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Liu Y, Guo J, Matoga M, Korotkova M, Jakobsson PJ, Aguzzi A. NG2 glia protect against prion neurotoxicity by inhibiting microglia-to-neuron prostaglandin E2 signaling. Nat Neurosci 2024; 27:1534-1544. [PMID: 38802591 PMCID: PMC11303249 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-024-01663-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte-lineage cells, including NG2 glia, undergo prominent changes in various neurodegenerative disorders. Here, we identify a neuroprotective role for NG2 glia against prion toxicity. NG2 glia were activated after prion infection in cerebellar organotypic cultured slices (COCS) and in brains of prion-inoculated mice. In both model systems, depletion of NG2 glia exacerbated prion-induced neurodegeneration and accelerated prion pathology. Loss of NG2 glia enhanced the biosynthesis of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) by microglia, which augmented prion neurotoxicity through binding to the EP4 receptor. Pharmacological or genetic inhibition of PGE2 biosynthesis attenuated prion-induced neurodegeneration in COCS and mice, reduced the enhanced neurodegeneration in NG2-glia-depleted COCS after prion infection, and dampened the acceleration of prion disease in NG2-glia-depleted mice. These data unveil a non-cell-autonomous interaction between NG2 glia and microglia in prion disease and suggest that PGE2 signaling may represent an actionable target against prion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjun Liu
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Jingjing Guo
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Maja Matoga
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marina Korotkova
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Rheumatology, Stockholm, Sweden
- Karolinska University Hospital at Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per-Johan Jakobsson
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Rheumatology, Stockholm, Sweden
- Karolinska University Hospital at Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Adriano Aguzzi
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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2
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Vieira TCRG, Barros CA, Domingues R, Outeiro TF. PrP meets alpha-synuclein: Molecular mechanisms and implications for disease. J Neurochem 2024; 168:1625-1639. [PMID: 37855859 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of prions has challenged dogmas and has revolutionized our understanding of protein-misfolding diseases. The concept of self-propagation via protein conformational changes, originally discovered for the prion protein (PrP), also applies to other proteins that exhibit similar behavior, such as alpha-synuclein (aSyn), a central player in Parkinson's disease and in other synucleinopathies. aSyn pathology appears to spread from one cell to another during disease progression, and involves the misfolding and aggregation of aSyn. How the transfer of aSyn between cells occurs is still being studied, but one important hypothesis involves receptor-mediated transport. Interestingly, recent studies indicate that the cellular prion protein (PrPC) may play a crucial role in this process. PrPC has been shown to act as a receptor/sensor for protein aggregates in different neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of knowledge regarding the interaction between aSyn and PrPC and discuss its role in synucleinopathies. We examine the properties of PrP and aSyn, including their structure, function, and aggregation. Additionally, we discuss the current understanding of PrPC's role as a receptor/sensor for aSyn aggregates and identify remaining unanswered questions in this area of research. Ultimately, we posit that exploring the interaction between aSyn and PrPC may offer potential treatment options for synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuane C R G Vieira
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis and National Institute of Science and Technology for Structural Biology and Bioimaging, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Caroline A Barros
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis and National Institute of Science and Technology for Structural Biology and Bioimaging, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Renato Domingues
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tiago Fleming Outeiro
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
- Scientific Employee with an Honorary Contract at Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany
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3
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Haham N, Zveik O, Rechtman A, Brill L, Vaknin-Dembinsky A. Altered immune co-inhibitory receptor expression and correlation of LAG-3 expression to disease severity in NMOSD. J Neuroimmunol 2024; 388:578289. [PMID: 38301597 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2024.578289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Co-inhibitory receptors (CIR)s regulate T cell-mediated immune responses and growing evidence links co-inhibitory receptors to the progression of neuroimmunological diseases. We studied the expression levels of CIRs: TIM-3, TIGIT, PD-1 and LAG-3 in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of 30 patients with Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), 11 Multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and 31 Healthy controls (HC). We found that the mRNA expression levels of TIM-3 were significantly increased in NMOSD compared with HC, and increased LAG-3 surface protein expression was also observed on T-cells of NMOSD patients. Moreover, we observed a negative correlation between LAG-3 expression and disease severity in NMOSD. Our findings suggest a protective effect of LAG-3 in the setting of NMOSD, and that the differential expression of CIRs observed in this study may play a role in the pathological process of NMOSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitsan Haham
- Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroimmunology and the Agnes-Ginges Center for Neurogenetics, Hadassah- Medical Center, Ein-Kerem, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Ein-Karem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel.
| | - Omri Zveik
- Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroimmunology and the Agnes-Ginges Center for Neurogenetics, Hadassah- Medical Center, Ein-Kerem, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Ein-Karem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Ariel Rechtman
- Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroimmunology and the Agnes-Ginges Center for Neurogenetics, Hadassah- Medical Center, Ein-Kerem, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Ein-Karem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Livnat Brill
- Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroimmunology and the Agnes-Ginges Center for Neurogenetics, Hadassah- Medical Center, Ein-Kerem, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Ein-Karem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Adi Vaknin-Dembinsky
- Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroimmunology and the Agnes-Ginges Center for Neurogenetics, Hadassah- Medical Center, Ein-Kerem, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Ein-Karem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel.
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4
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Liu F, Lü W, Liu L. New implications for prion diseases therapy and prophylaxis. Front Mol Neurosci 2024; 17:1324702. [PMID: 38500676 PMCID: PMC10944861 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2024.1324702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are rare, fatal, progressive neurodegenerative disorders that affect both animal and human. Human prion diseases mainly present as Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD). However, there are no curable therapies, and animal prion diseases may negatively affect the ecosystem and human society. Over the past five decades, scientists are devoting to finding available therapeutic or prophylactic agents for prion diseases. Numerous chemical compounds have been shown to be effective in experimental research on prion diseases, but with the limitations of toxicity, poor efficacy, and low pharmacokinetics. The earliest clinical treatments of CJD were almost carried out with anti-infectious agents that had little amelioration of the course. With the discovery of pathogenic misfolding prion protein (PrPSc) and increasing insights into prion biology, amounts of novel technologies have attempted to eliminate PrPSc. This review presents new perspectives on clinical and experimental prion diseases, including immunotherapy, gene therapy, small-molecule drug, and stem cell therapy. It further explores the prospects and challenge associated with these emerging therapeutic approaches for prion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangzhou Liu
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Wenqi Lü
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ling Liu
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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5
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Garmendia JV, De Sanctis CV, Das V, Annadurai N, Hajduch M, De Sanctis JB. Inflammation, Autoimmunity and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Therapeutics and Beyond. Curr Neuropharmacol 2024; 22:1080-1109. [PMID: 37898823 PMCID: PMC10964103 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x22666231017141636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disease (ND) incidence has recently increased due to improved life expectancy. Alzheimer's (AD) or Parkinson's disease (PD) are the most prevalent NDs. Both diseases are poly genetic, multifactorial and heterogenous. Preventive medicine, a healthy diet, exercise, and controlling comorbidities may delay the onset. After the diseases are diagnosed, therapy is needed to slow progression. Recent studies show that local, peripheral and age-related inflammation accelerates NDs' onset and progression. Patients with autoimmune disorders like inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) could be at higher risk of developing AD or PD. However, no increase in ND incidence has been reported if the patients are adequately diagnosed and treated. Autoantibodies against abnormal tau, β amyloid and α- synuclein have been encountered in AD and PD and may be protective. This discovery led to the proposal of immune-based therapies for AD and PD involving monoclonal antibodies, immunization/ vaccines, pro-inflammatory cytokine inhibition and anti-inflammatory cytokine addition. All the different approaches have been analysed here. Future perspectives on new therapeutic strategies for both disorders are concisely examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Valentina Garmendia
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, The Czech Republic
| | - Claudia Valentina De Sanctis
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, The Czech Republic
| | - Viswanath Das
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, The Czech Republic
- The Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (Catrin), Palacky University, Olomouc, The Czech Republic
| | - Narendran Annadurai
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, The Czech Republic
| | - Marián Hajduch
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, The Czech Republic
- The Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (Catrin), Palacky University, Olomouc, The Czech Republic
| | - Juan Bautista De Sanctis
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, The Czech Republic
- The Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (Catrin), Palacky University, Olomouc, The Czech Republic
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6
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Aggarwal V, Workman CJ, Vignali DAA. LAG-3 as the third checkpoint inhibitor. Nat Immunol 2023; 24:1415-1422. [PMID: 37488429 PMCID: PMC11144386 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-023-01569-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Lymphocyte activation gene 3 (LAG-3) is an inhibitory receptor that is highly expressed by exhausted T cells. LAG-3 is a promising immunotherapeutic target, with more than 20 LAG-3-targeting therapeutics in clinical trials and a fixed-dose combination of anti-LAG-3 and anti-PD-1 now approved to treat unresectable or metastatic melanoma. Although LAG-3 is widely recognized as a potent inhibitory receptor, important questions regarding its biology and mechanism of action remain. In this Perspective, we focus on gaps in the understanding of LAG-3 biology and discuss the five biggest topics of current debate and focus regarding LAG-3, including its ligands, signaling and mechanism of action, its cell-specific functions, its importance in different disease settings, and the development of novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishali Aggarwal
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Creg J Workman
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Dario A A Vignali
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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7
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Li D, Ainiwaer A, Zheng X, Wang M, Shi Y, Rousu Z, Hou X, Kang X, Maimaiti M, Wang H, Li J, Zhang C. Upregulation of LAG3 modulates the immune imbalance of CD4+ T-cell subsets and exacerbates disease progression in patients with alveolar echinococcosis and a mouse model. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011396. [PMID: 37172058 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with the cestode Echinococcus multilocularis (E. multilocularis) causes alveolar echinococcosis (AE), a tumor-like disease predominantly affecting the liver but able to spread to any organ. T cells develop functional defects during chronic E. multilocularis infection, mostly due to upregulation of inhibitory receptors such as T-cell immunoreceptor with immunoglobulin and immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif domains (TIGIT) and programmed death-1 (PD-1). However, the role of lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG3), an inhibitory receptor, in AE infection remains to be determined. Here, we discovered that high expression of LAG3 was mainly found in CD4+ T cells and induced regulatory T cells (iTregs) in close liver tissue (CLT) from AE patients. In a mouse model of E. multilocularis infection, LAG3 expression was predominantly found in T helper 2 (Th2) and Treg subsets, which secreted significantly more IL-4 and IL-10, resulting in host immune tolerance and disease progression at a late stage. Furthermore, LAG3 deficiency was found to drive the development of effector memory CD4+ T cells and enhance the type 1 CD4+ T-cell immune response, thus inhibiting metacestode growth in vivo. In addition, CD4+ T cells from LAG3-deficient mice produced more IFN-γ and less IL-4 when stimulated by E. multilocularis protoscoleces (EmP) antigen in vitro. Finally, adoptive transfer experiments showed that LAG3-knockout (KO) CD4+ T cells were more likely to develop into Th1 cells and less likely to develop into Tregs in recipient mice. Our work reveals that high expression of LAG3 accelerates AE disease progression by modulating the immune imbalance of CD4+ T-cell subsets. These findings may provide a novel immunotherapeutic strategy against E. multilocularis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dewei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
- Basic Medical College, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Abidan Ainiwaer
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
- Basic Medical College, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xuran Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
- Basic Medical College, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Maolin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
- Basic Medical College, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
- Basic Medical College, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Zibigu Rousu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
- Basic Medical College, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xinling Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
- Basic Medical College, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xuejiao Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
- Basic Medical College, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Muesier Maimaiti
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
- Basic Medical College, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
- Basic Medical College, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, and WHO Collaborating Centre on Prevention and Case Management of Echinococcosis, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Jing Li
- Basic Medical College, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Chuanshan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
- Basic Medical College, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, and WHO Collaborating Centre on Prevention and Case Management of Echinococcosis, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
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Khan MA, Haider N, Singh T, Bandopadhyay R, Ghoneim MM, Alshehri S, Taha M, Ahmad J, Mishra A. Promising biomarkers and therapeutic targets for the management of Parkinson's disease: recent advancements and contemporary research. Metab Brain Dis 2023; 38:873-919. [PMID: 36807081 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-023-01180-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the progressive neurological diseases which affect around 10 million population worldwide. The clinical manifestation of motor symptoms in PD patients appears later when most dopaminergic neurons have degenerated. Thus, for better management of PD, the development of accurate biomarkers for the early prognosis of PD is imperative. The present work will discuss the potential biomarkers from various attributes covering biochemical, microRNA, and neuroimaging aspects (α-synuclein, DJ-1, UCH-L1, β-glucocerebrosidase, BDNF, etc.) for diagnosis, recent development in PD management, and major limitations with current and conventional anti-Parkinson therapy. This manuscript summarizes potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets, based on available preclinical and clinical evidence, for better management of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ahmed Khan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Nafis Haider
- Prince Sultan Military College of Health Sciences, Dhahran, 34313, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tanveer Singh
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, 77807, USA
| | - Ritam Bandopadhyay
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Mohammed M Ghoneim
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, AlMaarefa University, Ad Diriyah, 13713, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sultan Alshehri
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Murtada Taha
- Prince Sultan Military College of Health Sciences, Dhahran, 34313, Saudi Arabia
| | - Javed Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran, 11001, Saudi Arabia
| | - Awanish Mishra
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) - Guwahati, Sila Katamur (Halugurisuk), Kamrup, Changsari, Assam, 781101, India.
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9
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Abdeladhim M, Karnell JL, Rieder SA. In or out of control: Modulating regulatory T cell homeostasis and function with immune checkpoint pathways. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1033705. [PMID: 36591244 PMCID: PMC9799097 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1033705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are the master regulators of immunity and they have been implicated in different disease states such as infection, autoimmunity and cancer. Since their discovery, many studies have focused on understanding Treg development, differentiation, and function. While there are many players in the generation and function of truly suppressive Tregs, the role of checkpoint pathways in these processes have been studied extensively. In this paper, we systematically review the role of different checkpoint pathways in Treg homeostasis and function. We describe how co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory pathways modulate Treg homeostasis and function and highlight data from mouse and human studies. Multiple checkpoint pathways are being targeted in cancer and autoimmunity; therefore, we share insights from the clinic and discuss the effect of experimental and approved therapeutics on Treg biology.
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10
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Liu Y, Senatore A, Sorce S, Nuvolone M, Guo J, Gümüş ZH, Aguzzi A. Brain aging is faithfully modelled in organotypic brain slices and accelerated by prions. Commun Biol 2022; 5:557. [PMID: 35676449 PMCID: PMC9177860 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03496-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian models are essential for brain aging research. However, the long lifespan and poor amenability to genetic and pharmacological perturbations have hindered the use of mammals for dissecting aging-regulatory molecular networks and discovering new anti-aging interventions. To circumvent these limitations, we developed an ex vivo model system that faithfully mimics the aging process of the mammalian brain using cultured mouse brain slices. Genome-wide gene expression analyses showed that cultured brain slices spontaneously upregulated senescence-associated genes over time and reproduced many of the transcriptional characteristics of aged brains. Treatment with rapamycin, a classical anti-aging compound, largely abolished the time-dependent transcriptional changes in naturally aged brain slice cultures. Using this model system, we discovered that prions drastically accelerated the development of age-related molecular signatures and the pace of brain aging. We confirmed this finding in mouse models and human victims of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. These data establish an innovative, eminently tractable mammalian model of brain aging, and uncover a surprising acceleration of brain aging in prion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjun Liu
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Assunta Senatore
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Silvia Sorce
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mario Nuvolone
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Amyloidosis Research and Treatment Center, Foundation IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Jingjing Guo
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Zeynep H Gümüş
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Adriano Aguzzi
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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11
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Gouda NA, Elkamhawy A, Cho J. Emerging Therapeutic Strategies for Parkinson’s Disease and Future Prospects: A 2021 Update. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10020371. [PMID: 35203580 PMCID: PMC8962417 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder pathologically distinguished by degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Muscle rigidity, tremor, and bradykinesia are all clinical motor hallmarks of PD. Several pathways have been implicated in PD etiology, including mitochondrial dysfunction, impaired protein clearance, and neuroinflammation, but how these factors interact remains incompletely understood. Although many breakthroughs in PD therapy have been accomplished, there is currently no cure for PD, only trials to alleviate the related motor symptoms. To reduce or stop the clinical progression and mobility impairment, a disease-modifying approach that can directly target the etiology rather than offering symptomatic alleviation remains a major unmet clinical need in the management of PD. In this review, we briefly introduce current treatments and pathophysiology of PD. In addition, we address the novel innovative therapeutic targets for PD therapy, including α-synuclein, autophagy, neurodegeneration, neuroinflammation, and others. Several immunomodulatory approaches and stem cell research currently in clinical trials with PD patients are also discussed. Moreover, preclinical studies and clinical trials evaluating the efficacy of novel and repurposed therapeutic agents and their pragmatic applications with encouraging outcomes are summarized. Finally, molecular biomarkers under active investigation are presented as potentially valuable tools for early PD diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha A. Gouda
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang 10326, Korea; (N.A.G.); (A.E.)
| | - Ahmed Elkamhawy
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang 10326, Korea; (N.A.G.); (A.E.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Jungsook Cho
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang 10326, Korea; (N.A.G.); (A.E.)
- Correspondence:
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12
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Emmenegger M, De Cecco E, Hruska‐Plochan M, Eninger T, Schneider MM, Barth M, Tantardini E, de Rossi P, Bacioglu M, Langston RG, Kaganovich A, Bengoa‐Vergniory N, Gonzalez‐Guerra A, Avar M, Heinzer D, Reimann R, Häsler LM, Herling TW, Matharu NS, Landeck N, Luk K, Melki R, Kahle PJ, Hornemann S, Knowles TPJ, Cookson MR, Polymenidou M, Jucker M, Aguzzi A. LAG3 is not expressed in human and murine neurons and does not modulate α-synucleinopathies. EMBO Mol Med 2021; 13:e14745. [PMID: 34309222 PMCID: PMC8422075 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202114745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
While the initial pathology of Parkinson's disease and other α-synucleinopathies is often confined to circumscribed brain regions, it can spread and progressively affect adjacent and distant brain locales. This process may be controlled by cellular receptors of α-synuclein fibrils, one of which was proposed to be the LAG3 immune checkpoint molecule. Here, we analysed the expression pattern of LAG3 in human and mouse brains. Using a variety of methods and model systems, we found no evidence for LAG3 expression by neurons. While we confirmed that LAG3 interacts with α-synuclein fibrils, the specificity of this interaction appears limited. Moreover, overexpression of LAG3 in cultured human neural cells did not cause any worsening of α-synuclein pathology ex vivo. The overall survival of A53T α-synuclein transgenic mice was unaffected by LAG3 depletion, and the seeded induction of α-synuclein lesions in hippocampal slice cultures was unaffected by LAG3 knockout. These data suggest that the proposed role of LAG3 in the spreading of α-synucleinopathies is not universally valid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Emmenegger
- Institute of NeuropathologyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Elena De Cecco
- Institute of NeuropathologyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | | | - Timo Eninger
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)TübingenGermany
- Department of Cellular NeurologyHertie Institute for Clinical Brain ResearchUniversity of TübingenTübingenGermany
| | - Matthias M Schneider
- Yusuf Hamied Department of ChemistryCentre for Misfolding DiseasesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Melanie Barth
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)TübingenGermany
- Department of Cellular NeurologyHertie Institute for Clinical Brain ResearchUniversity of TübingenTübingenGermany
| | - Elena Tantardini
- Department of Quantitative BiomedicineUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Pierre de Rossi
- Department of Quantitative BiomedicineUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Mehtap Bacioglu
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)TübingenGermany
- Department of Cellular NeurologyHertie Institute for Clinical Brain ResearchUniversity of TübingenTübingenGermany
| | - Rebekah G Langston
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression SectionLaboratory of NeurogeneticsNational Institute on AgingNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMDUSA
| | - Alice Kaganovich
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression SectionLaboratory of NeurogeneticsNational Institute on AgingNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMDUSA
| | - Nora Bengoa‐Vergniory
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and GeneticsOxford Parkinson’s Disease Center (OPDC)Oxford UniversityOxfordUK
| | | | - Merve Avar
- Institute of NeuropathologyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Daniel Heinzer
- Institute of NeuropathologyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Regina Reimann
- Institute of NeuropathologyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Lisa M Häsler
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)TübingenGermany
- Department of Cellular NeurologyHertie Institute for Clinical Brain ResearchUniversity of TübingenTübingenGermany
| | - Therese W Herling
- Yusuf Hamied Department of ChemistryCentre for Misfolding DiseasesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Naunehal S Matharu
- Yusuf Hamied Department of ChemistryCentre for Misfolding DiseasesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Natalie Landeck
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression SectionLaboratory of NeurogeneticsNational Institute on AgingNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMDUSA
| | - Kelvin Luk
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease ResearchUniversity of Pennsylvania Perelman School of MedicinePhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Ronald Melki
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative DiseasesCNRSInstitut François Jacob (MIRCen)CEAFontenay‐aux‐RosesFrance
| | - Philipp J Kahle
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)TübingenGermany
- Department of NeurodegenerationHertie Institute for Clinical Brain ResearchUniversity of TübingenTübingenGermany
| | - Simone Hornemann
- Institute of NeuropathologyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Tuomas P J Knowles
- Yusuf Hamied Department of ChemistryCentre for Misfolding DiseasesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Cavendish LaboratoryDepartment of PhysicsUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Mark R Cookson
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression SectionLaboratory of NeurogeneticsNational Institute on AgingNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMDUSA
| | | | - Mathias Jucker
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)TübingenGermany
- Department of Cellular NeurologyHertie Institute for Clinical Brain ResearchUniversity of TübingenTübingenGermany
| | - Adriano Aguzzi
- Institute of NeuropathologyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
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Chocarro L, Blanco E, Zuazo M, Arasanz H, Bocanegra A, Fernández-Rubio L, Morente P, Fernández-Hinojal G, Echaide M, Garnica M, Ramos P, Vera R, Kochan G, Escors D. Understanding LAG-3 Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105282. [PMID: 34067904 PMCID: PMC8156499 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphocyte activation gene 3 (LAG-3) is a cell surface inhibitory receptor with multiple biological activities over T cell activation and effector functions. LAG-3 plays a regulatory role in immunity and emerged some time ago as an inhibitory immune checkpoint molecule comparable to PD-1 and CTLA-4 and a potential target for enhancing anti-cancer immune responses. LAG-3 is the third inhibitory receptor to be exploited in human anti-cancer immunotherapies, and it is considered a potential next-generation cancer immunotherapy target in human therapy, right next to PD-1 and CTLA-4. Unlike PD-1 and CTLA-4, the exact mechanisms of action of LAG-3 and its relationship with other immune checkpoint molecules remain poorly understood. This is partly caused by the presence of non-conventional signaling motifs in its intracellular domain that are different from other conventional immunoregulatory signaling motifs but with similar inhibitory activities. Here we summarize the current understanding of LAG-3 signaling and its role in LAG-3 functions, from its mechanisms of action to clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Chocarro
- Oncoimmunology Group, Navarrabiomed-Public University of Navarre, IdISNA, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain; (L.C.); (E.B.); (M.Z.); (H.A.); (A.B.); (L.F.-R.); (P.M.); (G.F.-H.); (M.E.); (M.G.); (P.R.)
| | - Ester Blanco
- Oncoimmunology Group, Navarrabiomed-Public University of Navarre, IdISNA, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain; (L.C.); (E.B.); (M.Z.); (H.A.); (A.B.); (L.F.-R.); (P.M.); (G.F.-H.); (M.E.); (M.G.); (P.R.)
| | - Miren Zuazo
- Oncoimmunology Group, Navarrabiomed-Public University of Navarre, IdISNA, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain; (L.C.); (E.B.); (M.Z.); (H.A.); (A.B.); (L.F.-R.); (P.M.); (G.F.-H.); (M.E.); (M.G.); (P.R.)
| | - Hugo Arasanz
- Oncoimmunology Group, Navarrabiomed-Public University of Navarre, IdISNA, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain; (L.C.); (E.B.); (M.Z.); (H.A.); (A.B.); (L.F.-R.); (P.M.); (G.F.-H.); (M.E.); (M.G.); (P.R.)
- Department of Medical Oncology, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra CHN-IdISNA, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain;
| | - Ana Bocanegra
- Oncoimmunology Group, Navarrabiomed-Public University of Navarre, IdISNA, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain; (L.C.); (E.B.); (M.Z.); (H.A.); (A.B.); (L.F.-R.); (P.M.); (G.F.-H.); (M.E.); (M.G.); (P.R.)
| | - Leticia Fernández-Rubio
- Oncoimmunology Group, Navarrabiomed-Public University of Navarre, IdISNA, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain; (L.C.); (E.B.); (M.Z.); (H.A.); (A.B.); (L.F.-R.); (P.M.); (G.F.-H.); (M.E.); (M.G.); (P.R.)
| | - Pilar Morente
- Oncoimmunology Group, Navarrabiomed-Public University of Navarre, IdISNA, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain; (L.C.); (E.B.); (M.Z.); (H.A.); (A.B.); (L.F.-R.); (P.M.); (G.F.-H.); (M.E.); (M.G.); (P.R.)
| | - Gonzalo Fernández-Hinojal
- Oncoimmunology Group, Navarrabiomed-Public University of Navarre, IdISNA, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain; (L.C.); (E.B.); (M.Z.); (H.A.); (A.B.); (L.F.-R.); (P.M.); (G.F.-H.); (M.E.); (M.G.); (P.R.)
- Department of Medical Oncology, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra CHN-IdISNA, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain;
| | - Miriam Echaide
- Oncoimmunology Group, Navarrabiomed-Public University of Navarre, IdISNA, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain; (L.C.); (E.B.); (M.Z.); (H.A.); (A.B.); (L.F.-R.); (P.M.); (G.F.-H.); (M.E.); (M.G.); (P.R.)
| | - Maider Garnica
- Oncoimmunology Group, Navarrabiomed-Public University of Navarre, IdISNA, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain; (L.C.); (E.B.); (M.Z.); (H.A.); (A.B.); (L.F.-R.); (P.M.); (G.F.-H.); (M.E.); (M.G.); (P.R.)
| | - Pablo Ramos
- Oncoimmunology Group, Navarrabiomed-Public University of Navarre, IdISNA, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain; (L.C.); (E.B.); (M.Z.); (H.A.); (A.B.); (L.F.-R.); (P.M.); (G.F.-H.); (M.E.); (M.G.); (P.R.)
| | - Ruth Vera
- Department of Medical Oncology, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra CHN-IdISNA, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain;
| | - Grazyna Kochan
- Oncoimmunology Group, Navarrabiomed-Public University of Navarre, IdISNA, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain; (L.C.); (E.B.); (M.Z.); (H.A.); (A.B.); (L.F.-R.); (P.M.); (G.F.-H.); (M.E.); (M.G.); (P.R.)
- Correspondence: (G.K.); (D.E.)
| | - David Escors
- Oncoimmunology Group, Navarrabiomed-Public University of Navarre, IdISNA, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain; (L.C.); (E.B.); (M.Z.); (H.A.); (A.B.); (L.F.-R.); (P.M.); (G.F.-H.); (M.E.); (M.G.); (P.R.)
- Correspondence: (G.K.); (D.E.)
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14
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Neuroinflammation in Prion Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22042196. [PMID: 33672129 PMCID: PMC7926464 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation, typically manifest as microglial activation and astrogliosis accompanied by transcriptomic alterations, represents a common hallmark of various neurodegenerative conditions including prion diseases. Microglia play an overall neuroprotective role in prion disease, whereas reactive astrocytes with aberrant phenotypes propagate prions and contribute to prion-induced neurodegeneration. The existence of heterogeneous subpopulations and dual functions of microglia and astrocytes in prion disease make them potential targets for therapeutic intervention. A variety of neuroinflammation-related molecules are involved in prion pathogenesis. Therapeutics targeting neuroinflammation represents a novel approach to combat prion disease. Deciphering neuroinflammation in prion disease will deepen our understanding of pathogenesis of other neurodegenerative disorders.
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Hu S, Liu X, Li T, Li Z, Hu F. LAG3 (CD223) and autoimmunity: Emerging evidence. J Autoimmun 2020; 112:102504. [PMID: 32576412 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2020.102504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint molecules play pivotal roles in maintaining the immune homeostasis. Targeting these molecules, such as the classical Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Antigen 4 (CTLA4) and Programmed Cell Death Protein 1 (PD1), achieves great success in treating cancers. However, not all the patients respond well. This urges the immunologists to identify novel immune checkpoint molecules. Lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG3; CD223) is a newly identified inhibitory receptor. It is expressed on a variety of immune cells, including CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, Tregs, B cells, and NK cells. Its unique intracellular domains, signaling patterns as well as the striking synergy observed in its targeted therapy with anti-PD1 indicate the important role of LAG3 in maintaining immune tolerance. Currently, a variety of agents targeting LAG3 are in clinical trials, revealing great perspectives in the future immunotherapy. In this review, we briefly summarize the studies on LAG3, including its structure, isoforms, ligands, signaling, function, roles in multiple diseases, as well as the latest targeted therapeutic advances, with particular concern on the potential association of LAG3 with autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suiyuan Hu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University People's Hospital & Beijing Key Laboratory for Rheumatism Mechanism and Immune Diagnosis (BZ0135), Beijing, China
| | - Xu Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University People's Hospital & Beijing Key Laboratory for Rheumatism Mechanism and Immune Diagnosis (BZ0135), Beijing, China
| | - Tianding Li
- Software Center, Bank of China, Beijing, China
| | - Zhanguo Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University People's Hospital & Beijing Key Laboratory for Rheumatism Mechanism and Immune Diagnosis (BZ0135), Beijing, China; State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Fanlei Hu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University People's Hospital & Beijing Key Laboratory for Rheumatism Mechanism and Immune Diagnosis (BZ0135), Beijing, China; State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.
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Mao M, Yu Q, Huang R, Lu Y, Wang Z, Liao L. Stromal score as a prognostic factor in primary gastric cancer and close association with tumor immune microenvironment. Cancer Med 2020; 9:4980-4990. [PMID: 32432377 PMCID: PMC7367639 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.2801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gastric cancer remains one of the major causes for tumor‐related deaths worldwide. Our study aimed to provide an understanding of primary gastric cancer and prompt its clinical diagnosis and treatment. Methods We integrated the expression profiles and overall survival information of primary gastric cancer in TCGA and GEO database and estimated the stromal score of each sample by the estimate R package. Stromal score and clinicopathologic characteristics associated with overall survival were analyzed by using Cox regression and the Kaplan‐Meier method. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) and KEGG analysis were performed to explore the potential molecular mechanism in TCGA dataset. The relationship between immunotherapy‐associated markers or immune cell types and stromal score was explored by using Pearson correlation analysis. Results A total of 796 samples were collected for the analysis. Patients with stromal score‐high showed poor overall survival (P < .01, HR: 1.407, 95% CI: 1.144‐1.731) and identified as an independent prognostic factor. KEGG analysis revealed that stromal score actively involved in diverse tumor‐associated pathways. GSEA analysis also revealed stromal score associated with diverse immune‐related biological processes. Furthermore, stromal score was related with immunotherapy‐associated markers and multiple immune cells. Conclusion Our results showed that stromal score could serve as a potential prognostic biomarker in primary gastric cancer and play an important role in the recognition, surveillance, and prognosis of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Mao
- First Clinical Medical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Qingliang Yu
- First Clinical Medical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Rongzhi Huang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Tenth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Qinzhou First People's Hospital, Qinzhou, China
| | - Yunxin Lu
- First Clinical Medical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Liang Liao
- Department of Traumatic Orthopedics and Hand Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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Lymphocyte-Activation Gene 3 (LAG3) Protein as a Possible Therapeutic Target for Parkinson's Disease: Molecular Mechanisms Connecting Neuroinflammation to α-Synuclein Spreading Pathology. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9040086. [PMID: 32340360 PMCID: PMC7235703 DOI: 10.3390/biology9040086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the most common neurodegenerative movement disorder without any objective biomarker available to date. Increasing evidence highlights the critical role of neuroinflammation, including T cell responses, and spreading of aggregated α-synuclein in PD progression. Lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (LAG3) belongs to the immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily expressed by peripheral immune cells, microglia and neurons and plays a key role in T cell regulation. The role of LAG3 has been extensively investigated in several human cancers, whereas until recently, the role of LAG3 in the central nervous system (CNS) has been largely unknown. Accumulating evidence highlights the potential role of LAG3 in PD pathogenesis, mainly by binding to α-synuclein fibrils and affecting its endocytosis and intercellular transmission, which sheds more light on the connection between immune dysregulation and α-synuclein spreading pathology. Serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) soluble LAG3 (sLAG3) levels have been demonstrated to be potentially associated with PD development and clinical phenotype, suggesting that sLAG3 could represent an emerging PD biomarker. Specific single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the LAG3 gene have been also related to PD occurrence especially in the female population, enlightening the pathophysiological background of gender-related PD clinical differences. Given also the ongoing clinical trials investigating various LAG3-targeting strategies in human diseases, new opportunities are being developed for PD treatment research. In this review, we discuss recent preclinical and clinical evidence on the role of LAG3 in PD pathogenesis and biomarker potential, aiming to elucidate its underlying molecular mechanisms.
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Region-specific glial homeostatic signature in prion diseases is replaced by a uniform neuroinflammation signature, common for brain regions and prion strains with different cell tropism. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 137:104783. [PMID: 32001329 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.104783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic neuroinflammation is recognized as a major neuropathological hallmark in a broad spectrum of neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Frontal Temporal Dementia, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, and prion diseases. Both microglia and astrocytes exhibit region-specific homeostatic transcriptional identities, which under chronic neurodegeneration, transform into reactive phenotypes in a region- and disease-specific manner. Little is known about region-specific identity of glia in prion diseases. The current study was designed to determine whether the region-specific homeostatic signature of glia changes with the progression of prion diseases, and whether these changes occur in a region-dependent or universal manner. Also of interest was whether different prion strains give rise to different reactive phenotypes. To answer these questions, we analyzed gene expression in the thalamus, cortex, hypothalamus and hippocampus of mice infected with 22L and ME7 prion strains using a Nanostring Neuroinflammation panel at the subclinical, early clinical and advanced stages of the disease. We found that at the preclinical stage of the disease, the region-specific homeostatic identities were preserved. However, with the appearance of clinical signs, the region-specific signatures were partially lost and replaced with a neuroinflammation signature. While the same sets of genes were activated by both prion strains, the timing of neuroinflammation and the degree of activation in different brain regions was strain-specific. Changes in astrocyte function scored at the top of the activated pathways. Moreover, clustering analysis suggested that the astrocyte function pathway responded to prion infection prior to the Activated Microglia or Neuron and Neurotransmission pathways. The current work established neuroinflammation gene expression signature associated with prion diseases. Our results illustrate that with the disease progression, the region-specific homeostatic transcriptome signatures are replaced by the region-independent neuroinflammation signature, which is common for prion strains with different cell tropism. The prion-associated neuroinflammation signature identified in the current study overlapped only partially with the microglia degenerative phenotype and the disease-associated microglia phenotype reported for animal models of other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Fields CR, Bengoa-Vergniory N, Wade-Martins R. Targeting Alpha-Synuclein as a Therapy for Parkinson's Disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:299. [PMID: 31866823 PMCID: PMC6906193 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders with a global burden of approximately 6.1 million patients. Alpha-synuclein has been linked to both the sporadic and familial forms of the disease. Moreover, alpha-synuclein is present in Lewy-bodies, the neuropathological hallmark of PD, and the protein and its aggregation have been widely linked to neurotoxic pathways that ultimately lead to neurodegeneration. Such pathways include autophagy/lysosomal dysregulation, synaptic dysfunction, mitochondrial disruption, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and oxidative stress. Alpha-synuclein has not only been shown to alter cellular pathways but also to spread between cells, causing aggregation in host cells. Therapeutic approaches will need to address several, if not all, of these angles of alpha-synuclein toxicity. Here we review the current advances in therapeutic efforts for PD that aim to produce a disease-modifying therapy by targeting the spread, production, aggregation, and degradation of alpha-synuclein. These include: receptor blocking strategies whereby putative alpha-synuclein receptors could be blocked inhibiting alpha-synuclein spread, an alpha-synuclein reduction which will decrease the amount alpha-synuclein available for aggregation and pathway disruption, the use of small molecules in order to target alpha-synuclein aggregation, immunotherapy and the increase of alpha-synuclein degradation by increasing autophagy/lysosomal flux. The research discussed here may lead to a disease-modifying therapy that tackles disease onset and progression in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nora Bengoa-Vergniory
- Department of Physiology, Oxford Parkinson's Disease Center, Anatomy and Genetics, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Wade-Martins
- Department of Physiology, Oxford Parkinson's Disease Center, Anatomy and Genetics, Oxford, United Kingdom
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20
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Liu Y, Aguzzi A. NG2 glia are required for maintaining microglia homeostatic state. Glia 2019; 68:345-355. [PMID: 31518022 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Microglia play vital roles in the health and diseases of the central nervous system. Loss of microglia homeostatic state is a key feature of brain aging and neurodegeneration. However, the mechanisms underlying the maintenance of distinct microglia cellular states are largely unclear. Here, we show that NG2 glia, also known as oligodendrocyte precursor cells, are essential for maintaining the homeostatic microglia state. We developed a highly efficient and selective NG2 glia depletion method using small-molecule inhibitors of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) signaling in cultured brain slices. We found that loss of NG2 glia abolished the homeostatic microglia signature without affecting the disease-associated microglia profiles. Similar findings were also observed in vivo by genetically depleting NG2 glia or conditionally inhibiting NG2 glia PDGF signaling in the adult mouse brain. These data suggest that NG2 glia exert a crucial influence onto microglia cellular states that are relevant to brain aging and neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, our results provide a powerful, convenient, and selective tool for the investigation of NG2 glia function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjun Liu
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Adriano Aguzzi
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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21
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Niu B, Zhou F, Su Y, Wang L, Xu Y, Yi Z, Wu Y, Du H, Ren G. Different Expression Characteristics of LAG3 and PD-1 in Sepsis and Their Synergistic Effect on T Cell Exhaustion: A New Strategy for Immune Checkpoint Blockade. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1888. [PMID: 31440257 PMCID: PMC6693426 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The impairment of immunity characterized by T cell exhaustion is the main cause of death in patients with sepsis after the acute phase. Although PD-1 blockade is highly touted as a promising treatment for improving prognosis, the role of PD-1 plays in sepsis and particularly its different roles in different periods are still very limited. A recent study revealed LAG3 can resist the therapeutic effect of PD-1 blockade in tumor, which inspired us to understand their role in sepsis. We enrolled 26 patients with acute sepsis from 422 candidates using strict inclusion criteria. Follow-up analysis revealed that the expression levels of PD-1 were rapidly increased in the early stage of sepsis but did not change significantly as infection continued (P < 0.05). However, the expression of LAG3 was contrary to that of PD-1. Compared with LAG3 or PD-1 single-positive T cells, T cells coexpressing LAG3 and PD-1 were significantly exhausted (P < 0.05). The proportion of coexpressing T cells was negatively correlated with the total number of lymphocytes (r = −0.653, P = 0.0003) and positively correlated with the SOFA score (r = 0.712, P < 0.0001). In addition, the higher the proportion of coexpressing T cells was, the longer the hospital stay and the higher the mortality. These results showed that LAG3 and PD-1 had a potential synergistic effect in regulating the gradual exhaustion of T cells in sepsis, which seriously affected the clinical prognosis of patients. Therefore, LAG3 and PD-1 double-positive T cells are an important indicator for immunity detection and prognostic evaluation. In the future, precision therapy may pay more attention to the different expression patterns of these two molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bailin Niu
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Intensive Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Epigenetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fachun Zhou
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Intensive Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yanxin Su
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Intensive Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Long Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Epigenetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Xu
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Intensive Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ziying Yi
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Epigenetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yushen Wu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Epigenetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Huimin Du
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Epigenetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guosheng Ren
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Epigenetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Endocrine and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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22
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Liu Y, Aguzzi A. Immunotherapy for neurodegeneration? SCIENCE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2019; 364:130-131. [PMID: 30975878 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaw0685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yingjun Liu
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Zurich, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Adriano Aguzzi
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Zurich, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland.
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23
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Vargas JY, Grudina C, Zurzolo C. The prion-like spreading of α-synuclein: From in vitro to in vivo models of Parkinson's disease. Ageing Res Rev 2019; 50:89-101. [PMID: 30690184 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2019.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer's disease. PD is characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons, primarily in brain regions that control motor functions, thereby leading to motor impairments in the patients. Pathological aggregated forms of the synaptic protein, α-synuclein (α-syn), are involved in the generation and progression of PD. In PD brains, α-syn accumulates inside neurons and propagates from cell-to-cell in a prion-like manner. In this review, we discuss the in vitro and in vivo models used to study the prion-like properties of α-syn and related findings. In particular, we focus on the different mechanisms of α-syn spreading, which could be relevant for the development of alternative therapeutic approaches for PD treatment.
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