Colorectal Cancer: Tumors, Organoids, and Cell Cultures-A Minireview. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:604492. [PMID: 33363210 PMCID: PMC7758474 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.604492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteomics, the study of the complete protein composition of a sample, is an important field for cancer research. Changes in the proteome can serve as a biomarker of cancer or lead to the development of a targeted therapy. This minireview will focus on mass spectrometry-based proteomics studies applied specifically to colorectal cancer, particularly the variety of cancer model systems used, including tumor samples, two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures such as spheroids and organoids. A thorough discussion of the application of these systems will accompany the review of the literature, as each provides distinct advantages and disadvantages for colorectal cancer research. Finally, we provide conclusions and future perspectives for the application of these model systems to cancer research as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip H Lindhorst
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Amanda B Hummon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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14
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Three-Dimensional Spheroids as In Vitro Preclinical Models for Cancer Research. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12121186. [PMID: 33291351 PMCID: PMC7762220 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12121186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Most cancer biologists still rely on conventional two-dimensional (2D) monolayer culture techniques to test in vitro anti-tumor drugs prior to in vivo testing. However, the vast majority of promising preclinical drugs have no or weak efficacy in real patients with tumors, thereby delaying the discovery of successful therapeutics. This is because 2D culture lacks cell–cell contacts and natural tumor microenvironment, important in tumor signaling and drug response, thereby resulting in a reduced malignant phenotype compared to the real tumor. In this sense, three-dimensional (3D) cultures of cancer cells that better recapitulate in vivo cell environments emerged as scientifically accurate and low cost cancer models for preclinical screening and testing of new drug candidates before moving to expensive and time-consuming animal models. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of 3D tumor systems and highlight the strategies for spheroid construction and evaluation tools of targeted therapies, focusing on their applicability in cancer research. Examples of the applicability of 3D culture for the evaluation of the therapeutic efficacy of nanomedicines are discussed.
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15
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Neef SK, Janssen N, Winter S, Wallisch SK, Hofmann U, Dahlke MH, Schwab M, Mürdter TE, Haag M. Metabolic Drug Response Phenotyping in Colorectal Cancer Organoids by LC-QTOF-MS. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10120494. [PMID: 33271860 PMCID: PMC7760698 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10120494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As metabolic rewiring is crucial for cancer cell proliferation, metabolic phenotyping of patient-derived organoids is desirable to identify drug-induced changes and trace metabolic vulnerabilities of tumor subtypes. We established a novel protocol for metabolomic and lipidomic profiling of colorectal cancer organoids by liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS) facing the challenge of capturing metabolic information from a minimal sample amount (<500 cells/injection) in the presence of an extracellular matrix (ECM). The best procedure of the tested protocols included ultrasonic metabolite extraction with acetonitrile/methanol/water (2:2:1, v/v/v) without ECM removal. To eliminate ECM-derived background signals, we implemented a data filtering procedure based on the p-value and fold change cut-offs, which retained features with signal intensities >120% compared to matrix-derived signals present in blank samples. As a proof-of-concept, the method was applied to examine the early metabolic response of colorectal cancer organoids to 5-fluorouracil treatment. Statistical analysis revealed dose-dependent changes in the metabolic profiles of treated organoids including elevated levels of 2′-deoxyuridine, 2′-O-methylcytidine, inosine and 1-methyladenosine and depletion of 2′-deoxyadenosine and specific phospholipids. In accordance with the mechanism of action of 5-fluorouracil, changed metabolites are mainly involved in purine and pyrimidine metabolism. The novel protocol provides a first basis for the assessment of metabolic drug response phenotypes in 3D organoid models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia K. Neef
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany and University of Tuebingen, 70376 Tuebingen, Germany; (S.K.N.); (N.J.); (S.W.); (S.K.W.); (U.H.); (M.H.D.); (M.S.); (T.E.M.)
| | - Nicole Janssen
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany and University of Tuebingen, 70376 Tuebingen, Germany; (S.K.N.); (N.J.); (S.W.); (S.K.W.); (U.H.); (M.H.D.); (M.S.); (T.E.M.)
| | - Stefan Winter
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany and University of Tuebingen, 70376 Tuebingen, Germany; (S.K.N.); (N.J.); (S.W.); (S.K.W.); (U.H.); (M.H.D.); (M.S.); (T.E.M.)
| | - Svenja K. Wallisch
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany and University of Tuebingen, 70376 Tuebingen, Germany; (S.K.N.); (N.J.); (S.W.); (S.K.W.); (U.H.); (M.H.D.); (M.S.); (T.E.M.)
| | - Ute Hofmann
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany and University of Tuebingen, 70376 Tuebingen, Germany; (S.K.N.); (N.J.); (S.W.); (S.K.W.); (U.H.); (M.H.D.); (M.S.); (T.E.M.)
| | - Marc H. Dahlke
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany and University of Tuebingen, 70376 Tuebingen, Germany; (S.K.N.); (N.J.); (S.W.); (S.K.W.); (U.H.); (M.H.D.); (M.S.); (T.E.M.)
- Department of Surgery, Robert-Bosch Hospital, 70376 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Matthias Schwab
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany and University of Tuebingen, 70376 Tuebingen, Germany; (S.K.N.); (N.J.); (S.W.); (S.K.W.); (U.H.); (M.H.D.); (M.S.); (T.E.M.)
- Departments of Clinical Pharmacology, and of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Tuebingen, 72074 Tuebingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC 2180), Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies, University of Tuebingen, 72074 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Thomas E. Mürdter
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany and University of Tuebingen, 70376 Tuebingen, Germany; (S.K.N.); (N.J.); (S.W.); (S.K.W.); (U.H.); (M.H.D.); (M.S.); (T.E.M.)
| | - Mathias Haag
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany and University of Tuebingen, 70376 Tuebingen, Germany; (S.K.N.); (N.J.); (S.W.); (S.K.W.); (U.H.); (M.H.D.); (M.S.); (T.E.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-711-8101-5429
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16
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Abe Y, Hirano H, Shoji H, Tada A, Isoyama J, Kakudo A, Gunji D, Honda K, Boku N, Adachi J, Tomonaga T. Comprehensive characterization of the phosphoproteome of gastric cancer from endoscopic biopsy specimens. Theranostics 2020; 10:2115-2129. [PMID: 32089736 PMCID: PMC7019165 DOI: 10.7150/thno.37623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Cancer phosphoproteomics can provide insights regarding kinases that can be targeted for therapeutic applications. Monitoring the phosphoproteomics in cancer is expected to play a key role in optimizing treatments with kinase inhibitors. Clinical phosphoproteomics in surgical tissues and patient-derived models has been studied intensively. However, the reported data may not accurately reflect the phosphosignaling status in patients due to the effect of ischemia occurring during surgery or changes in the characteristics of cancer cells when establishing the models. In contrast, endoscopic biopsies have an advantage for clinical phosphoproteomics because they can be rapidly cryo-preserved. We aimed to develop a highly sensitive method for phosphoproteomics in endoscopic biopsies of gastric cancer. Methods: Three tumor biopsies and three normal gastric biopsies were obtained by endoscopy at one time, and subjected to our optimized phosphoproteomics. Phosphopeptides were enriched with an immobilized metal affinity chromatography, and labeled with Tandem Mass Tag reagent. Quantified phosphosites were compared between the pairs of tumor/normal biopsies within same patient. Cancer-specific activated pathways and kinases were identified by pathway enrichment analysis and kinase-substrate enrichment analysis. Results: Our protocol enabled the identification of more than 10,000 class 1 phosphosites from endoscopic biopsies. A comparison between samples from cancer tissue and normal mucosa demonstrated differences in the phosphosignaling, including biomarkers of response to DNA damage. Finally, cancer-specific activation of DNA damage response signaling was validated by additional phosphoproteomics of other patients and western blotting of gastric cancer/normal cells. Conclusion: In summary, our pioneering approach will facilitate more accurate clinical phosphoproteomics in endoscopic biopsies, which can be applied to monitor the activities of therapeutic kinases and, ultimately, can be a useful tool to precision medicine.
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Lindoso RS, Kasai-Brunswick TH, Monnerat Cahli G, Collino F, Bastos Carvalho A, Campos de Carvalho AC, Vieyra A. Proteomics in the World of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Cells 2019; 8:cells8070703. [PMID: 31336746 PMCID: PMC6678893 DOI: 10.3390/cells8070703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Omics approaches have significantly impacted knowledge about molecular signaling pathways driving cell function. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) have revolutionized the field of biological sciences and proteomics and, in particular, has been instrumental in identifying key elements operating during the maintenance of the pluripotent state and the differentiation process to the diverse cell types that form organisms. This review covers the evolution of conceptual and methodological strategies in proteomics; briefly describes the generation of iPSC from a historical perspective, the state-of-the-art of iPSC-based proteomics; and compares data on the proteome and transcriptome of iPSC to that of embryonic stem cells (ESC). Finally, proteomics of healthy and diseased cells and organoids differentiated from iPSC are analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Soares Lindoso
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics and National Center for Structural Biology and Bioimaging/CENABIO, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-102, Brazil
| | - Tais H Kasai-Brunswick
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics and National Center for Structural Biology and Bioimaging/CENABIO, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-102, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Monnerat Cahli
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics and National Center for Structural Biology and Bioimaging/CENABIO, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-102, Brazil
- Laboratory of Proteomics, LADETEC, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-598, Brazil
| | - Federica Collino
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics and National Center for Structural Biology and Bioimaging/CENABIO, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-102, Brazil
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Adriana Bastos Carvalho
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics and National Center for Structural Biology and Bioimaging/CENABIO, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-102, Brazil
| | - Antonio Carlos Campos de Carvalho
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics and National Center for Structural Biology and Bioimaging/CENABIO, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-102, Brazil.
| | - Adalberto Vieyra
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics and National Center for Structural Biology and Bioimaging/CENABIO, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-102, Brazil.
- Graduate Program in Translational Biomedicine, Grande Rio University, Duque de Caxias 25071-202, Brazil.
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