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Rich J, Cole B, Li T, Lu B, Fu H, Smith BN, Xia J, Yang S, Zhong R, Doherty JL, Kaneko K, Suzuki H, Tian Z, Franklin AD, Huang TJ. Aerosol jet printing of surface acoustic wave microfluidic devices. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2024; 10:2. [PMID: 38169478 PMCID: PMC10757899 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-023-00606-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
The addition of surface acoustic wave (SAW) technologies to microfluidics has greatly advanced lab-on-a-chip applications due to their unique and powerful attributes, including high-precision manipulation, versatility, integrability, biocompatibility, contactless nature, and rapid actuation. However, the development of SAW microfluidic devices is limited by complex and time-consuming micro/nanofabrication techniques and access to cleanroom facilities for multistep photolithography and vacuum-based processing. To simplify the fabrication of SAW microfluidic devices with customizable dimensions and functions, we utilized the additive manufacturing technique of aerosol jet printing. We successfully fabricated customized SAW microfluidic devices of varying materials, including silver nanowires, graphene, and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS). To characterize and compare the acoustic actuation performance of these aerosol jet printed SAW microfluidic devices with their cleanroom-fabricated counterparts, the wave displacements and resonant frequencies of the different fabricated devices were directly measured through scanning laser Doppler vibrometry. Finally, to exhibit the capability of the aerosol jet printed devices for lab-on-a-chip applications, we successfully conducted acoustic streaming and particle concentration experiments. Overall, we demonstrated a novel solution-based, direct-write, single-step, cleanroom-free additive manufacturing technique to rapidly develop SAW microfluidic devices that shows viability for applications in the fields of biology, chemistry, engineering, and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Rich
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA
| | - Brian Cole
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA
| | - Teng Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA
| | - Brandon Lu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA
| | - Hanyu Fu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA
| | - Brittany N. Smith
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA
| | - Jianping Xia
- Thomas Lord Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA
| | - Shujie Yang
- Thomas Lord Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA
| | - Ruoyu Zhong
- Thomas Lord Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA
| | - James L. Doherty
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA
| | - Kanji Kaneko
- Deptartment of Precision Mechanics, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, Tokyo, 112-8551 Japan
| | - Hiroaki Suzuki
- Deptartment of Precision Mechanics, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, Tokyo, 112-8551 Japan
| | - Zhenhua Tian
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA
| | - Aaron D. Franklin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA
| | - Tony Jun Huang
- Thomas Lord Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA
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Hossain KZ, Monwar M, Khan MR. Reactive etching of gallium oxide on eutectic gallium indium (eGaIn) with chlorosilane vapor to induce differential wetting. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:3199-3206. [PMID: 37073821 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm00258f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Differentially wettable surfaces are well sought after in energy, water, health care, separation science, self-cleaning, biology, and other lab-on-chip applications-however, most demonstrations of realizing differential wettability demand complex processes. Herein, we chemically etch gallium oxide (Ga2O3) from in-plane patterns (2D) of eutectic gallium indium (eGaIn) to demonstrate a differentially wettable interface using chlorosilane vapor. We produce 2D patterns of eGaIn on bare glass slides in native air using cotton swabs as paint brushes. Exposing the entire system to chlorosilane vapor induces chemical etching of the oxide layer, which recovers the high-surface energy of eGaIn, to produce nano-to-mm droplets on the pre-patterned area. We rinse the entire system with deionized (DI) water to achieve differentially wettable surfaces. Measurements of contact angles using a goniometer confirmed hydrophobic and hydrophilic interfaces. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images confirmed the distribution and energy dispersive spectra (EDS) exhibited the elemental compositions of the micro-to-nano droplets after silanization (silane treatment). Also, we demonstrated two proofs of concept, i.e., open-ended microfluidics and differential wettability on curved interfaces, to demonstrate the advanced applications of the current work. This straightforward approach using two soft materials (silane and eGaIn) to achieve differential wettability on laboratory-grade glass slides and other surfaces has future implications for nature-inspired self-cleaning surfaces in nanotechnologies, bioinspired and biomimetic open-channel microfluidics, coatings, and fluid-structure interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazi Zihan Hossain
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA.
| | - Momena Monwar
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA.
| | - M Rashed Khan
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA.
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Abstract
Electroporation (EP) is a commonly used strategy to increase cell permeability for intracellular cargo delivery or irreversible cell membrane disruption using electric fields. In recent years, EP performance has been improved by shrinking electrodes and device structures to the microscale. Integration with microfluidics has led to the design of devices performing static EP, where cells are fixed in a defined region, or continuous EP, where cells constantly pass through the device. Each device type performs superior to conventional, macroscale EP devices while providing additional advantages in precision manipulation (static EP) and increased throughput (continuous EP). Microscale EP is gentle on cells and has enabled more sensitive assaying of cells with novel applications. In this Review, we present the physical principles of microscale EP devices and examine design trends in recent years. In addition, we discuss the use of reversible and irreversible EP in the development of therapeutics and analysis of intracellular contents, among other noteworthy applications. This Review aims to inform and encourage scientists and engineers to expand the use of efficient and versatile microscale EP technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Eun Choi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Harrison Khoo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Soojung Claire Hur
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, 401 North Broadway, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, United States
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Gori M, Vadalà G, Giannitelli SM, Denaro V, Di Pino G. Biomedical and Tissue Engineering Strategies to Control Foreign Body Reaction to Invasive Neural Electrodes. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:659033. [PMID: 34113605 PMCID: PMC8185207 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.659033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural-interfaced prostheses aim to restore sensorimotor limb functions in amputees. They rely on bidirectional neural interfaces, which represent the communication bridge between nervous system and neuroprosthetic device by controlling its movements and evoking sensory feedback. Compared to extraneural electrodes (i.e., epineural and perineural implants), intraneural electrodes, implanted within peripheral nerves, have higher selectivity and specificity of neural signal recording and nerve stimulation. However, being implanted in the nerve, their main limitation is represented by the significant inflammatory response that the body mounts around the probe, known as Foreign Body Reaction (FBR), which may hinder their rapid clinical translation. Furthermore, the mechanical mismatch between the consistency of the device and the surrounding neural tissue may contribute to exacerbate the inflammatory state. The FBR is a non-specific reaction of the host immune system to a foreign material. It is characterized by an early inflammatory phase eventually leading to the formation of a fibrotic capsule around intraneural interfaces, which increases the electrical impedance over time and reduces the chronic interface biocompatibility and functionality. Thus, the future in the reduction and control of the FBR relies on innovative biomedical strategies for the fabrication of next-generation neural interfaces, such as the development of more suitable designs of the device with smaller size, appropriate stiffness and novel conductive and biomimetic coatings for improving their long-term stability and performance. Here, we present and critically discuss the latest biomedical approaches from material chemistry and tissue engineering for controlling and mitigating the FBR in chronic neural implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuele Gori
- Laboratory for Regenerative Orthopaedics, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC) - National Research Council (CNR), Rome, Italy
| | - Gianluca Vadalà
- Laboratory for Regenerative Orthopaedics, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Maria Giannitelli
- Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Department of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Denaro
- Laboratory for Regenerative Orthopaedics, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Di Pino
- NeXT: Neurophysiology and Neuroengineering of Human-Technology Interaction Research Unit, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
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Puttaswamy SV, Bhalla N, Kelsey C, Lubarsky G, Lee C, McLaughlin J. Independent and grouped 3D cell rotation in a microfluidic device for bioimaging applications. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 170:112661. [PMID: 33032194 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cell rotation reveals important information which facilitates identification and characterization of different cells. Markedly, achieving three dimensional (3D) rolling rotation of single cells within a larger group of cells is rare among existing cell rotation techniques. In this work we present a simple biochip which can be used to trap and rotate a single cell, or to rotate multiple cells relative to each other within a group of individual red blood cells (RBCs), which is crucial for imaging cells in 3D. To achieve single RBC trapping, we employ two parallel sidewall 3D electrodes to produce a dielectrophoretic force which traps cells inside the capturing chambers of the microfluidic device, where the hydrodynamic force then induces precise rotation of the cell inside the chamber. We have also demonstrated the possibility of using the developed biochip to preconcentrate and rotate RBC clusters in 3D. As our proposed cell trapping and rotation device reduces the intricacy of cell rotation, the developed technique may have important implications for high resolution 3D cell imaging in the investigation of complex cell dynamics and interactions in moving media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasu Valagerahally Puttaswamy
- Nanotechnology and Integrated Bioengineering Centre (NIBEC), School of Engineering, Ulster University, Jordanstown Shore Road, BT37 0QB, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom.
| | - Nikhil Bhalla
- Nanotechnology and Integrated Bioengineering Centre (NIBEC), School of Engineering, Ulster University, Jordanstown Shore Road, BT37 0QB, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom; Healthcare Technology Hub, Ulster University, Jordanstown Shore Road, BT37 0QB, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom.
| | - Colin Kelsey
- Nanotechnology and Integrated Bioengineering Centre (NIBEC), School of Engineering, Ulster University, Jordanstown Shore Road, BT37 0QB, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Gennady Lubarsky
- Nanotechnology and Integrated Bioengineering Centre (NIBEC), School of Engineering, Ulster University, Jordanstown Shore Road, BT37 0QB, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Chengkuo Lee
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, 117576, Singapore
| | - James McLaughlin
- Nanotechnology and Integrated Bioengineering Centre (NIBEC), School of Engineering, Ulster University, Jordanstown Shore Road, BT37 0QB, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom; Healthcare Technology Hub, Ulster University, Jordanstown Shore Road, BT37 0QB, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom.
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Castiaux AD, Currens ER, Martin RS. Direct embedding and versatile placement of electrodes in 3D printed microfluidic-devices. Analyst 2020; 145:3274-3282. [PMID: 32242194 PMCID: PMC7243341 DOI: 10.1039/d0an00240b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we describe how PolyJet 3D printing technology can be used to fully integrate electrode materials into microfluidic devices during the print process. This approach uses stacked printing (separate printing steps and stage drops) with liquid support to result in devices where electrodes and a capillary fluidic connection are directly integrated and ready to use when printing is complete. A key feature of this approach is the ability to directly incorporate electrode materials into the print process so that the electrode(s) can be placed anywhere in the channel (at any height). We show that this can be done with a single electrode or an electrode array (which led to increases in signal). In both cases, we found that a middle electrode configuration leads to a significant increase in the sensitivity, as opposed to more traditional bottom channel placement. Since the electrode is embedded in the device, in situ platinum black deposition was performed to aid in the detection of nitric oxide. Finally, a generator-collector configuration with an opposed counter electrode was made by placing two working electrodes ∼750 μm apart (in the middle of the channel) and a platinum counter electrode at the bottom of the channel. The utility of this configuration was demonstrated by dual electrode detection of catechol. This 3D printing approach affords robust electrochemical detection schemes with new electrode configurations being possible in a manner that also increases the ease of use and transferability of the 3D printed devices with integrated electrode materials.
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Xu L, Wang A, Li X, Oh KW. Passive micropumping in microfluidics for point-of-care testing. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2020; 14:031503. [PMID: 32509049 PMCID: PMC7263483 DOI: 10.1063/5.0002169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Suitable micropumping methods for flow control represent a major technical hurdle in the development of microfluidic systems for point-of-care testing (POCT). Passive micropumping for point-of-care microfluidic systems provides a promising solution to such challenges, in particular, passive micropumping based on capillary force and air transfer based on the air solubility and air permeability of specific materials. There have been numerous developments and applications of micropumping techniques that are relevant to the use in POCT. Compared with active pumping methods such as syringe pumps or pressure pumps, where the flow rate can be well-tuned independent of the design of the microfluidic devices or the property of the liquids, most passive micropumping methods still suffer flow-control problems. For example, the flow rate may be set once the device has been made, and the properties of liquids may affect the flow rate. However, the advantages of passive micropumping, which include simplicity, ease of use, and low cost, make it the best choice for POCT. Here, we present a systematic review of different types of passive micropumping that are suitable for POCT, alongside existing applications based on passive micropumping. Future trends in passive micropumping are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linfeng Xu
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic
Sciences, Schools of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of California San
Francisco, 1700 4th Street, Byers Hall 304, San Francisco, California
94158, USA
| | - Anyang Wang
- SMALL (Sensors and MicroActuators Learning Lab),
Department of Electrical Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New
York, Buffalo, New York 14260, USA
| | - Xiangpeng Li
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic
Sciences, Schools of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of California San
Francisco, 1700 4th Street, Byers Hall 304, San Francisco, California
94158, USA
| | - Kwang W. Oh
- SMALL (Sensors and MicroActuators Learning Lab),
Department of Electrical Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New
York, Buffalo, New York 14260, USA
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Jang SJ, Doshi T, Nerayo J, Caprio A, Alaie S, Auge J, Min JK, Mosadegh B, Dunham S. Microneedle Patterning of 3D Nonplanar Surfaces on Implantable Medical Devices Using Soft Lithography. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:mi10100705. [PMID: 31623246 PMCID: PMC6843263 DOI: 10.3390/mi10100705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Micropatterning is often used to engineer the surface properties of objects because it allows the enhancement or modification of specific functionalities without modification of the bulk material properties. Microneedle arrays have been explored in the past for drug delivery and enhancement of tissue anchoring; however, conventional methods are primarily limited to thick, planar substrates. Here, we demonstrate a method for the fabrication of microneedle arrays on thin flexible polyurethane substrates. These thin-film microneedle arrays can be used to fabricate balloons and other inflatable objects. In addition, these thin-filmed microneedles can be transferred, using thermal forming processes, to more complex 3D objects on which it would otherwise be difficult to directly pattern microneedles. This function is especially useful for medical devices, which require effective tissue anchorage but are a challenging target for micropatterning due to their 3D nonplanar shape, large size, and the complexity of the required micropatterns. Ultrathin flexible thermoplastic polyurethane microneedle arrays were fabricated from a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) mold. The technique was applied onto the nonplanar surface of rapidly prototyped soft robotic implantable polyurethane devices. We found that a microneedle-patterned surface can increase the anchorage of the device to a tissue by more than twofold. In summary, our soft lithographic patterning method can rapidly and inexpensively generate thin-film microneedle surfaces that can be used to produce balloons or enhance the properties of other 3D objects and devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Joo Jang
- Dalio Institute of Cardiovascular Imaging, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital and Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA.
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA.
| | - Tejas Doshi
- Dalio Institute of Cardiovascular Imaging, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital and Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA.
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA.
| | - Jerusalem Nerayo
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA.
| | - Alexandre Caprio
- Dalio Institute of Cardiovascular Imaging, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital and Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA.
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA.
| | - Seyedhamidreza Alaie
- Dalio Institute of Cardiovascular Imaging, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital and Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA.
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA.
| | - Jordyn Auge
- Dalio Institute of Cardiovascular Imaging, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital and Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA.
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA.
| | - James K Min
- Dalio Institute of Cardiovascular Imaging, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital and Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA.
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA.
| | - Bobak Mosadegh
- Dalio Institute of Cardiovascular Imaging, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital and Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA.
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA.
| | - Simon Dunham
- Dalio Institute of Cardiovascular Imaging, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital and Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA.
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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