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Advances in Plant Metabolomics and Its Applications in Stress and Single-Cell Biology. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23136985. [PMID: 35805979 PMCID: PMC9266571 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23136985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In the past two decades, the post-genomic era envisaged high-throughput technologies, resulting in more species with available genome sequences. In-depth multi-omics approaches have evolved to integrate cellular processes at various levels into a systems biology knowledge base. Metabolomics plays a crucial role in molecular networking to bridge the gaps between genotypes and phenotypes. However, the greater complexity of metabolites with diverse chemical and physical properties has limited the advances in plant metabolomics. For several years, applications of liquid/gas chromatography (LC/GC)-mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) have been constantly developed. Recently, ion mobility spectrometry (IMS)-MS has shown utility in resolving isomeric and isobaric metabolites. Both MS and NMR combined metabolomics significantly increased the identification and quantification of metabolites in an untargeted and targeted manner. Thus, hyphenated metabolomics tools will narrow the gap between the number of metabolite features and the identified metabolites. Metabolites change in response to environmental conditions, including biotic and abiotic stress factors. The spatial distribution of metabolites across different organs, tissues, cells and cellular compartments is a trending research area in metabolomics. Herein, we review recent technological advancements in metabolomics and their applications in understanding plant stress biology and different levels of spatial organization. In addition, we discuss the opportunities and challenges in multiple stress interactions, multi-omics, and single-cell metabolomics.
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Phytohormone Profile of Medicago in Response to Mycorrhizal Fungi, Aphids, and Gibberellic Acid. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11060720. [PMID: 35336602 PMCID: PMC8951282 DOI: 10.3390/plants11060720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Although gibberellic acid (GA) is widely used in agriculture, it is unclear whether exogenous GA makes aphid-infested, mycorrhizal plants more susceptible to herbivory. This study investigates the role of GA in modulating defenses in barrel medic plants (Medicago truncatula) that are infested with pea aphids (Acyrthosiphon pisum) and colonized by the beneficial symbiont Rhizophagus intraradices. Mock- and R. intraradices-inoculated potted plants were grown in a topsoil: sand mix for 42 days and were treated with GA or solvent. Subsequently, plants were exposed to herbivory or no aphid herbivory for 36 h and 7 days. Afterwards, plant growth parameters, aphid fitness, and foliar phytohormone concentrations were measured. The results revealed that GA regulates plant defenses during arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus–plant–aphid interactions as aphids that fed for 7 days on mycorrhizal, GA-untreated plants weighed more than those that fed on mycorrhizal, GA-treated plants. No major differences were detected in phytohormone levels at 36 h. Overall, mycorrhizal plants showed more shoot biomass compared to non-mycorrhizal controls. The arbuscule density and fungal biomass of R. intraradices were not altered by exogenous GA and aphid herbivory based on molecular markers. This study indicates that exogenous GA may help reduce aphid fitness when feeding on mycorrhizal plants.
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Yan T, Xu W, Lin J, Duan L, Gao P, Zhang C, Lv X. Combining Multi-Dimensional Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) With Visualization Method for Detection of Aphis gossypii Glover Infection in Cotton Leaves Using Hyperspectral Imaging. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:604510. [PMID: 33659014 PMCID: PMC7917247 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.604510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Cotton is a significant economic crop. It is vulnerable to aphids (Aphis gossypii Glovers) during the growth period. Rapid and early detection has become an important means to deal with aphids in cotton. In this study, the visible/near-infrared (Vis/NIR) hyperspectral imaging system (376-1044 nm) and machine learning methods were used to identify aphid infection in cotton leaves. Both tall and short cotton plants (Lumianyan 24) were inoculated with aphids, and the corresponding plants without aphids were used as control. The hyperspectral images (HSIs) were acquired five times at an interval of 5 days. The healthy and infected leaves were used to establish the datasets, with each leaf as a sample. The spectra and RGB images of each cotton leaf were extracted from the hyperspectral images for one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) analysis. The hyperspectral images of each leaf were used for three-dimensional (3D) analysis. Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) were used for identification and compared with conventional machine learning methods. For the extracted spectra, 1D CNN had a fine classification performance, and the classification accuracy could reach 98%. For RGB images, 2D CNN had a better classification performance. For HSIs, 3D CNN performed moderately and performed better than 2D CNN. On the whole, CNN performed relatively better than conventional machine learning methods. In the process of 1D, 2D, and 3D CNN visualization, the important wavelength ranges were analyzed in 1D and 3D CNN visualization, and the importance of wavelength ranges and spatial regions were analyzed in 2D and 3D CNN visualization. The overall results in this study illustrated the feasibility of using hyperspectral imaging combined with multi-dimensional CNN to detect aphid infection in cotton leaves, providing a new alternative for pest infection detection in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianying Yan
- College of Information Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Wei Xu
- College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
- Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Special Fruits and Vegetables Cultivation Physiology and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Shihezi, China
| | - Jiao Lin
- College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Long Duan
- College of Information Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Pan Gao
- College of Information Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Chu Zhang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Spectroscopy Sensing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, China
- School of Information Engineering, Huzhou University, Huzhou, China
| | - Xin Lv
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
- College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
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Jensen RE, Cabral C, Enkegaard A, Steenberg T. Influence of the plant interacting entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana on parasitoid host choice-behavior, development, and plant defense pathways. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0238943. [PMID: 32925935 PMCID: PMC7489556 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inoculating plants with entomopathogenic fungi may influence plant nutrient uptake and growth, and herbivore performance. Knowledge is limited concerning the effects of this symbiosis on higher trophic levels. We examined how fungal treatment of faba bean seeds with the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana influenced the choice-behavior and development of the aphid parasitoid Aphidius colemani. We also sampled plant material for analysis of changes in expression of genes related to plant defense pathways. While parasitoids were compatible with plants inoculated with B. bassiana initially (66 vs. 65% parasitization on inoculated and control plants, respectively; similar development times of parasitoids: 9.2 days), the emergence of adult parasitoids originating from aphids on fungus treated plants was significantly lower (67 vs. 76%, respectively). We also found that the defense response changed, similar to induced systemic resistance, when plants were treated with B. bassiana, similarly to what has been found for other plant symbiotic microorganisms. These novel findings show that although the application of entomopathogenic fungi to plants can alter the plants' defense against herbivores, it may also have an impact on beneficial insects, so their function and use should be evaluated on a case-by-case basis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carmina Cabral
- Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Flakkebjerg, Denmark
| | - Annie Enkegaard
- Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Flakkebjerg, Denmark
| | - Tove Steenberg
- Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Flakkebjerg, Denmark
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Schröder P, Sauvêtre A, Gnädinger F, Pesaresi P, Chmeliková L, Doğan N, Gerl G, Gökçe A, Hamel C, Millan R, Persson T, Ravnskov S, Rutkowska B, Schmid T, Szulc W, Teodosiu C, Terzi V. Discussion paper: Sustainable increase of crop production through improved technical strategies, breeding and adapted management - A European perspective. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 678:146-161. [PMID: 31075581 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
During the next decade it will be necessary to develop novel combinations of management strategies to sustainably increase crop production and soil resilience. Improving agricultural productivity, while conserving and enhancing biotic and abiotic resources, is an essential requirement to increase global food production on a sustainable basis. The role of farmers in increasing agricultural productivity growth sustainably will be crucial. Farmers are at the center of any process of change involving natural resources and for this reason they need to be encouraged and guided, through appropriate incentives and governance practices, to conserve natural ecosystems and their biodiversity, and minimize the negative impact agriculture can have on the environment. Farmers and stakeholders need to revise traditional approaches not as productive as the modern approaches but more friendly with natural and environmental ecosystems values as well as emerging novel tools and approaches addressing precise farming, organic amendments, lowered water consumption, integrated pest control and beneficial plant-microbe interactions. While practical solutions are developing, science based recommendations for crop rotations, breeding and harvest/postharvest strategies leading to environmentally sound and pollinator friendly production and better life in rural areas have to be provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Schröder
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Comparative Microbiome Analysis, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Andrés Sauvêtre
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Comparative Microbiome Analysis, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Friederike Gnädinger
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Comparative Microbiome Analysis, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Paolo Pesaresi
- University of Milan, Department of Biosciences, Via Celoria, 26, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Lucie Chmeliková
- Technical University of Munich, Chair Organic Agriculture and Agronomy, Liesel Beckmann Str. 2, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Nedim Doğan
- Adnan Menderes University, Department of Plant Protection, Bitki Koruma Bolumu, Aydin, Turkey
| | - Georg Gerl
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ayhan Gökçe
- Niğde Ömer Halisdemir University, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technologies, Niğde, Turkey
| | - Chantal Hamel
- Quebec Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food, 2560 Blvd. Hochelaga, Québec, QC G1V 2J3, Canada
| | - Rocio Millan
- CIEMAT, Environment Department/Soil Conservation and Recuperation Unit, Avenida Complutense 40, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Tomas Persson
- NIBIO-Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Særheim, Postvegen 213, N-4353 Klepp Stasjon, Norway
| | - Sabine Ravnskov
- Dept. of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Forsøgsvej 1, DK-4200 Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Beata Rutkowska
- Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Noworsynowska 166 St., P-02-787 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Thomas Schmid
- CIEMAT, Environment Department/Soil Conservation and Recuperation Unit, Avenida Complutense 40, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Wiesław Szulc
- Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Noworsynowska 166 St., P-02-787 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Carmen Teodosiu
- Dept. Environmental Engineering & Management, "Gheorghe Asachi" Technical University of Iasi, 73 Prof.Dr. D. Mangeron Street, 700050 Iasi, Romania
| | - Valeria Terzi
- Genomics Research Centre, Via S. Protaso, 302, I-29017 Fiorenzuola d'Arda, PC, Italy
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Wilkinson TDJ, Miranda JP, Ferrari J, Hartley SE, Hodge A. Aphids Influence Soil Fungal Communities in Conventional Agricultural Systems. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:895. [PMID: 31354767 PMCID: PMC6640087 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) form symbioses with the roots of most plant species, including cereals. AMF can increase the uptake of nutrients including nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), and of silicon (Si) as well as increase host resistance to various stresses. Plants can simultaneously interact with above-ground insect herbivores such as aphids, which can alter the proportion of plant roots colonized by AMF. However, it is unknown if aphids impact the structure of AMF communities colonizing plants or the extent of the extraradical mycelium produced in the soil, both of which can influence the defensive and nutritional benefit a plant derives from the symbiosis. This study investigated the effect of aphids on the plant-AMF interaction in a conventionally managed agricultural system. As plants also interact with other soil fungi, the non-AMF fungal community was also investigated. We hypothesized that aphids would depress plant growth, and reduce intraradical AMF colonization, soil fungal hyphal density and the diversity of AM and non-AM fungal communities. To test the effects of aphids, field plots of barley enclosed with insect proof cages were inoculated with Sitobion avenae or remained uninoculated. AMF specific and total fungal amplicon sequencing assessed root fungal communities 46 days after aphid addition. Aphids did not impact above-ground plant biomass, but did increase the grain N:P ratio. Whilst aphid presence had no impact on AMF intraradical colonization, soil fungal hyphal length density, or AMF community characteristics, there was a trend for the aphid treatment to increase vesicle numbers and the relative abundance of the AMF family Gigasporaceae. Contrary to expectations, the aphid treatment also increased the evenness of the total fungal community. This suggests that aphids can influence soil communities in conventional arable systems, a result that could have implications for multitrophic feedback loops between crop pests and soil organisms across the above-below-ground interface.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Julia Ferrari
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Sue E. Hartley
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
- York Environmental Sustainability Institute, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Angela Hodge
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
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Cabral C, Wollenweber B, António C, Ravnskov S. Activity in the Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Hyphosphere Warning Neighbouring Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:511. [PMID: 31057597 PMCID: PMC6482268 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Pathogen infections of the phyllosphere have been investigated in detail, however, the changes induced by these infections on the arbuscular mycorrhizal hyphosphere, and the consequent signalling to the neighbouring plants have been scarcely investigated. Here, our objectives were to document that B.fabae infection of connected Vicia faba plants resulted in changes in the metabolism and microbial community of the hyphosphere, confirming the induction of plant defence in connected plants through gene-expression evaluations. Infected plants were challenged with B. fabae for 72 h. Changes in gene-expression of pathogenesis-related proteins 1,2, and 5 (PR1, PR2, PR5) of both infected- and non-infected plants were analysed, to confirm signalling through the hyphosphere. The primary metabolic profiles and changes in the level of microbiota in the hyphosphere were assessed. Changes in expression of PR1, PR2, and PR5 genes occurred in the neighbouring plants 24 hours after infection. Mannitol levels decreased in presence of AMF. A decrease in the level of actinobacteria in the hyphosphere of infected plants was detected. We conclude that B.fabae infection induced a signalling event through the AM hyphosphere, confirmed by changes in defence gene-expression in non-infected neighbouring plants, influenced primary metabolic activity of-, and affected the microbial composition within-, the AM hyphosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmina Cabral
- Aarhus University, Department of Agroecology, Slagelse, Denmark
| | | | - Carla António
- Plant Metabolomics Laboratory, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier-Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (ITQB NOVA), Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Sabine Ravnskov
- Aarhus University, Department of Agroecology, Slagelse, Denmark
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