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Ding M, Nielsen K. Inbred Mouse Models in Cryptococcus neoformans Research. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:426. [PMID: 38921412 PMCID: PMC11204852 DOI: 10.3390/jof10060426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Animal models are frequently used as surrogates to understand human disease. In the fungal pathogen Cryptococcus species complex, several variations of a mouse model of disease were developed that recapitulate different aspects of human disease. These mouse models have been implemented using various inbred and outbred mouse backgrounds, many of which have genetic differences that can influence host response and disease outcome. In this review, we will discuss the most commonly used inbred mouse backgrounds in C. neoformans infection models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kirsten Nielsen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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2
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Horani A, Gupta DK, Xu J, Xu H, del Carmen Puga-Molina L, Santi CM, Ramagiri S, Brennan SK, Pan J, Koenitzer JR, Huang T, Hyland RM, Gunsten SP, Tzeng SC, Strahle JM, Mill P, Mahjoub MR, Dutcher SK, Brody SL. The effect of Dnaaf5 gene dosage on primary ciliary dyskinesia phenotypes. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e168836. [PMID: 37104040 PMCID: PMC10393236 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.168836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
DNAAF5 is a dynein motor assembly factor associated with the autosomal heterogenic recessive condition of motile cilia, primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD). The effects of allele heterozygosity on motile cilia function are unknown. We used CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing in mice to recreate a human missense variant identified in patients with mild PCD and a second, frameshift-null deletion in Dnaaf5. Litters with Dnaaf5 heteroallelic variants showed distinct missense and null gene dosage effects. Homozygosity for the null Dnaaf5 alleles was embryonic lethal. Compound heterozygous animals with the missense and null alleles showed severe disease manifesting as hydrocephalus and early lethality. However, animals homozygous for the missense mutation had improved survival, with partially preserved cilia function and motor assembly observed by ultrastructure analysis. Notably, the same variant alleles exhibited divergent cilia function across different multiciliated tissues. Proteomic analysis of isolated airway cilia from mutant mice revealed reduction in some axonemal regulatory and structural proteins not previously reported in DNAAF5 variants. Transcriptional analysis of mouse and human mutant cells showed increased expression of genes coding for axonemal proteins. These findings suggest allele-specific and tissue-specific molecular requirements for cilia motor assembly that may affect disease phenotypes and clinical trajectory in motile ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amjad Horani
- Department of Pediatrics
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Sruthi Ramagiri
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jennifer M. Strahle
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Pleasantine Mill
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Moe R. Mahjoub
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology
- Department of Medicine
| | - Susan K. Dutcher
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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3
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Zhang X, Zhao Z, Wu Q, Wang L, Li L, Wang M, Ren Y, Pan L, Tang H, Li F. Single-cell analysis reveals changes in BCG vaccine-injected mice modeling tuberculous meningitis brain infection. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112177. [PMID: 36862557 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculous meningitis (TBM) is the most severe and deadly manifestation of tuberculosis. Neurological complications are observed in up to 50% of patients affected. Here, attenuated Mycobacterium bovis are injected into the cerebellum of mice, and histopathological images and cultured colonies confirm successful brain infection. Then, whole-brain tissue is dissected for 10X Genomics single-cell sequencing, and we acquire 15 cell types. Transcriptional changes of inflammation processes are found in multiple cell types. Specifically, Stat1 and IRF1 are shown to mediate inflammation in macrophages and microglia. For neurons, decreased oxidative phosphorylation activity in neurons is observed, which corresponds to TBM clinical symptoms of neurodegeneration. Finally, ependymal cells present prominent transcriptional changes, and decreased FERM domain containing 4A (Frmd4a) may contribute to TBM clinical symptoms of hydrocephalus and neurodegeneration. This study shows a single-cell transcriptome of M. bovis infection in mice and improves the understanding of brain infection and neurological complications in TBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Disease and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Zhangyan Zhao
- Department of Respiratory Disease and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Qingguo Wu
- Department of Respiratory Disease and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Respiratory Disease and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Liqun Li
- Department of Respiratory Disease and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Mei Wang
- Department of Respiratory Disease and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Yang Ren
- Department of Respiratory Disease and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Lei Pan
- Department of Respiratory Disease and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Haicheng Tang
- Department of Respiratory Disease and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China.
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Respiratory Disease and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China; Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
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4
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Horani A, Gupta DK, Xu J, Xu H, Del Carmen Puga-Molina L, Santi CM, Ramagiri S, Brennen SK, Pan J, Huang T, Hyland RM, Gunsten SP, Tzeng SC, Strahle JM, Mill P, Mahjoub MR, Dutcher SK, Brody SL. The effect of Dnaaf5 gene dosage on primary ciliary dyskinesia phenotypes. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.13.523966. [PMID: 36712068 PMCID: PMC9882222 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.13.523966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
DNAAF5 is a dynein motor assembly factor associated with the autosomal heterogenic recessive condition of motile cilia, primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD). The effects of allele heterozygosity on motile cilia function are unknown. We used CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing in mice to recreate a human missense variant identified in patients with mild PCD and a second, frameshift null deletion in Dnaaf5 . Litters with Dnaaf5 heteroallelic variants showed distinct missense and null gene dosage effects. Homozygosity for the null Dnaaf5 alleles was embryonic lethal. Compound heterozygous animals with the missense and null alleles showed severe disease manifesting as hydrocephalus and early lethality. However, animals homozygous for the missense mutation had improved survival, with partial preserved cilia function and motor assembly observed by ultrastructure analysis. Notably, the same variant alleles exhibited divergent cilia function across different multiciliated tissues. Proteomic analysis of isolated airway cilia from mutant mice revealed reduction in some axonemal regulatory and structural proteins not previously reported in DNAAF5 variants. While transcriptional analysis of mouse and human mutant cells showed increased expression of genes coding for axonemal proteins. Together, these findings suggest allele-specific and tissue-specific molecular requirements for cilia motor assembly that may affect disease phenotypes and clinical trajectory in motile ciliopathies. Brief Summary A mouse model of human DNAAF5 primary ciliary dyskinesia variants reveals gene dosage effects of mutant alleles and tissue-specific molecular requirements for cilia motor assembly.
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5
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Ji W, Tang Z, Chen Y, Wang C, Tan C, Liao J, Tong L, Xiao G. Ependymal Cilia: Physiology and Role in Hydrocephalus. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:927479. [PMID: 35903173 PMCID: PMC9315228 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.927479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), a colorless liquid that generally circulates from the lateral ventricles to the third and fourth ventricles, provides essential nutrients for brain homeostasis and growth factors during development. As evidenced by an increasing corpus of research, CSF serves a range of important functions. While it is considered that decreased CSF flow is associated to the development of hydrocephalus, it has recently been postulated that motile cilia, which line the apical surfaces of ependymal cells (ECs), play a role in stimulating CSF circulation by cilia beating. Ependymal cilia protrude from ECs, and their synchronous pulsing transports CSF from the lateral ventricle to the third and fourth ventricles, and then to the subarachnoid cavity for absorption. As a result, we postulated that malfunctioning ependymal cilia could disrupt normal CSF flow, raising the risk of hydrocephalus. This review aims to demonstrate the physiological functions of ependymal cilia, as well as how cilia immobility or disorientation causes problems. We also conclude conceivable ways of treatment of hydrocephalus currently for clinical application and provide theoretical support for regimen improvements by investigating the relationship between ependymal cilia and hydrocephalus development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiye Ji
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Diagnosis and Treatment Center for Hydrocephalus, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhi Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yibing Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Diagnosis and Treatment Center for Hydrocephalus, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chuansen Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Diagnosis and Treatment Center for Hydrocephalus, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Changwu Tan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Diagnosis and Treatment Center for Hydrocephalus, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Junbo Liao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Diagnosis and Treatment Center for Hydrocephalus, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lei Tong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Diagnosis and Treatment Center for Hydrocephalus, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Gelei Xiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Diagnosis and Treatment Center for Hydrocephalus, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Gelei Xiao,
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Niziolek M, Bicka M, Osinka A, Samsel Z, Sekretarska J, Poprzeczko M, Bazan R, Fabczak H, Joachimiak E, Wloga D. PCD Genes-From Patients to Model Organisms and Back to Humans. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031749. [PMID: 35163666 PMCID: PMC8836003 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a hereditary genetic disorder caused by the lack of motile cilia or the assembxly of dysfunctional ones. This rare human disease affects 1 out of 10,000-20,000 individuals and is caused by mutations in at least 50 genes. The past twenty years brought significant progress in the identification of PCD-causative genes and in our understanding of the connections between causative mutations and ciliary defects observed in affected individuals. These scientific advances have been achieved, among others, due to the extensive motile cilia-related research conducted using several model organisms, ranging from protists to mammals. These are unicellular organisms such as the green alga Chlamydomonas, the parasitic protist Trypanosoma, and free-living ciliates, Tetrahymena and Paramecium, the invertebrate Schmidtea, and vertebrates such as zebrafish, Xenopus, and mouse. Establishing such evolutionarily distant experimental models with different levels of cell or body complexity was possible because both basic motile cilia ultrastructure and protein composition are highly conserved throughout evolution. Here, we characterize model organisms commonly used to study PCD-related genes, highlight their pros and cons, and summarize experimental data collected using these models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Niziolek
- Laboratory of Cytoskeleton and Cilia Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (M.N.); (M.B.); (A.O.); (Z.S.); (J.S.); (M.P.); (R.B.); (H.F.)
| | - Marta Bicka
- Laboratory of Cytoskeleton and Cilia Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (M.N.); (M.B.); (A.O.); (Z.S.); (J.S.); (M.P.); (R.B.); (H.F.)
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, 1 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Osinka
- Laboratory of Cytoskeleton and Cilia Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (M.N.); (M.B.); (A.O.); (Z.S.); (J.S.); (M.P.); (R.B.); (H.F.)
| | - Zuzanna Samsel
- Laboratory of Cytoskeleton and Cilia Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (M.N.); (M.B.); (A.O.); (Z.S.); (J.S.); (M.P.); (R.B.); (H.F.)
| | - Justyna Sekretarska
- Laboratory of Cytoskeleton and Cilia Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (M.N.); (M.B.); (A.O.); (Z.S.); (J.S.); (M.P.); (R.B.); (H.F.)
| | - Martyna Poprzeczko
- Laboratory of Cytoskeleton and Cilia Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (M.N.); (M.B.); (A.O.); (Z.S.); (J.S.); (M.P.); (R.B.); (H.F.)
- Laboratory of Immunology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawinskiego Street, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rafal Bazan
- Laboratory of Cytoskeleton and Cilia Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (M.N.); (M.B.); (A.O.); (Z.S.); (J.S.); (M.P.); (R.B.); (H.F.)
| | - Hanna Fabczak
- Laboratory of Cytoskeleton and Cilia Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (M.N.); (M.B.); (A.O.); (Z.S.); (J.S.); (M.P.); (R.B.); (H.F.)
| | - Ewa Joachimiak
- Laboratory of Cytoskeleton and Cilia Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (M.N.); (M.B.); (A.O.); (Z.S.); (J.S.); (M.P.); (R.B.); (H.F.)
- Correspondence: (E.J.); (D.W.); Tel.: +48-22-58-92-338 (E.J. & D.W.)
| | - Dorota Wloga
- Laboratory of Cytoskeleton and Cilia Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (M.N.); (M.B.); (A.O.); (Z.S.); (J.S.); (M.P.); (R.B.); (H.F.)
- Correspondence: (E.J.); (D.W.); Tel.: +48-22-58-92-338 (E.J. & D.W.)
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7
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A Homozygous AKNA Frameshift Variant Is Associated with Microcephaly in a Pakistani Family. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12101494. [PMID: 34680889 PMCID: PMC8535656 DOI: 10.3390/genes12101494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary microcephaly (MCPH) is a prenatal condition of small brain size with a varying degree of intellectual disability. It is a heterogeneous genetic disorder with 28 associated genes reported so far. Most of these genes encode centrosomal proteins. Recently, AKNA was recognized as a novel centrosomal protein that regulates neurogenesis via microtubule organization, making AKNA a likely candidate gene for MCPH. Using linkage analysis and whole-exome sequencing, we found a frameshift variant in exon 12 of AKNA (NM_030767.4: c.2737delG) that cosegregates with microcephaly, mild intellectual disability and speech impairment in a consanguineous family from Pakistan. This variant is predicted to result in a protein with a truncated C-terminus (p.(Glu913Argfs*42)), which has been shown to be indispensable to AKNA’s localization to the centrosome and a normal brain development. Moreover, the amino acid sequence is altered from the beginning of the second of the two PEST domains, which are rich in proline (P), glutamic acid (E), serine (S), and threonine (T) and common to rapidly degraded proteins. An impaired function of the PEST domains may affect the intracellular half-life of the protein. Our genetic findings compellingly substantiate the predicted candidacy, based on its newly ascribed functional features, of the multifaceted protein AKNA for association with MCPH.
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8
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Microglia activated by microbial neuraminidase contributes to ependymal cell death. Fluids Barriers CNS 2021; 18:15. [PMID: 33757539 PMCID: PMC7986511 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-021-00249-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The administration of microbial neuraminidase into the brain ventricular cavities of rodents represents a model of acute aseptic neuroinflammation. Ependymal cell death and hydrocephalus are unique features of this model. Here we demonstrate that activated microglia participates in ependymal cell death. Co-cultures of pure microglia with ependymal cells (both obtained from rats) were performed, and neuraminidase or lipopolysaccharide were used to activate microglia. Ependymal cell viability was unaltered in the absence of microglia or inflammatory stimulus (neuraminidase or lipopolysaccharide). The constitutive expression by ependymal cells of receptors for cytokines released by activated microglia, such as IL-1β, was demonstrated by qPCR. Besides, neuraminidase induced the overexpression of both receptors in ventricular wall explants. Finally, ependymal viability was evaluated in the presence of functional blocking antibodies against IL-1β and TNFα. In the co-culture setting, an IL-1β blocking antibody prevented ependymal cell death, while TNFα antibody did not. These results suggest that activated microglia are involved in the ependymal damage that occurs after the administration of neuraminidase in the ventricular cavities, and points to IL-1β as possible mediator of such effect. The relevance of these results lies in the fact that brain infections caused by neuraminidase-bearing pathogens are frequently associated to ependymal death and hydrocephalus.
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9
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Ding X, Fragoza R, Singh P, Zhang S, Yu H, Schimenti JC. Variants in RABL2A causing male infertility and ciliopathy. Hum Mol Genet 2020; 29:3402-3411. [PMID: 33075816 PMCID: PMC7749704 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddaa230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 7% of men worldwide suffer from infertility, with sperm abnormalities being the most common defect. Though genetic causes are thought to underlie a substantial fraction of idiopathic cases, the actual molecular bases are usually undetermined. Because the consequences of most genetic variants in populations are unknown, this complicates genetic diagnosis even after genome sequencing of patients. Some patients with ciliopathies, including primary ciliary dyskinesia and Bardet-Biedl syndrome, also suffer from infertility because cilia and sperm flagella share several characteristics. Here, we identified two deleterious alleles of RABL2A, a gene essential for normal function of cilia and flagella. Our in silico predictions and in vitro assays suggest that both alleles destabilize the protein. We constructed and analyzed mice homozygous for these two single-nucleotide polymorphisms, Rabl2L119F (rs80006029) and Rabl2V158F (rs200121688), and found that they exhibit ciliopathy-associated disorders including male infertility, early growth retardation, excessive weight gain in adulthood, heterotaxia, pre-axial polydactyly, neural tube defects and hydrocephalus. Our study provides a paradigm for triaging candidate infertility variants in the population for in vivo functional validation, using computational, in vitro and in vivo approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinbao Ding
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Robert Fragoza
- Department of Biological Statistics and Computational Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Priti Singh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Shu Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Haiyuan Yu
- Department of Biological Statistics and Computational Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - John C Schimenti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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10
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Shamseldin HE, Al Mogarri I, Alqwaiee MM, Alharbi AS, Baqais K, AlSaadi M, AlAnzi T, Alhashem A, Saghier A, Ameen W, Ibrahim N, Yang J, Abdulwahab F, Hashem M, Chivukula RR, Alkuraya FS. An exome-first approach to aid in the diagnosis of primary ciliary dyskinesia. Hum Genet 2020; 139:1273-1283. [PMID: 32367404 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-020-02170-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Unlike disorders of primary cilium, primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) has a much narrower clinical spectrum consistent with the limited tissue distribution of motile cilia. Nonetheless, PCD diagnosis can be challenging due to the overlapping features with other disorders and the requirement for sophisticated tests that are only available in specialized centers. We performed exome sequencing on all patients with a clinical suspicion of PCD but for whom no nasal nitric oxide test or ciliary functional assessment could be ordered. Among 81 patients (56 families), in whom PCD was suspected, 68% had pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants in established PCD-related genes that fully explain the phenotype (20 variants in 11 genes). The major clinical presentations were sinopulmonary infections (SPI) (n = 58), neonatal respiratory distress (NRD) (n = 2), laterality defect (LD) (n = 6), and combined LD/SPI (n = 15). Biallelic likely deleterious variants were also encountered in AKNA and GOLGA3, which we propose as novel candidates in a lung phenotype that overlaps clinically with PCD. We also encountered a PCD phenocopy caused by a pathogenic variant in ITCH, and a pathogenic variant in CEP164 causing Bardet-Biedl syndrome and PCD presentation as a very rare example of the dual presentation of these two disorders of the primary and motile cilia. Exome sequencing is a powerful tool that can help "democratize" the diagnosis of PCD, which is currently limited to highly specialized centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanan E Shamseldin
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim Al Mogarri
- Department of Pediatrics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mansour M Alqwaiee
- Deparment of Pediatrics, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adel S Alharbi
- Deparment of Pediatrics, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaled Baqais
- Deparment of Pediatrics, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muslim AlSaadi
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Talal AlAnzi
- Deparment of Pediatrics, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amal Alhashem
- Deparment of Pediatrics, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Afaf Saghier
- Department of Pediatrics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waleed Ameen
- Department of Pediatrics, King Saud Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Niema Ibrahim
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jason Yang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Firdous Abdulwahab
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mais Hashem
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raghu R Chivukula
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Fowzan S Alkuraya
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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11
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Lee L, Ostrowski LE. Motile cilia genetics and cell biology: big results from little mice. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 78:769-797. [PMID: 32915243 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03633-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Our understanding of motile cilia and their role in disease has increased tremendously over the last two decades, with critical information and insight coming from the analysis of mouse models. Motile cilia form on specific epithelial cell types and typically beat in a coordinated, whip-like manner to facilitate the flow and clearance of fluids along the cell surface. Defects in formation and function of motile cilia result in primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD), a genetically heterogeneous disorder with a well-characterized phenotype but no effective treatment. A number of model systems, ranging from unicellular eukaryotes to mammals, have provided information about the genetics, biochemistry, and structure of motile cilia. However, with remarkable resources available for genetic manipulation and developmental, pathological, and physiological analysis of phenotype, the mouse has risen to the forefront of understanding mammalian motile cilia and modeling PCD. This is evidenced by a large number of relevant mouse lines and an extensive body of genetic and phenotypic data. More recently, application of innovative cell biological techniques to these models has enabled substantial advancement in elucidating the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the biogenesis and function of mammalian motile cilia. In this article, we will review genetic and cell biological studies of motile cilia in mouse models and their contributions to our understanding of motile cilia and PCD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lance Lee
- Pediatrics and Rare Diseases Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD, USA.
| | - Lawrence E Ostrowski
- Marsico Lung Institute/Cystic Fibrosis Center and Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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12
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McKenzie CW, Lee L. Genetic interaction between central pair apparatus genes CFAP221, CFAP54, and SPEF2 in mouse models of primary ciliary dyskinesia. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12337. [PMID: 32704025 PMCID: PMC7378221 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69359-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a genetically heterogeneous syndrome that results from defects in motile cilia. The ciliary axoneme has a 9 + 2 microtubule structure consisting of nine peripheral doublets surrounding a central pair apparatus (CPA), which plays a critical role in regulating proper ciliary function. We have previously shown that mouse models with mutations in CPA genes CFAP221, CFAP54, and SPEF2 have a PCD phenotype with defects in ciliary motility. In this study, we investigated potential genetic interaction between these CPA genes by generating each combination of double heterozygous and double homozygous mutants. No detectable cilia-related phenotypes were observed in double heterozygotes, but all three double homozygous mutant lines exhibit early mortality and typically develop severe PCD-associated phenotypes of hydrocephalus, mucociliary clearance defects in the upper airway, and abnormal spermatogenesis. Double homozygous cilia are generally intact and display a normal morphology and distribution. Spermiogenesis is aborted in double homozygotes, with an absence of mature flagella on elongating spermatids and epididymal sperm. These findings identify genetic interactions between CPA genes and genetic mechanisms regulating the CPA and motile cilia function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey W McKenzie
- Pediatrics and Rare Diseases Group, Sanford Research, 2301 E. 60th Street N., Sioux Falls, SD, 57104, USA
| | - Lance Lee
- Pediatrics and Rare Diseases Group, Sanford Research, 2301 E. 60th Street N., Sioux Falls, SD, 57104, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, 1400 W. 22nd Street, Sioux Falls, SD, 57105, USA.
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13
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Miyata H, Morohoshi A, Ikawa M. Analysis of the sperm flagellar axoneme using gene-modified mice. Exp Anim 2020; 69:374-381. [PMID: 32554934 PMCID: PMC7677079 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.20-0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Infertility is a global health issue that affects 1 in 6 couples, with male factors contributing to 50% of cases. The flagellar axoneme is a motility apparatus of spermatozoa, and disruption of its structure or function could lead to male infertility. The axoneme consists of a "9+2" structure that contains a central pair of two singlet microtubules surrounded by nine doublet microtubules, in addition to several macromolecular complexes such as dynein arms, radial spokes, and nexin-dynein regulatory complexes. Molecular components of the flagellar axoneme are evolutionally conserved from unicellular flagellates to mammals, including mice. Although knockout (KO) mice have been generated to understand their function in the formation and motility regulation of sperm flagella, the majority of KO mice die before sexual maturation due to impaired ciliary motility, which makes it challenging to analyze mature spermatozoa. In this review, we introduce methods that have been used to overcome premature lethality, focusing on KO mouse lines of central pair components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruhiko Miyata
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Akane Morohoshi
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masahito Ikawa
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
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14
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Dai D, Ichikawa M, Peri K, Rebinsky R, Huy Bui K. Identification and mapping of central pair proteins by proteomic analysis. Biophys Physicobiol 2020; 17:71-85. [PMID: 33178545 PMCID: PMC7596323 DOI: 10.2142/biophysico.bsj-2019048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cilia or flagella of eukaryotes are small micro-hair like structures that are indispensable to single-cell motility and play an important role in mammalian biological processes. Cilia or flagella are composed of nine doublet microtubules surrounding a pair of singlet microtubules called the central pair (CP). Together, this arrangement forms a canonical and highly conserved 9+2 axonemal structure. The CP, which is a unique structure exclusive to motile cilia, is a pair of structurally dimorphic singlet microtubules decorated with numerous associated proteins. Mutations of CP-associated proteins cause several different physical symptoms termed as ciliopathies. Thus, it is crucial to understand the architecture of the CP. However, the protein composition of the CP was poorly understood. This was because the traditional method of identification of CP proteins was mostly limited by available Chlamydomonas mutants of CP proteins. Recently, more CP protein candidates were presented based on mass spectrometry results, but most of these proteins were not validated. In this study, we re-evaluated the CP proteins by conducting a similar comprehensive CP proteome analysis comparing the mass spectrometry results of the axoneme sample prepared from Chlamydomonas strains with and without CP complex. We identified a similar set of CP protein candidates and additional new 11 CP protein candidates. Furthermore, by using Chlamydomonas strains lacking specific CP sub-structures, we present a more complete model of localization for these CP proteins. This work has established a new foundation for understanding the function of the CP complex in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Dai
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 0C7, Canada
| | - Muneyoshi Ichikawa
- Department of Systems Biology, Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Katya Peri
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 0C7, Canada
| | - Reid Rebinsky
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 0C7, Canada
| | - Khanh Huy Bui
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 0C7, Canada
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15
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CAMSAP3 facilitates basal body polarity and the formation of the central pair of microtubules in motile cilia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:13571-13579. [PMID: 32482850 PMCID: PMC7306751 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1907335117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cilia are composed of hundreds of proteins whose identities and functions are far from being completely understood. In this study, we determined that calmodulin-regulated spectrin-associated protein 3 (CAMSAP3) plays an important role for the function of motile cilia in multiciliated cells (MCCs). Global knockdown of CAMSAP3 protein expression in mice resulted in defects in ciliary structures, polarity, and synchronized beating in MCCs. These animals also displayed signs and symptoms reminiscent of primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD), including a mild form of hydrocephalus, subfertility, and impaired mucociliary clearance that leads to hyposmia, anosmia, rhinosinusitis, and otitis media. Functional characterization of CAMSAP3 enriches our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the generation and function of motile cilia in MCCs. Synchronized beating of cilia on multiciliated cells (MCCs) generates a directional flow of mucus across epithelia. This motility requires a “9 + 2” microtubule (MT) configuration in axonemes and the unidirectional array of basal bodies of cilia on the MCCs. However, it is not fully understood what components are needed for central MT-pair assembly as they are not continuous with basal bodies in contrast to the nine outer MT doublets. In this study, we discovered that a homozygous knockdown mouse model for MT minus-end regulator calmodulin-regulated spectrin-associated protein 3 (CAMSAP3), Camsap3tm1a/tm1a, exhibited multiple phenotypes, some of which are typical of primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD), a condition caused by motile cilia defects. Anatomical examination of Camsap3tm1a/tm1a mice revealed severe nasal airway blockage and abnormal ciliary morphologies in nasal MCCs. MCCs from different tissues exhibited defective synchronized beating and ineffective generation of directional flow likely underlying the PCD-like phenotypes. In normal mice, CAMSAP3 localized to the base of axonemes and at the basal bodies in MCCs. However, in Camsap3tm1a/tm1a, MCCs lacked CAMSAP3 at the ciliary base. Importantly, the central MT pairs were missing in the majority of cilia, and the polarity of the basal bodies was disorganized. These phenotypes were further confirmed in MCCs of Xenopus embryos when CAMSAP3 expression was knocked down by morpholino injection. Taken together, we identified CAMSAP3 as being important for the formation of central MT pairs, proper orientation of basal bodies, and synchronized beating of motile cilia.
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Mulroy E, Latorre A, Magrinelli F, Bhatia KP. Ciliary Dysfunction: The Hairy Explanation of Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus? Mov Disord Clin Pract 2020; 7:30-31. [PMID: 31970208 DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.12880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eoin Mulroy
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology London United Kingdom
| | - Anna Latorre
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology London United Kingdom
| | - Francesca Magrinelli
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology London United Kingdom.,Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences University of Verona Verona Italy
| | - Kailash P Bhatia
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology London United Kingdom
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17
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Chiani F, Orsini T, Gambadoro A, Pasquini M, Putti S, Cirilli M, Ermakova O, Tocchini-Valentini GP. Functional loss of Ccdc1 51 leads to hydrocephalus in a mouse model of primary ciliary dyskinesia. Dis Model Mech 2019; 12:dmm.038489. [PMID: 31383820 PMCID: PMC6737950 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.038489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a genetically heterogeneous disorder affecting normal structure and function of motile cilia, phenotypically manifested as chronic respiratory infections, laterality defects and infertility. Autosomal recessive mutations in genes encoding for different components of the ciliary axoneme have been associated with PCD in humans and in model organisms. The CCDC151 gene encodes for a coiled-coil axonemal protein that ensures correct attachment of outer dynein arm (ODA) complexes to microtubules. A correct arrangement of dynein arm complexes is required to provide the proper mechanical force necessary for cilia beat. Loss-of-function mutations in CCDC151 in humans leads to PCD disease with respiratory distress and defective left-right body asymmetry. In mice with the Ccdc151Snbl loss-of-function mutation (Snowball mutant), left-right body asymmetry with heart defects have been observed. Here, we demonstrate that loss of Ccdc151 gene function via targeted gene deletion in mice leads to perinatal lethality and congenital hydrocephalus. Microcomputed tomography (microCT) X-ray imaging of Ccdc151-β-galactosidase reporter expression in whole-mount brain and histological analysis show that Ccdc151 is expressed in ependymal cells lining the ventricular brain system, further confirming the role of Ccdc151 dysfunction in hydrocephalus development. Analyzing the features of hydrocephalus in the Ccdc151-knockout animals by microCT volumetric imaging, we observe continuity of the aqueduct of Sylvius, indicating the communicating nature of hydrocephalus in the Ccdc151-knockout animals. Congenital defects in left-right asymmetry and male infertility have been also observed in Ccdc151-null animals. Ccdc151 gene deletion in adult animals results in abnormal sperm counts and defective sperm motility.This article has an associated First Person interview with the joint first authors of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Chiani
- European Mouse Mutant Archive (EMMA), INFRAFRONTIER, Monterotondo Mouse Clinic, Department of Biomedical Sciences (DSB), Italian National Research Council (CNR), Adriano Buzzati-Traverso Campus, via Ramarini, 32, 00015, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy.,Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), Department of Biomedical Sciences (DSB), Italian National Research Council (CNR), Adriano Buzzati-Traverso Campus, via Ramarini, 32, 00015, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| | - Tiziana Orsini
- European Mouse Mutant Archive (EMMA), INFRAFRONTIER, Monterotondo Mouse Clinic, Department of Biomedical Sciences (DSB), Italian National Research Council (CNR), Adriano Buzzati-Traverso Campus, via Ramarini, 32, 00015, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy.,Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), Department of Biomedical Sciences (DSB), Italian National Research Council (CNR), Adriano Buzzati-Traverso Campus, via Ramarini, 32, 00015, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessia Gambadoro
- European Mouse Mutant Archive (EMMA), INFRAFRONTIER, Monterotondo Mouse Clinic, Department of Biomedical Sciences (DSB), Italian National Research Council (CNR), Adriano Buzzati-Traverso Campus, via Ramarini, 32, 00015, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy.,Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), Department of Biomedical Sciences (DSB), Italian National Research Council (CNR), Adriano Buzzati-Traverso Campus, via Ramarini, 32, 00015, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| | - Miriam Pasquini
- European Mouse Mutant Archive (EMMA), INFRAFRONTIER, Monterotondo Mouse Clinic, Department of Biomedical Sciences (DSB), Italian National Research Council (CNR), Adriano Buzzati-Traverso Campus, via Ramarini, 32, 00015, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy.,Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), Department of Biomedical Sciences (DSB), Italian National Research Council (CNR), Adriano Buzzati-Traverso Campus, via Ramarini, 32, 00015, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| | - Sabrina Putti
- European Mouse Mutant Archive (EMMA), INFRAFRONTIER, Monterotondo Mouse Clinic, Department of Biomedical Sciences (DSB), Italian National Research Council (CNR), Adriano Buzzati-Traverso Campus, via Ramarini, 32, 00015, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy.,Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), Department of Biomedical Sciences (DSB), Italian National Research Council (CNR), Adriano Buzzati-Traverso Campus, via Ramarini, 32, 00015, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Cirilli
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), Department of Biomedical Sciences (DSB), Italian National Research Council (CNR), Adriano Buzzati-Traverso Campus, via Ramarini, 32, 00015, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| | - Olga Ermakova
- European Mouse Mutant Archive (EMMA), INFRAFRONTIER, Monterotondo Mouse Clinic, Department of Biomedical Sciences (DSB), Italian National Research Council (CNR), Adriano Buzzati-Traverso Campus, via Ramarini, 32, 00015, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy .,Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), Department of Biomedical Sciences (DSB), Italian National Research Council (CNR), Adriano Buzzati-Traverso Campus, via Ramarini, 32, 00015, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| | - Glauco P Tocchini-Valentini
- European Mouse Mutant Archive (EMMA), INFRAFRONTIER, Monterotondo Mouse Clinic, Department of Biomedical Sciences (DSB), Italian National Research Council (CNR), Adriano Buzzati-Traverso Campus, via Ramarini, 32, 00015, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
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Keep RF, Jones HC, Drewes LR. The year in review: progress in brain barriers and brain fluid research in 2018. Fluids Barriers CNS 2019; 16:4. [PMID: 30717760 PMCID: PMC6362595 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-019-0124-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This editorial focuses on the progress made in brain barrier and brain fluid research in 2018. It highlights some recent advances in knowledge and techniques, as well as prevalent themes and controversies. Areas covered include: modeling, the brain endothelium, the neurovascular unit, the blood–CSF barrier and CSF, drug delivery, fluid movement within the brain, the impact of disease states, and heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard F Keep
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, R5018 BSRB, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA.
| | - Hazel C Jones
- Gagle Brook House, Chesterton, Bicester, OX26 1UF, UK
| | - Lester R Drewes
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School Duluth, Duluth, MN, 55812, USA
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