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Wu Z, Li W, Jiang K, Lin Z, Qian C, Wu M, Xia Y, Li N, Zhang H, Xiao H, Bai J, Geng D. Regulation of bone homeostasis: signaling pathways and therapeutic targets. MedComm (Beijing) 2024; 5:e657. [PMID: 39049966 PMCID: PMC11266958 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
As a highly dynamic tissue, bone is continuously rebuilt throughout life. Both bone formation by osteoblasts and bone resorption by osteoclasts constitute bone reconstruction homeostasis. The equilibrium of bone homeostasis is governed by many complicated signaling pathways that weave together to form an intricate network. These pathways coordinate the meticulous processes of bone formation and resorption, ensuring the structural integrity and dynamic vitality of the skeletal system. Dysregulation of the bone homeostatic regulatory signaling network contributes to the development and progression of many skeletal diseases. Significantly, imbalanced bone homeostasis further disrupts the signaling network and triggers a cascade reaction that exacerbates disease progression and engenders a deleterious cycle. Here, we summarize the influence of signaling pathways on bone homeostasis, elucidating the interplay and crosstalk among them. Additionally, we review the mechanisms underpinning bone homeostatic imbalances across diverse disease landscapes, highlighting current and prospective therapeutic targets and clinical drugs. We hope that this review will contribute to a holistic understanding of the signaling pathways and molecular mechanisms sustaining bone homeostasis, which are promising to contribute to further research on bone homeostasis and shed light on the development of targeted drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zebin Wu
- Department of OrthopedicsThe First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsuChina
| | - Wenming Li
- Department of OrthopedicsThe First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsuChina
| | - Kunlong Jiang
- Department of OrthopedicsThe First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsuChina
| | - Zhixiang Lin
- Department of OrthopedicsThe First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsuChina
| | - Chen Qian
- Department of OrthopedicsThe First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsuChina
| | - Mingzhou Wu
- Department of OrthopedicsThe First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsuChina
| | - Yu Xia
- Department of OrthopedicsThe First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsuChina
| | - Ning Li
- Department of OrthopedicsCentre for Leading Medicine and Advanced Technologies of IHMDivision of Life Sciences and MedicineThe First Affiliated Hospital of USTCUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiChina
| | - Hongtao Zhang
- Department of OrthopedicsThe First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsuChina
| | - Haixiang Xiao
- Department of OrthopedicsThe First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsuChina
- Department of OrthopedicsJingjiang People's HospitalSeventh Clinical Medical School of Yangzhou UniversityJingjiangJiangsu ProvinceChina
| | - Jiaxiang Bai
- Department of OrthopedicsCentre for Leading Medicine and Advanced Technologies of IHMDivision of Life Sciences and MedicineThe First Affiliated Hospital of USTCUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiChina
| | - Dechun Geng
- Department of OrthopedicsThe First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsuChina
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Fu W, Liu L, Tong S. Berberine inhibits the progression of breast cancer by regulating METTL3-mediated m6A modification of FGF7 mRNA. Thorac Cancer 2024; 15:1357-1368. [PMID: 38709912 PMCID: PMC11168909 DOI: 10.1111/1759-7714.15321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Berberine (BBR), an isoquinoline alkaloid from Coptidis rhizoma, has been found to have powerful activities against various human malignancies, including breast cancer. However, the underlying antitumor mechanisms of BBR in breast cancer remain poorly understood. METHODS Breast cancer cells were cultured and treated with different doses (0, 20, 40, and 60 μM) of BBR for 48 h. Cell viability, proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, and migration were assessed using 3-(4, 5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2, 5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT), 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU), flow cytometry, transwell, and wound healing assays. Fibroblast growth factor 7 (FGF7), methyltransferase-like 3 (METTL3), and insulin-like growth factor-2 mRNA-binding protein 3 (IGF2BP3) mRNA levels and protein levels were measured using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and western blot. Interaction between METTL3 and FGF7 m6A was assessed using methylated RNA immunoprecipitation (MeRIP)-qPCR and RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assay. Binding ability between IGF2BP3 and FGF7 mRNA was analyzed using RIP assay. RESULTS BBR treatment hindered breast cancer cell proliferation, invasion, migration, and induced apoptosis. FGF7 expression was upregulated in breast cancer tissues, while its level was reduced in BBR-treated tumor cells. FGF7 upregulation relieved the repression of BBR on breast cancer cell malignant behaviors. In mechanism, METTL3 stabilized FGF7 mRNA through the m6A-IGF2BP3-dependent mechanism and naturally improved FGF7 expression. BBR treatment inhibited breast cancer growth in vivo. CONCLUSION BBR treatment blocked breast cancer cell growth and metastasis partly by regulating METTL3-mediated m6A modification of FGF7 mRNA, providing a promising therapeutic target for breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Fu
- Department of PharmacyPeople's Hospital of Dongxihu DistrictWuhanChina
| | - Lixin Liu
- Department of EmergencyPeople's Hospital of Dongxihu DistrictWuhanChina
| | - Suiju Tong
- Department of PharmacyPeople's Hospital of Dongxihu DistrictWuhanChina
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王 蕊, 安 可, 谢 静, 邹 淑. [Role of Fibroblast Growth Factor 7 in Craniomaxillofacial Development]. SICHUAN DA XUE XUE BAO. YI XUE BAN = JOURNAL OF SICHUAN UNIVERSITY. MEDICAL SCIENCE EDITION 2024; 55:469-474. [PMID: 38645865 PMCID: PMC11026893 DOI: 10.12182/20240360505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Craniomaxillofacial development involves a series of highly ordered temporal-spatial cellular differentiation processes in which a variety of cell signaling factors, such as fibroblast growth factors, play important regulatory roles. As a classic fibroblast growth factor, fibroblast growth factor 7 (FGF7) serves a wide range of regulatory functions. Previous studies have demonstrated that FGF7 regulates the proliferation and migration of epithelial cells, protects them, and promotes their repair. Furthermore, recent findings indicate that epithelial cells are not the only ones subjected to the broad and powerful regulatory capacity of FGF7. It has potential effects on skeletal system development as well. In addition, FGF7 plays an important role in the development of craniomaxillofacial organs, such as the palate, the eyes, and the teeth. Nonetheless, the role of FGF7 in oral craniomaxillofacial development needs to be further elucidated. In this paper, we summarized the published research on the role of FGF7 in oral craniomaxillofacial development to demonstrate the overall understanding of FGF7 and its potential functions in oral craniomaxillofacial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- 蕊欣 王
- 口腔疾病研究国家重点实验室 国家口腔疾病临床医学研究中心 四川大学华西口腔医院 (成都 610041)State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - 可 安
- 口腔疾病研究国家重点实验室 国家口腔疾病临床医学研究中心 四川大学华西口腔医院 (成都 610041)State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - 静 谢
- 口腔疾病研究国家重点实验室 国家口腔疾病临床医学研究中心 四川大学华西口腔医院 (成都 610041)State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - 淑娟 邹
- 口腔疾病研究国家重点实验室 国家口腔疾病临床医学研究中心 四川大学华西口腔医院 (成都 610041)State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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Liu X, Hu X, Niu C, Yang Y, Huang Z, Xie J. Fibroblast growth factor 7 protects osteoblasts against oxidative damage through targeting mitochondria. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23524. [PMID: 38466191 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202301650rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
The pathophysiology of osteoporosis is significantly influenced by the impaired functioning of osteoblasts, which is particularly caused by oxidative stress. Nevertheless, the underlying mechanisms responsible for this phenomenon are still not well understood. The objective of this study was to elucidate the impact of fibroblast growth factor 7 (FGF7) on the behavior of osteoblasts under conditions of oxidative stress. The osteoblast-like MC3T3 cells were pretreated with recombinant FGF7 in the presence of oxidative stress induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ). We first provided the evidence that the endogenous FGF7 was significantly increased in osteoblasts in response to the increased H2 O2 levels. Recombined FGF7 demonstrated a remarkable capacity to resist the detrimental effects of H2 O2 -induced oxidative stress, including the increase in cell apoptosis, decrease in osteoblast viability, and impairment in osteogenic differentiation capacity, on osteoblasts. Furthermore, we extensively explored the mechanism underlying these protective effects and discovered a remarkable modulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis in H2 O2 -treated cells following the pronounced expression of FGF7, which significantly differed from the control group. Additionally, we observed that FGF7 exerted partial preservation on both the morphology and function of mitochondria when exposed to oxidative stress conditions. Furthermore, FGF7 exhibited the ability to enhance the activation of the p38/MAPK signaling pathway while concurrently suppressing the JNK/MAPK signaling pathway in response to oxidative stress. These results underscore the promising role and underlying mechanisms of FGF7 in preserving osteoblast homeostasis in the face of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Liu
- Department of Endodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuchen Hu
- Department of Endodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenguang Niu
- Department of Endodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yueyi Yang
- Department of Endodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhengwei Huang
- Department of Endodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Xie
- Lab of Bone and Joint Disease, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Seemann S, Dubs M, Koczan D, Salapare HS, Ponche A, Pieuchot L, Petithory T, Wartenberg A, Staehlke S, Schnabelrauch M, Anselme K, Nebe JB. Response of Osteoblasts on Amine-Based Nanocoatings Correlates with the Amino Group Density. Molecules 2023; 28:6505. [PMID: 37764281 PMCID: PMC10534789 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28186505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased life expectancy in industrialized countries is causing an increased incidence of osteoporosis and the need for bioactive bone implants. The integration of implants can be improved physically, but mainly by chemical modifications of the material surface. It was recognized that amino-group-containing coatings improved cell attachment and intracellular signaling. The aim of this study was to determine the role of the amino group density in this positive cell behavior by developing controlled amino-rich nanolayers. This work used covalent grafting of polymer-based nanocoatings with different amino group densities. Titanium coated with the positively-charged trimethoxysilylpropyl modified poly(ethyleneimine) (Ti-TMS-PEI), which mostly improved cell area after 30 min, possessed the highest amino group density with an N/C of 32%. Interestingly, changes in adhesion-related genes on Ti-TMS-PEI could be seen after 4 h. The mRNA microarray data showed a premature transition of the MG-63 cells into the beginning differentiation phase after 24 h indicating Ti-TMS-PEI as a supportive factor for osseointegration. This amino-rich nanolayer also induced higher bovine serum albumin protein adsorption and caused the cells to migrate slower on the surface after a more extended period of cell settlement as an indication of a better surface anchorage. In conclusion, the cell spreading on amine-based nanocoatings correlated well with the amino group density (N/C).
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Seemann
- Institute for Cell Biology, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany (J.B.N.)
| | - Manuela Dubs
- Department of Biomaterials, INNOVENT e.V., 07745 Jena, Germany; (M.D.); (A.W.); (M.S.)
| | - Dirk Koczan
- Department of Immunology, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany;
| | - Hernando S. Salapare
- Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse (IS2M), CNRS, Université de Haute-Alsace, UMR 7361, 68100 Mulhouse, France (A.P.); (L.P.); (T.P.); (K.A.)
| | - Arnaud Ponche
- Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse (IS2M), CNRS, Université de Haute-Alsace, UMR 7361, 68100 Mulhouse, France (A.P.); (L.P.); (T.P.); (K.A.)
| | - Laurent Pieuchot
- Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse (IS2M), CNRS, Université de Haute-Alsace, UMR 7361, 68100 Mulhouse, France (A.P.); (L.P.); (T.P.); (K.A.)
| | - Tatiana Petithory
- Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse (IS2M), CNRS, Université de Haute-Alsace, UMR 7361, 68100 Mulhouse, France (A.P.); (L.P.); (T.P.); (K.A.)
| | - Annika Wartenberg
- Department of Biomaterials, INNOVENT e.V., 07745 Jena, Germany; (M.D.); (A.W.); (M.S.)
| | - Susanne Staehlke
- Institute for Cell Biology, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany (J.B.N.)
| | | | - Karine Anselme
- Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse (IS2M), CNRS, Université de Haute-Alsace, UMR 7361, 68100 Mulhouse, France (A.P.); (L.P.); (T.P.); (K.A.)
| | - J. Barbara Nebe
- Institute for Cell Biology, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany (J.B.N.)
- Department Life, Light & Matter, Interdisciplinary Faculty, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
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Cao X, Cai L, Guo D, Zhang D, Zhou X, Xie J. Fibroblast growth factor 8 facilitates cell-cell communication in chondrocytes via p38-MAPK signaling. Tissue Cell 2023; 83:102155. [PMID: 37451010 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2023.102155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Gap junction intercellular communication (GJIC) is essential for regulating the development of the organism and sustaining the internal environmental homeostasis of multi-cellular tissue. Fibroblast growth factor 8 (FGF8), an indispensable regulator of the skeletal system, is implicated in regulating chondrocyte growth, differentiation, and disease occurrence. However, the influence of FGF8 on GJIC in chondrocytes is not yet known. The study aims to investigate the role of FGF8 on cell-cell communication in chondrocytes and its underlying biomechanism. We found that FGF8 facilitated cell-cell communication in living chondrocytes by the up-regulation of connexin43 (Cx43), the major fundamental component unit of gap junction channels in chondrocytes. FGF8 activated p38-MAPK signaling to increase the expression of Cx43 and promote the cell-cell communication. Inhibition of p38-MAPK signaling impaired the increase of Cx43 expression and cell-cell communication induced by FGF8, indicating the importance of p38-MAPK signaling. These results help to understand the role of FGF8 on cell communication and provide a potential cue for the treatment of cartilage diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lang Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Daimo Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Demao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Jing Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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Zhang X, Pu X, Pi C, Xie J. The role of fibroblast growth factor 7 in cartilage development and diseases. Life Sci 2023:121804. [PMID: 37245839 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 7 (FGF7), also known as keratinocyte growth factor (KGF), shows a crucial biological significance in tissue development, wound repair, tumorigenesis, and immune reconstruction. In the skeletal system, FGF7 directs the cellular synaptic extension of individual cells and facilities functional gap junction intercellular communication of a collective of cells. Moreover, it promotes the osteogenic differentiation of stem cells via a cytoplasmic signaling network. For cartilage, reports have indicated the potential role of FGF7 on the regulation of key molecules Cx43 in cartilage and Runx2 in hypertrophic cartilage. However, the molecular mechanism of FGF7 in chondrocyte behaviors and cartilage pathological process remains largely unknown. In this review, we systematically summarize the recent biological function of FGF7 and its regulatory role on chondrocytes and cartilage diseases, especially through the hot focus of two key molecules, Runx2 and Cx43. The current knowledge of FGF7 on the physiological and pathological processes of chondrocytes and cartilage provides us new cues for wound repair of cartilage defect and therapy of cartilage diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaohua Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Caixia Pi
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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Li Z, Mei H, Liu K, Yang G. Differential expression and effect analysis of lncRNA-mRNA in congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia. Front Genet 2023; 14:1094298. [PMID: 36814904 PMCID: PMC9939773 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1094298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: To analyze the lncRNA-mRNA differential expression and co-expression network of periosteal stem cells (PSCs) from congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia (CPT) and normal patients, and to explore the role of key lncRNAs. Methods: Differentially expressed lncRNAs and mRNAs in PSCs were obtained by sequencing, and biological functions of differentially expressed mRNAs were detected by gene ontology (GO), Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway and protein -protein interaction (PPI) analysis. The co-expression network of lncRNA-mRNA was constructed by correlation analysis of differentially expressed lncRNAs and mRNAs, and the key lncRNAs were screened according to the connectivity degree. After that, the cis-regulated target genes of differential expressed lncRNAs and mRNAs were predicted. Results: A total of 194 differentially expressed lncRNAs were identified, including 73 upregulated and 121 downregulated genes. A total of 822 differentially expressed mRNAs were identified, including 311 upregulated and 511 downregulated genes. GO, KEGG and PPI enrichment analysis showed that the regulatory function of differentially expressed mRNAs were mainly gathered in skeletal system development and tissue morphogenesis. The co-expression network with 226 nodes and 3,390 edges was constructed based on correlation analysis. A total of 10 key lncRNAs, including FAM227B, POM121L9P, AF165147 and AC103702, were screened according to connectivity degree. Prediction of target genes indicated that FAM227B-FGF7 and AC103702-HOXB4/5/6 may play an important role in the pathogenesis of CPT. Conclusion: A total of 10 key lncRNAs, including FAM227B, POM121L9P, AF165147, and AC103702, occupy the core position in the co-expression network, suggesting that these lncRNAs and their target genes may play an important role in the pathogenesis of CPT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoyang Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haibo Mei
- Department of Orthopedics, Hunan Children’s Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Kun Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Hunan Children’s Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China,*Correspondence: Kun Liu, ; Ge Yang,
| | - Ge Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Hunan Children’s Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China,*Correspondence: Kun Liu, ; Ge Yang,
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Ornitz DM, Itoh N. New developments in the biology of fibroblast growth factors. WIREs Mech Dis 2022; 14:e1549. [PMID: 35142107 PMCID: PMC10115509 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family is composed of 18 secreted signaling proteins consisting of canonical FGFs and endocrine FGFs that activate four receptor tyrosine kinases (FGFRs 1-4) and four intracellular proteins (intracellular FGFs or iFGFs) that primarily function to regulate the activity of voltage-gated sodium channels and other molecules. The canonical FGFs, endocrine FGFs, and iFGFs have been reviewed extensively by us and others. In this review, we briefly summarize past reviews and then focus on new developments in the FGF field since our last review in 2015. Some of the highlights in the past 6 years include the use of optogenetic tools, viral vectors, and inducible transgenes to experimentally modulate FGF signaling, the clinical use of small molecule FGFR inhibitors, an expanded understanding of endocrine FGF signaling, functions for FGF signaling in stem cell pluripotency and differentiation, roles for FGF signaling in tissue homeostasis and regeneration, a continuing elaboration of mechanisms of FGF signaling in development, and an expanding appreciation of roles for FGF signaling in neuropsychiatric diseases. This article is categorized under: Cardiovascular Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology Neurological Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology Congenital Diseases > Stem Cells and Development Cancer > Stem Cells and Development.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Nobuyuki Itoh
- Kyoto University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
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Qiu L, Cai J, Zhang N, Ma L, Fan FY, Li XM. Effect of miR-381-3p/FGF7 axis on the osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells through MEK/ERK signaling pathway. Tissue Cell 2022; 76:101791. [PMID: 35427886 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2022.101791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Although microRNAs (miRNAs) exert an important role in the osteogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), the effect of miR-381-3p on the osteogenic differentiation in MBD‑MSCs is still unclear. The BMMSCs from patients with MBD (MBD‑MSC) or normal participants (Normal‑MSC) were isolated and induced to differentiation with dexamethasone. BMMSCs were transfected with miR-381-3p mimic, miR-381-3p inhibitor, and FGF7 siRNA to regulate the expression of miR-381-3p or FGF7. The direct binding between miR-381-3p and FGF7 was predicted and confirmed by bioinformatics prediction and luciferase reporter assay. The effect of miR-381-3p on the osteogenic differentiation of BMMSCs was assessed by RT‑qPCR, alizarin Red S staining and western blot assays. Isolated BMMSCs showed the regular morphology, and were positive for CD44, CD90 and CD105 but negative for CD34 and CD45 markers. The calcium deposition and the relative mRNA expression levels of ALP, OC and OPN after induction were markedly enhanced. MiR-381-3p was upregulated in BMMSCs. Also, inhibition of miR-381-3p notably promoted osteogenic differentiation, vice versa. Besides, miR-381-3p could directly target FGF7 and negatively modulate the expression of FGF7. Moreover, inhibition of FGF7 attenuated the increase of the calcium deposition, and the relative mRNA expression of ALP, OC and OPN caused by the downregulation of miR-381-3p. In addition, the miR-381-3p inhibitor-induced the enhancement of the relative protein expressions of FGFR2, p-MEK and p-ERK1/2 were significantly reduced by the co-transfection of si-FGF7. Furthermore, the application of LY3214996, the inhibitor of ERK also verified these outcomes. MiR-381-3p directly targeting FGF7 modulated the osteogenic differentiation via MEK/ERK signaling pathway in BMMSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Qiu
- Department of Hematology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China; Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Centre, General Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army Western Theater, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiao Cai
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Centre, General Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army Western Theater, Chengdu, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Centre, General Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army Western Theater, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Ma
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Centre, General Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army Western Theater, Chengdu, China
| | - Fang-Yi Fan
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Centre, General Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army Western Theater, Chengdu, China.
| | - Xiao-Ming Li
- Department of Hematology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.
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11
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Liu X, Bai M, Sun Y, Hu X, Wang C, Xie J, Ye L. FGF7-induced E11 facilitates cell-cell communication through connexin43. Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:3862-3874. [PMID: 34671204 PMCID: PMC8495393 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.65240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) include a large family of growth factors that play a critical role in maintaining bone homeostasis, but the specific role of its members such as FGF7 does not well understand. Osteoblasts are a kind of major cells essential for bone formation. Osteoblasts interact with one another to create the unique structure of osteons. The well-connected osteons constitute the cortical bone. As an early osteocyte marker that triggers actin cytoskeleton dynamics, E11 is essential for osteoblasts' dendrites formation. However, the upstream which regulates E11 is mainly unknown. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of FGF7 on the expression and the distribution of E11 in osteoblasts, which mediated osteoblasts' processes formation and gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) partly through connexin43 (Cx43). We first demonstrated that FGF7 increased the expression of E11 in osteoblasts. We then showed that FGF7 promoted osteoblasts' dendrites elongation and functional gap junctions formation. Furthermore, E11 interacted directly with Cx43 in primary osteoblasts. MAPK pathway and PI3K-AKT pathway were involved in the effect of FGF7. Our results shed light on the unique role of FGF7 on osteoblasts, which may indicate that FGF7 plays a more significant role in the later stages of bone development and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Mingru Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yimin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xuchen Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Chenglin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jing Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Ling Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
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12
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Wu Z, Zhou C, Yuan Q, Zhang D, Xie J, Zou S. CTGF facilitates cell-cell communication in chondrocytes via PI3K/Akt signalling pathway. Cell Prolif 2021; 54:e13001. [PMID: 33522639 PMCID: PMC7941231 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Purposes Gap junction intercellular communication (GJIC) is essential for articular cartilage to respond appropriately to physical or biological stimuli and maintain homeostasis. Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), identified as an endochondral ossification genetic factor, plays a vital role in cell proliferation, migration and adhesion. However, how CTGF regulates GJIC in chondrocytes is still unknown. This study aims to explore the effects of CTGF on GJIC in chondrocytes and its potential biomechanism. Materials and methods qPCR was performed to determine the expression of gene profile in the CCN family in chondrocytes. After CTGF treatment, CCK‐8 assay and scratch assay were performed to explore cell proliferation and migration. A scrape loading/dye transfer assay was adopted to visualize GJIC in living chondrocytes. Western blot analysis was done to detect the expression of Cx43 and PI3K/Akt signalling. Immunofluorescence staining was used to show protein distribution. siRNA targeting CTGF was used to detect the influence on cell‐cell communication. Results The CTGF (CCN2) was shown to be the highest expressed member of the CCN family in chondrocytes. CTGF facilitated functional gap junction intercellular communication in chondrocytes through up‐regulation of Cx43 expressions. CTGF activated PI3K/Akt signalling to promote Akt phosphorylation and translocation. Suppressing CTGF also reduced the expression of Cx43. The inhibition of PI3K/Akt signalling decreased the expressions of Cx43 and thus impaired gap junction intercellular communication enhanced by CTGF. Conclusions For the first time, we provide evidence to show CTGF facilitates cell communication in chondrocytes via PI3K/Akt signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuping Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chenchen Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Quan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Demao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shujuan Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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13
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Osteocyte apoptosis: the roles and key molecular mechanisms in resorption-related bone diseases. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:846. [PMID: 33046704 PMCID: PMC7552426 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-03059-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Vital osteocytes have been well known to function as an important orchestrator in the preservation of robustness and fidelity of the bone remodeling process. Nevertheless, some key pathological factors, such as sex steroid deficiency and excess glucocorticoids, and so on, are implicated in inducing a bulk of apoptotic osteocytes, subsequently resulting in resorption-related bone loss. As much, osteocyte apoptosis, under homeostatic conditions, is in an optimal state of balance tightly controlled by pro- and anti-apoptotic mechanism pathways. Importantly, there exist many essential signaling proteins in the process of osteocyte apoptosis, which has a crucial role in maintaining a homeostatic environment. While increasing in vitro and in vivo studies have established, in part, key signaling pathways and cross-talk mechanism on osteocyte apoptosis, intrinsic and complex mechanism underlying osteocyte apoptosis occurs in various states of pathologies remains ill-defined. In this review, we discuss not only essential pro- and anti-apoptotic signaling pathways and key biomarkers involved in these key mechanisms under different pathological agents, but also the pivotal role of apoptotic osteocytes in osteoclastogenesis-triggered bone loss, hopefully shedding new light on the attractive and proper actions of pharmacotherapeutics of targeting apoptosis and ensuing resorption-related bone diseases such as osteoporosis and fragility fractures.
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14
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Cui Y, Xie J, Fu Y, Li C, Zheng L, Huang D, Zhou C, Sun J, Zhou X. Berberine mediates root remodeling in an immature tooth with apical periodontitis by regulating stem cells from apical papilla differentiation. Int J Oral Sci 2020; 12:18. [PMID: 32555173 PMCID: PMC7300019 DOI: 10.1038/s41368-020-0085-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Once pulp necrosis or apical periodontitis occurs on immature teeth, the weak root and open root apex are challenging to clinicians. Berberine (BBR) is a potential medicine for bone disorders, therefore, we proposed to apply BBR in root canals to enhance root repair in immature teeth. An in vivo model of immature teeth with apical periodontitis was established in rats, and root canals were filled with BBR, calcium hydroxide or sterilized saline for 3 weeks. The shape of the roots was analyzed by micro-computed tomography and histological staining. In vitro, BBR was introduced into stem cells from apical papilla (SCAPs). Osteogenic differentiation of stem cells from apical papilla was investigated by alkaline phosphatase activity, mineralization ability, and gene expression of osteogenic makers. The signaling pathway, which regulated the osteogenesis of SCAPs was evaluated by quantitative real time PCR, Western blot analysis, and immunofluorescence. In rats treated with BBR, more tissue was formed, with longer roots, thicker root walls, and smaller apex diameters. In addition, we found that BBR promoted SCAPs osteogenesis in a time-dependent and concentration-dependent manner. BBR induced the expression of β-catenin and enhanced β-catenin entering into the nucleus, to up-regulate more runt-related nuclear factor 2 downstream. BBR enhanced root repair in immature teeth with apical periodontitis by activating the canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway in SCAPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yujie Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chuwen Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology and Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Liwei Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dingming Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Changchun Zhou
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jianxun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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15
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Liu W, Cui Y, Wei J, Sun J, Zheng L, Xie J. Gap junction-mediated cell-to-cell communication in oral development and oral diseases: a concise review of research progress. Int J Oral Sci 2020; 12:17. [PMID: 32532966 PMCID: PMC7293327 DOI: 10.1038/s41368-020-0086-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Homoeostasis depends on the close connection and intimate molecular exchange between extracellular, intracellular and intercellular networks. Intercellular communication is largely mediated by gap junctions (GJs), a type of specialized membrane contact composed of variable number of channels that enable direct communication between cells by allowing small molecules to pass directly into the cytoplasm of neighbouring cells. Although considerable evidence indicates that gap junctions contribute to the functions of many organs, such as the bone, intestine, kidney, heart, brain and nerve, less is known about their role in oral development and disease. In this review, the current progress in understanding the background of connexins and the functions of gap junctions in oral development and diseases is discussed. The homoeostasis of tooth and periodontal tissues, normal tooth and maxillofacial development, saliva secretion and the integrity of the oral mucosa depend on the proper function of gap junctions. Knowledge of this pattern of cell-cell communication is required for a better understanding of oral diseases. With the ever-increasing understanding of connexins in oral diseases, therapeutic strategies could be developed to target these membrane channels in various oral diseases and maxillofacial dysplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yujia Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jieya Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jianxun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Liwei Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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16
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Zhang D, Li X, Pi C, Cai L, Liu Y, Du W, Yang W, Xie J. Osteoporosis-decreased extracellular matrix stiffness impairs connexin 43-mediated gap junction intercellular communication in osteocytes. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2020; 52:517-526. [PMID: 32286624 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmaa025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteocytes are the main sensitive and responsive cells for mechanical stimuli in bone. The connexin family enables them to communicate with each other via forming functional gap junctions. However, how osteoporosis-impaired extracellular mechanical property modulates gap junction intercellular communication in osteocytes remains elusive. In this study, we established an ovariectomy (OVX)-induced osteoporosis mouse model in vivo and a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-based cell culture substrate model in vitro to explore the influence of extracellular matrix (ECM) stiffness on cell-to-cell communication in osteocytes. Firstly, we established an OVX-induced osteoporosis mouse model by characterizing the changes in radiography, morphology and histochemistry of femurs. Our results showed that osteoporosis decreased the bone matrix stiffness together with the changes including the loss of osteocytes and the decrease of protein markers. Meanwhile, the dendritic process interconnection and channel-forming protein, Cx43, were reduced in osteoporosis mice. Next we mimicked ECM stiffness changes in vitro by using PDMS substrates at ratios 1:5 for normal stiffness and 1:45 for osteoporosis stiffness. Our results showed that the decreased ECM stiffness reduced the number of dendritic processes in a single cell and gap junctions between adjacent osteocytes. We further detected the decreased expression of Cx43, in the substrate with decreased stiffness. Finally, we found that gap junction-based intercellular communication was reduced in living osteocytes in the substrate with decreased stiffness. This study demonstrates the correlation between ECM mechanical property and cell-to-cell communication in osteocytes and might pave the way for further exploration of osteoporosis in terms of biomechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Caixia Pi
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Linyi Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Wei Du
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Wenbin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Jing Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
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