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Ahmed H, Ansari MA, Paterson L, Li J, Chen X. Metasurface for Engineering Superimposed Ince-Gaussian Beams. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2312853. [PMID: 38353164 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202312853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Ince-Gaussian beams (IGBs) are the third complete family of exact and orthogonal solutions of the paraxial wave equation and have been applied in many fields ranging from particle trapping to quantum optics. IGBs play a very important role in optics as they represent the exact and continuous transition modes connecting Laguerre-Gaussian and Hermite-Gaussian beams. The method currently in use suffers from the high cost, complexity, and large volume of the optical system. The superposition of IGBs can generate complicated structured beams with multiple phase and polarization singularities. A metasurface approach is proposed to realizing various superpositions of IGBs without relying on a complicated optical setup. By superimposing IGBs with even and odd modes, multiple phase, and polarization singularities are observed in the resultant beams. The phase and polarization singularities are modulated by setting the initial phase in the design and controlling the incident linear polarization. The compactness of the developed metasurface devices and the unique properties of the generated beams have the potential to impact many practical applications such as particle manipulation, orbital angular momentum spectrum manipulation, and optical communications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hammad Ahmed
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Muhammad Afnan Ansari
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Lynn Paterson
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Jia Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ultraintense Laser and Advanced Material Technology, Center for Advanced Material Diagnostic Technology, and College of Engineering Physics, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, 518118, China
| | - Xianzhong Chen
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK
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2
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Ma C, Song T, Chen R, Li H, Li X. Shaping focal field by grafted polarization. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:8120-8127. [PMID: 36859928 DOI: 10.1364/oe.482303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we propose a novel (to our knowledge) vector beam by combining the radially polarized beams with the different polarization orders, which is called the grafted polarization vector beam (GPVB). Compared with the tight focusing of traditional cylindrical vector beams, GPVB can present more flexible focal field patterns by adjusting the polarization order of two (or more) grafted parts. Moreover, because the GPVB possesses the non-axisymmetrical polarization state distribution, which will lead to the spin-orbit coupling in its tight focusing, it can obtain the spatial separation of spin angular momentum (SAM) and orbital angular momentum (OAM) in the focal plane. The SAM and the OAM are well modulated by adjusting the polarization order of two (or more) grafted parts. Furthermore, we also find the on-axis energy flow in the tight focusing of the GPVB can be changed from positive to negative by adjusting its polarization order. Our results provide more modulation freedom and potential applications in optical tweezers and particles trapping.
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3
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Craciun A, Grigore OV. Superposition of vortex beams generated by polarization conversion in uniaxial crystals. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8135. [PMID: 35581316 PMCID: PMC9114428 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12223-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An optical system comprising a c-cut uniaxial crystal positioned between two axicons and illuminated by a Gaussian or a Laguerre–Gauss mode was used to demonstrate the generation of various vector vortex beams. We focused the generated beams using a 1 m focal length lens and we investigated their intensity profile and the polarization state in the focal plane of the focusing element. We showed that the achieved intensity profile can be controlled by changing the polarization state of the beam incident on the crystal. We observed that, for a particular configuration of the system, the initial circular symmetry of the beam is no longer preserved. The experiments were performed with Ti:Sapphire lasers that were operated in continuous wave mode, as well as in pulsed regime. The optical system presented here ensures a convenient way to generate a great variety of vector vortex beams and it is expected to be of interest for applications that use low and high-power laser sources, such as STED microscopy, light trapping, or material processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandru Craciun
- Laboratory of Solid-State Quantum Electronics, National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 077125, Magurele, Ilfov, Romania.,Doctoral School of Physics, University of Bucharest, 077125, Magurele, Ilfov, Romania
| | - Oana-Valeria Grigore
- Laboratory of Solid-State Quantum Electronics, National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 077125, Magurele, Ilfov, Romania.
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Writing and reading with the longitudinal component of light using carbazole-containing azopolymer thin films. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3477. [PMID: 35241729 PMCID: PMC8894480 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07440-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that azobenzene-containing polymers (azopolymers) are sensitive to the polarization orientation of the illuminating radiation, with the resulting photoisomerization inducing material transfer at both the meso- and macroscale. As a result, azopolymers are efficient and versatile photonic materials, for example, they are used for the fabrication of linear diffraction gratings, including subwavelength gratings, microlens arrays, and spectral filters. Here we propose to use carbazole-containing azopolymer thin films to directly visualize the longitudinal component of the incident laser beam, a crucial task for the realization of 3D structured light yet remaining experimentally challenging. We demonstrate the approach on both scalar and vectorial states of structured light, including higher-order and hybrid cylindrical vector beams. In addition to detection, our results confirm that carbazole-containing azopolymers are a powerful tool material engineering with the longitudinal component of the electric field, particularly to fabricate microstructures with unusual morphologies that differentiate from the total intensity distribution of the writing laser beam.
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Gong X, Qiao Z, Liao Y, Zhu S, Shi L, Kim M, Chen YC. Enzyme-Programmable Microgel Lasers for Information Encoding and Anti-Counterfeiting. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2107809. [PMID: 34918404 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202107809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Microscale laser emissions have emerged as a promising approach for information encoding and anti-counterfeiting for their feature-rich spectra and high sensitivity to the surrounding environment. Compared with artificial materials, natural responsive biomaterials enable a higher level of complexity and versatile ways for tailoring optical responses. However, precise control of lasing wavelengths and spatial locations with biomolecules remains a huge challenge. Here, a biologically programmable laser, in which the lasing can be manipulated by biomolecular activities at the nanoscale, is developed. Tunable lasing wavelengths are achieved by exploiting the swelling properties of enzyme-responsive hydrogel droplets in a Fabry-Pérot microcavity. Both experimental and theoretical means demonstrate that inner 3D network structures and external curvature of the hydrogel droplets lead to different lasing thresholds and resonance wavelengths. Finally, inkjet-printed multiwavelength laser encoding and anti-counterfeiting are showcased under different scalabilities and environments. Hyperspectral laser images are utilized as an advanced feature for a higher level of security. The biologically encoded laser will provide a new insight into the development of biosynthetic and bioprogrammable laser devices, offering new opportunities for secure communication and smart sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuerui Gong
- School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Zhen Qiao
- School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Yikai Liao
- School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Song Zhu
- School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Lei Shi
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Munho Kim
- School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Yu-Cheng Chen
- School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637459, Singapore
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Kotlyar VV, Stafeev SS, Kozlova ES, Nalimov AG. Spin-Orbital Conversion of a Strongly Focused Light Wave with High-Order Cylindrical-Circular Polarization. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21196424. [PMID: 34640744 PMCID: PMC8512293 DOI: 10.3390/s21196424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We discuss interesting effects that occur when strongly focusing light with mth-order cylindrical–circular polarization. This type of hybrid polarization combines properties of the mth-order cylindrical polarization and circular polarization. Reluing on the Richards-Wolf formalism, we deduce analytical expressions that describe E- and H-vector components, intensity patterns, and projections of the Poynting vector and spin angular momentum (SAM) vector at the strong focus. The intensity of light in the strong focus is theoretically and numerically shown to have an even number of local maxima located along a closed contour centered at an on-axis point of zero intensity. We show that light generates 4m vortices of a transverse energy flow, with their centers located between the local intensity maxima. The transverse energy flow is also shown to change its handedness an even number of times proportional to the order of the optical vortex via a full circle around the optical axis. It is interesting that the longitudinal SAM projection changes its sign at the focus 4m times. The longitudinal SAM component is found to be positive, and the polarization vector is shown to rotate anticlockwise in the focal spot regions where the transverse energy flow rotates anticlockwise, and vice versa—the longitudinal SAM component is negative and the polarization vector rotates clockwise in the focal spot regions where the transverse energy flow rotates clockwise. This spatial separation at the focus of left and right circularly polarized light is a manifestation of the optical spin Hall effect. The results obtained in terms of controlling the intensity maxima allow the transverse mode analysis of laser beams in sensorial applications. For a demonstration of the proposed application, the metalens is calculated, which can be a prototype for an optical microsensor based on sharp focusing for measuring roughness.
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Qi J, Yi W, Fu M, Zhu M, Liu J, Huang G, Pan J, Zhu S, Chen X, Tabg W, Zhang H, Shi B, Deng H, Wang W, Li X. Practical generation of arbitrary high-order cylindrical vector beams by cascading vortex half-wave plates. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:25365-25376. [PMID: 34614869 DOI: 10.1364/oe.433897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A practical direct-view scheme for generating arbitrary high-order cylindrical vector (HCV) beams by cascading vortex half-wave plates (VHPs) is presented. The combination of odd number 2n-1 VHPs for n≥1 can realize (m2n-1-m2n-2+…+m1)-order CV beams, in which m is the order number of VHP and the corresponding subscript 2n-1 represents the arrangement number of VHPs, and the cascading of even number 2n ones can obtain (m2n-m2n-1+…+m2-m1)-order CV beams. All 1-12 order CV beams, including the high-order anti-vortex CV (ACV) beams, are generated only by selectively cascading the VHPs with m=1, 3 and 8. The polarization properties of the generated HCV beams are investigated by measuring the corresponding Stokes parameters. It is experimentally demonstrated that arbitrary HCV beams are effectively achieved by the proposed method. The order numbers of CV beams can be greatly expanded by cascading limited types of VHPs.
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Abstract
We propose binary diffractive optical elements, combining several axicons of different types (axis-symmetrical and spiral), for the generation of a 3D intensity distribution in the form of multiple vector optical ‘bottle’ beams, which can be tailored by a change in the polarization state of the illumination radiation. The spatial dynamics of the obtained intensity distribution with different polarization states (circular and cylindrical of various orders) were investigated in paraxial mode numerically and experimentally. The designed binary axicons were manufactured using the e-beam lithography technique. The proposed combinations of optical elements can be used for the generation of vector optical traps in the field of laser trapping and manipulation, as well as for performing the spatial transformation of the polarization state of laser radiation, which is crucial in the field of laser-matter interaction for the generation of special morphologies of laser-induced periodic surface structures.
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Khonina SN, Karpeev SV, Porfirev AP. Sector sandwich structure: an easy-to-manufacture way towards complex vector beam generation. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:27628-27643. [PMID: 32988053 DOI: 10.1364/oe.398435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Complex polarization-phase transformations that are realized using easy-to-manufacture optical elements are considered. The manufacturing technology of such elements is based on the angular discretization of the required polarization and phase distributions, which allows one to make optical elements in the form of sector sandwich structures consisting of polarized and phase plates stacked together. We analyze analytically and study numerically the main types of such sector sandwich structures for the formation of cylindrical polarizations of various orders. New effects are observed, which result in the appearance of complex polarized beams with vortices of various orders, arising after the passage through polarizing plates and their combinations with differently rotated phase plates. The results of the experimental study of the formed beams using a multichannel diffraction filter are consistent with theory.
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10
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Off-Axis Vortex Beam Propagation through Classical Optical System in Terms of Kummer Confluent Hypergeometric Function. PHOTONICS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/photonics7030060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The analytical solution for the propagation of the laser beam with optical vortex through the system of lenses is presented. The optical vortex is introduced into the laser beam (described as Gaussian beam) by spiral phase plate. The solution is general as it holds for the optical vortex of any integer topological charge, the off-axis position of the spiral phase plate and any number of lenses. Some intriguing conclusions are discussed. The higher order vortices are unstable and split under small phase or amplitude disturbance. Nevertheless, we have shown that off-axis higher order vortices are stable during the propagation through the set of lenses described in paraxial approximation, which is untypical behavior. The vortex trajectory registered at image plane due to spiral phase plate shift behaves like a rigid body. We have introduced a new factor which in our beam plays the same role as Gouy phase in pure Gaussian beam.
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Pan Y, Ren ZC, Kong LJ, Tu C, Li Y, Wang HT. Theoretical analysis based on mirror symmetry for tightly focused vector optical fields. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:23416-23432. [PMID: 32752339 DOI: 10.1364/oe.399070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A theoretical analysis based on mirror symmetry is proposed to analyze and predict the symmetry in intensity, phase and polarization distributions of the tightly focused vector optical field (VOF). We extend the analysis to more cases including more complicated polarization states and weak focusing cases. We further show the symmetric tightly focused fields of the eccentric cylindrical VOF and the redesigned VOF with a radially variant polarization state, which are achieved by redesigning the polarization state of the incident VOF based on the symmetry analysis. We also take the laser fabrication as an example to further show how to apply this symmetry analysis in a specific application area. Such a theoretical analysis can improve the calculation efficiency, provide new insights into the tight focusing process and offer a convenient way to engineer the field distributions in the focal plane, which may have potential applications in areas needing flexibly controllable tightly focused fields, such as laser fabrication, optical trapping, and optical storage.
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Khonina SN, Ustinov AV, Porfirev AP. Vector Lissajous laser beams. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:4112-4115. [PMID: 32735236 DOI: 10.1364/ol.398209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We consider a new type of vector beam, the vector Lissajous beams (VLB), which is of double order (p,q) and a generalization of cylindrical vector beams characterized by single-order p. The transverse components of VLBs have an angular relationship corresponding to Lissajous curves. A theoretical and numerical analysis of VLBs was performed, showing that the ratio and parity of orders (p,q) affect the properties of different components of the electromagnetic field (EF) (whether they be real, imaginary, or complex). In addition, this allows one to engineer the imaginary part of the longitudinal component of the electromagnetic field and control the local spin angular momentum density, which is useful for optical tweezers and future spintronics applications.
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Khonina SN, Porfirev AP, Kazanskiy NL. Variable transformation of singular cylindrical vector beams using anisotropic crystals. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5590. [PMID: 32221403 PMCID: PMC7101398 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62546-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We demonstrated and investigated, both theoretically and experimentally, the transformation of cylindrical vector beams with an embedded phase singularity under the condition of focusing perpendicularly to the axis of the anisotropic calcite crystal. Theoretical and numerical analysis, performed on the basis of decomposing the light field into a set of plane waves for an anisotropic medium, allowed us to study the dependence of the structural transformation of the initial laser beam on the polarisation and phase state in detail. The proposed approach allows one to perform the visual recognition of cylindrically-polarised vector beams of various orders and can be used for the demultiplexing of information channels in the case of polarisation-division multiplexing. The experimentally-obtained results agree with the theoretical findings and demonstrate the reliability of the approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana N Khonina
- Samara National Research University, Samara, 443086, Russia.,Image Processing Systems Institute of RAS - Branch of the Federal Scientific Research Centre "Crystallography and Photonics" of Russian Academy of Sciences, Samara, 443001, Russia
| | - Alexey P Porfirev
- Samara National Research University, Samara, 443086, Russia. .,Image Processing Systems Institute of RAS - Branch of the Federal Scientific Research Centre "Crystallography and Photonics" of Russian Academy of Sciences, Samara, 443001, Russia.
| | - Nikolay L Kazanskiy
- Samara National Research University, Samara, 443086, Russia.,Image Processing Systems Institute of RAS - Branch of the Federal Scientific Research Centre "Crystallography and Photonics" of Russian Academy of Sciences, Samara, 443001, Russia
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Khonina SN, Ustinov AV. Increased reverse energy flux area when focusing a linearly polarized annular beam with binary plates. OPTICS LETTERS 2019; 44:2008-2011. [PMID: 30985797 DOI: 10.1364/ol.44.002008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We suggest an annular field with linear polarization and a binary sectored phase for the formation of the inverse energy flux with an increased area of action. The possibility of the formation of a reverse energy flux over large areas in the focal domain at tight focusing of a linearly polarized field with the binary phase is shown theoretically and numerically. Moreover, the area increases with the number m. The proposed approach is simple, because linearly polarized radiation is the most common among laser sources and does not require additional devices for polarization transformations. The binary phase also provides ease of manufacture of phase plates with a high diffraction efficiency and high damage threshold. The results will be useful in optical manipulations and processing.
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