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Chang C, Zhou G, Lee Luo C, Eleraky S, Moradi M, Gao Y. Sugar ring alignment and dynamics underline cytarabine and gemcitabine inhibition on Pol η catalyzed DNA synthesis. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107361. [PMID: 38735473 PMCID: PMC11176770 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Nucleoside analogue drugs are pervasively used as antiviral and chemotherapy agents. Cytarabine and gemcitabine are anti-cancer nucleoside analogue drugs that contain C2' modifications on the sugar ring. Despite carrying all the required functional groups for DNA synthesis, these two compounds inhibit DNA extension once incorporated into DNA. It remains unclear how the C2' modifications on cytarabine and gemcitabine affect the polymerase active site during substrate binding and DNA extension. Using steady-state kinetics, static and time-resolved X-ray crystallography with DNA polymerase η (Pol η) as a model system, we showed that the sugar ring C2' chemical groups on cytarabine and gemcitabine snugly fit within the Pol η active site without occluding the steric gate. During DNA extension, Pol η can extend past gemcitabine but with much lower efficiency past cytarabine. The Pol η crystal structures show that the -OH modification in the β direction on cytarabine locks the sugar ring in an unfavorable C2'-endo geometry for product formation. On the other hand, the addition of fluorine atoms on gemcitabine alters the proper conformational transition of the sugar ring for DNA synthesis. Our study illustrates mechanistic insights into chemotherapeutic drug inhibition and resistance and guides future optimization of nucleoside analogue drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb Chang
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Grace Zhou
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Sarah Eleraky
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Madeline Moradi
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Yang Gao
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA.
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Dalisay DS, Tenebro CP, Sabido EM, Suarez AFL, Paderog MJV, Reyes-Salarda R, Saludes JP. Marine-Derived Anticancer Agents Targeting Apoptotic Pathways: Exploring the Depths for Novel Cancer Therapies. Mar Drugs 2024; 22:114. [PMID: 38535455 PMCID: PMC10972102 DOI: 10.3390/md22030114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Extensive research has been conducted on the isolation and study of bioactive compounds derived from marine sources. Several natural products have demonstrated potential as inducers of apoptosis and are currently under investigation in clinical trials. These marine-derived compounds selectively interact with extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways using a variety of molecular mechanisms, resulting in cell shrinkage, chromatin condensation, cytoplasmic blebs, apoptotic bodies, and phagocytosis by adjacent parenchymal cells, neoplastic cells, or macrophages. Numerous marine-derived compounds are currently undergoing rigorous examination for their potential application in cancer therapy. This review examines a total of 21 marine-derived compounds, along with their synthetic derivatives, sourced from marine organisms such as sponges, corals, tunicates, mollusks, ascidians, algae, cyanobacteria, fungi, and actinobacteria. These compounds are currently undergoing preclinical and clinical trials to evaluate their potential as apoptosis inducers for the treatment of different types of cancer. This review further examined the compound's properties and mode of action, preclinical investigations, clinical trial studies on single or combination therapy, and the prospective development of marine-derived anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doralyn S. Dalisay
- Center for Chemical Biology and Biotechnology (C2B2), University of San Agustin, Iloilo City 5000, Philippines; (C.P.T.); (E.M.S.); (M.J.V.P.)
- Department of Biology, University of San Agustin, Iloilo City 5000, Philippines;
- Balik Scientist Program, Department of Science and Technology, Philippine Council for Health Research and Development (DOST-PCHRD), Taguig 1631, Philippines;
| | - Chuckcris P. Tenebro
- Center for Chemical Biology and Biotechnology (C2B2), University of San Agustin, Iloilo City 5000, Philippines; (C.P.T.); (E.M.S.); (M.J.V.P.)
| | - Edna M. Sabido
- Center for Chemical Biology and Biotechnology (C2B2), University of San Agustin, Iloilo City 5000, Philippines; (C.P.T.); (E.M.S.); (M.J.V.P.)
| | - Angelica Faith L. Suarez
- Center for Natural Drug Discovery and Development (CND3), University of San Agustin, Iloilo City 5000, Philippines;
| | - Melissa June V. Paderog
- Center for Chemical Biology and Biotechnology (C2B2), University of San Agustin, Iloilo City 5000, Philippines; (C.P.T.); (E.M.S.); (M.J.V.P.)
- Department of Pharmacy, University of San Agustin, Iloilo City 5000, Philippines
| | - Rikka Reyes-Salarda
- Department of Biology, University of San Agustin, Iloilo City 5000, Philippines;
| | - Jonel P. Saludes
- Balik Scientist Program, Department of Science and Technology, Philippine Council for Health Research and Development (DOST-PCHRD), Taguig 1631, Philippines;
- Center for Natural Drug Discovery and Development (CND3), University of San Agustin, Iloilo City 5000, Philippines;
- Department of Chemistry, University of San Agustin, Iloilo City 5000, Philippines
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Chang C, Zhou G, Gao Y. In crystallo observation of active site dynamics and transient metal ion binding within DNA polymerases. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2023; 10:034702. [PMID: 37333512 PMCID: PMC10275647 DOI: 10.1063/4.0000187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
DNA polymerases are the enzymatic catalysts that synthesize DNA during DNA replication and repair. Kinetic studies and x-ray crystallography have uncovered the overall kinetic pathway and led to a two-metal-ion dependent catalytic mechanism. Diffusion-based time-resolved crystallography has permitted the visualization of the catalytic reaction at atomic resolution and made it possible to capture transient events and metal ion binding that have eluded static polymerase structures. This review discusses past static structures and recent time-resolved structures that emphasize the crucial importance of primer alignment and different metal ions binding during catalysis and substrate discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yang Gao
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:. Tel.: +1 (713) 348-2619
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Primer terminal ribonucleotide alters the active site dynamics of DNA polymerase η and reduces DNA synthesis fidelity. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:102938. [PMID: 36702254 PMCID: PMC9976465 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.102938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA polymerases catalyze DNA synthesis with high efficiency, which is essential for all life. Extensive kinetic and structural efforts have been executed in exploring mechanisms of DNA polymerases, surrounding their kinetic pathway, catalytic mechanisms, and factors that dictate polymerase fidelity. Recent time-resolved crystallography studies on DNA polymerase η (Pol η) and β have revealed essential transient events during the DNA synthesis reaction, such as mechanisms of primer deprotonation, separated roles of the three metal ions, and conformational changes that disfavor incorporation of the incorrect substrate. DNA-embedded ribonucleotides (rNs) are the most common lesion on DNA and a major threat to genome integrity. While kinetics of rN incorporation has been explored and structural studies have revealed that DNA polymerases have a steric gate that destabilizes ribonucleotide triphosphate binding, the mechanism of extension upon rN addition remains poorly characterized. Using steady-state kinetics, static and time-resolved X-ray crystallography with Pol η as a model system, we showed that the extra hydroxyl group on the primer terminus does alter the dynamics of the polymerase active site as well as the catalysis and fidelity of DNA synthesis. During rN extension, Pol η error incorporation efficiency increases significantly across different sequence contexts. Finally, our systematic structural studies suggest that the rN at the primer end improves primer alignment and reduces barriers in C2'-endo to C3'-endo sugar conformational change. Overall, our work provides further mechanistic insights into the effects of rN incorporation on DNA synthesis.
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Kalhor S, Fattahi A. Design of amino acid- and carbohydrate-based anticancer drugs to inhibit polymerase η. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18461. [PMID: 36323739 PMCID: PMC9630280 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22810-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA polymerase η (polη) is of significant value for designing new families of anticancer drugs. This protein takes a role in many stages of the cell cycle, including DNA replication, translesion DNA synthesis, and the repairing process of DNA. According to many studies, a high level of expression of polη in most cases has been associated with low rates of patients' survival, regardless of considering the stage of tumor cells. Thus, the design of new drugs with fewer side effects to inhibit polη in cancerous cells has attracted attention in recent years. This project aims to design and explore the alternative inhibitors for polη, which are based on carbohydrates and amino acids. In terms of physicochemical properties, they are similar to the traditional anticancer drugs such as Cytarabine (cytosine arabinose). These alternative inhibitors are supposed to disrupt the DNA replication process in cancerous cells and prevent the tumor cells from mitosis. These newly designed structures, which are based on natural products, are expected to be non-toxic and to have the same chemotherapeutic impact as the traditional agents. The combinatorial use of quantum mechanics studies and molecular dynamic simulation has enabled us to precisely predict the inhibition mechanism of the newly designed structure, which is based on carbohydrates and amino acids, and compare it with that of the traditional chemotherapeutic drugs such as Cytarabine. Our results suggest that the inhibitors containing the natural building blocks of amino acid and carbohydrate could be considered alternative drugs for Cytarabine to block polη.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Kalhor
- Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Fattahi
- Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
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Shilkin ES, Boldinova EO, Stolyarenko AD, Goncharova RI, Chuprov-Netochin RN, Smal MP, Makarova AV. Translesion DNA Synthesis and Reinitiation of DNA Synthesis in Chemotherapy Resistance. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2021; 85:869-882. [PMID: 33045948 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297920080039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Many chemotherapy drugs block tumor cell division by damaging DNA. DNA polymerases eta (Pol η), iota (Pol ι), kappa (Pol κ), REV1 of the Y-family and zeta (Pol ζ) of the B-family efficiently incorporate nucleotides opposite a number of DNA lesions during translesion DNA synthesis. Primase-polymerase PrimPol and the Pol α-primase complex reinitiate DNA synthesis downstream of the damaged sites using their DNA primase activity. These enzymes can decrease the efficacy of chemotherapy drugs, contribute to the survival of tumor cells and to the progression of malignant diseases. DNA polymerases are promising targets for increasing the effectiveness of chemotherapy, and mutations and polymorphisms in some DNA polymerases can serve as additional prognostic markers in a number of oncological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Shilkin
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 123182, Russia
| | - E O Boldinova
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 123182, Russia
| | - A D Stolyarenko
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 123182, Russia
| | - R I Goncharova
- Institute of Genetics and Cytology, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk, 220072, Republic of Belarus
| | - R N Chuprov-Netochin
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141701, Russia
| | - M P Smal
- Institute of Genetics and Cytology, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk, 220072, Republic of Belarus.
| | - A V Makarova
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 123182, Russia.
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Heo SK, Noh EK, Yu HM, Kim DK, Seo HJ, Lee YJ, Cheon J, Koh SJ, Min YJ, Choi Y, Jo JC. Radotinib enhances cytarabine (Ara-C)-induced acute myeloid leukemia cell death. BMC Cancer 2020; 20:1193. [PMID: 33276759 PMCID: PMC7718665 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-020-07701-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogeneous disease that frequently relapses after standard chemotherapy. Therefore, there is a need for the development of novel chemotherapeutic agents that could treat AML effectively. Radotinib, an oral BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitor, was developed as a drug for the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia. Previously, we reported that radotinib exerts increased cytotoxic effects towards AML cells. However, little is known about the effects of combining radotinib with Ara-C, a conventional chemotherapeutic agent for AML, with respect to cell death in AML cells. Therefore, we investigated combination effects of radotinib and Ara-C on AML in this study. Methods Synergistic anti-cancer effects of radotinib and Ara-C in AML cells including HL60, HEL92.1.7, THP-1 and bone marrow cells from AML patients have been examined. Diverse cell biological assays such as cell viability assay, Annexin V-positive cells, caspase-3 activity, cell cycle distribution, and related signaling pathway have been performed. Results The combination of radotinib and Ara-C was found to induce AML cell apoptosis, which involved the mitochondrial pathway. In brief, combined radotinib and Ara-C significantly induced Annexin V-positive cells, cytosolic cytochrome C, and the pro-apoptotic protein Bax in AML cells including HL60, HEL92.1.7, and THP-1. In addition, mitochondrial membrane potential and Bcl-xl protein were markedly decreased by radotinib and Ara-C. Moreover, this combination induced caspase-3 activity. Cleaved caspase-3, 7, and 9 levels were also increased by combined radotinib and Ara-C. Additionally, radotinib and Ara-C co-treatment induced G0/G1 arrest via the induction of CDKIs such as p21 and p27 and the inhibition of CDK2 and cyclin E. Thus, radotinib/Ara-C induces mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis and G0/G1 arrest via the regulation of the CDKI–CDK–cyclin cascade in AML cells. In addition, our results showed that combined treatment with radotinib and Ara-C inhibits AML cell growth, including tumor volumes and weights in vivo. Also, the combination of radotinib and Ara-C can sensitize cells to chemotherapeutic agents such as daunorubicin or idarubicin in AML cells. Conclusions Therefore, our results can be concluded that radotinib in combination with Ara-C possesses a strong anti-AML activity. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-020-07701-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sook-Kyoung Heo
- Biomedical Research Center, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, 44033, Republic of Korea
| | - Eui-Kyu Noh
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 877 Bangeojinsunhwan-doro, Dong-gu, Ulsan, 44033, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Min Yu
- Biomedical Research Center, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, 44033, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Kyoung Kim
- Biomedical Research Center, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, 44033, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Jin Seo
- Biomedical Research Center, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, 44033, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoo Jin Lee
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 877 Bangeojinsunhwan-doro, Dong-gu, Ulsan, 44033, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaekyung Cheon
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 877 Bangeojinsunhwan-doro, Dong-gu, Ulsan, 44033, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Jin Koh
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 877 Bangeojinsunhwan-doro, Dong-gu, Ulsan, 44033, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Joo Min
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 877 Bangeojinsunhwan-doro, Dong-gu, Ulsan, 44033, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunsuk Choi
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 877 Bangeojinsunhwan-doro, Dong-gu, Ulsan, 44033, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae-Cheol Jo
- Biomedical Research Center, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, 44033, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Hematology and Oncology, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 877 Bangeojinsunhwan-doro, Dong-gu, Ulsan, 44033, Republic of Korea.
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Structural insights into mutagenicity of anticancer nucleoside analog cytarabine during replication by DNA polymerase η. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16400. [PMID: 31704958 PMCID: PMC6841716 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52703-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytarabine (AraC) is the mainstay chemotherapy for acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Whereas initial treatment with AraC is usually successful, most AML patients tend to relapse, and AraC treatment-induced mutagenesis may contribute to the development of chemo-resistant leukemic clones. We show here that whereas the high-fidelity replicative polymerase Polδ is blocked in the replication of AraC, the lower-fidelity translesion DNA synthesis (TLS) polymerase Polη is proficient, inserting both correct and incorrect nucleotides opposite a template AraC base. Furthermore, we present high-resolution crystal structures of human Polη with a template AraC residue positioned opposite correct (G) and incorrect (A) incoming deoxynucleotides. We show that Polη can accommodate local perturbation caused by the AraC via specific hydrogen bonding and maintain a reaction-ready active site alignment for insertion of both correct and incorrect incoming nucleotides. Taken together, the structures provide a novel basis for the ability of Polη to promote AraC induced mutagenesis in relapsed AML patients.
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Yoon JH, Roy Choudhury J, Prakash L, Prakash S. Translesion synthesis DNA polymerases η, ι, and ν promote mutagenic replication through the anticancer nucleoside cytarabine. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:19048-19054. [PMID: 31685662 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.011381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytarabine (AraC) is the mainstay for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia. Although complete remission is observed in a large proportion of patients, relapse occurs in almost all the cases. The chemotherapeutic action of AraC derives from its ability to inhibit DNA synthesis by the replicative polymerases (Pols); the replicative Pols can insert AraCTP at the 3' terminus of the nascent DNA strand, but they are blocked at extending synthesis from AraC. By extending synthesis from the 3'-terminal AraC and by replicating through AraC that becomes incorporated into DNA, translesion synthesis (TLS) DNA Pols could reduce the effectiveness of AraC in chemotherapy. Here we identify the TLS Pols required for replicating through the AraC templating residue and determine their error-proneness. We provide evidence that TLS makes a consequential contribution to the replication of AraC-damaged DNA; that TLS through AraC is conducted by three different pathways dependent upon Polη, Polι, and Polν, respectively; and that TLS by all these Pols incurs considerable mutagenesis. The prominent role of TLS in promoting proficient and mutagenic replication through AraC suggests that TLS inhibition in acute myeloid leukemia patients would increase the effectiveness of AraC chemotherapy; and by reducing mutation formation, TLS inhibition may dampen the emergence of drug-resistant tumors and thereby the high incidence of relapse in AraC-treated patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hoon Yoon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas 77555
| | - Jayati Roy Choudhury
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas 77555
| | - Louise Prakash
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas 77555
| | - Satya Prakash
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas 77555
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Acharya N, Manohar K, Peroumal D, Khandagale P, Patel SK, Sahu SR, Kumari P. Multifaceted activities of DNA polymerase η: beyond translesion DNA synthesis. Curr Genet 2018; 65:649-656. [PMID: 30535880 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-018-0918-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
DNA polymerases are evolved to extend the 3'-OH of a growing primer annealed to a template DNA substrate. Since replicative DNA polymerases have a limited role while replicating structurally distorted template, translesion DNA polymerases mostly from Y-family come to the rescue of stalled replication fork and maintain genome stability. DNA polymerase eta is one such specialized enzyme whose function is directly associated with casual development of certain skin cancers and chemo-resistance. More than 20 years of extensive studies are available to support TLS activities of Polη in bypassing various DNA lesions, in addition, limited but crucial growing evidence also exist to suggest Polη possessing TLS-independent cellular functions. In this review, we have mostly focused on non-TLS activities of Polη from different organisms including our recent findings from pathogenic yeast Candida albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narottam Acharya
- Laboratory of Genomic Instability and Diseases, Department of Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, 751023, India.
| | - Kodavati Manohar
- Laboratory of Genomic Instability and Diseases, Department of Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, 751023, India
| | - Doureradjou Peroumal
- Laboratory of Genomic Instability and Diseases, Department of Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, 751023, India
| | - Prashant Khandagale
- Laboratory of Genomic Instability and Diseases, Department of Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, 751023, India
| | - Shraddheya Kumar Patel
- Laboratory of Genomic Instability and Diseases, Department of Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, 751023, India
| | - Satya Ranjan Sahu
- Laboratory of Genomic Instability and Diseases, Department of Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, 751023, India
| | - Premlata Kumari
- Laboratory of Genomic Instability and Diseases, Department of Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, 751023, India
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