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Jia Q, Liu S, Wang H. Polyurethane-Encapsulated Biomass Films Based on MXene@Loofah Sponge for Piezoresistive Pressure Sensor Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1377. [PMID: 38794570 PMCID: PMC11125038 DOI: 10.3390/polym16101377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Multifunctional wearable electronic sensors exhibit significant potential for applications in health management, motion tracking, intelligent healthcare, etc. In this study, we developed a novel assembly method for a polymeric silver nanowire (Ag NW)/transition metal carbide/nitride (MXene) @Loofah device using a facile solution dip-coating technique. During the pretreatment phase, the loofah was conditioned with polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride (PDAC), promoting the self-assembly of MXene layers and bolstering device stability. Then, the Ag NWs/MXene@Loofah was packaged with polyurethane to form a piezoresistive pressure sensor, which demonstrated superior pressure-sensing capabilities and was adept at registering movements of human joints and even subtle pulses. The design strategy presents a novel and rational approach to developing efficient pressure sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Haibo Wang
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; (Q.J.); (S.L.)
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2
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Zhang W, Lin J, Yuan Z, Lin Y, Shang W, Chin LK, Zhang M. Terahertz Metamaterials for Biosensing Applications: A Review. BIOSENSORS 2023; 14:3. [PMID: 38275304 PMCID: PMC10813048 DOI: 10.3390/bios14010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
In recent decades, THz metamaterials have emerged as a promising technology for biosensing by extracting useful information (composition, structure and dynamics) of biological samples from the interaction between the THz wave and the biological samples. Advantages of biosensing with THz metamaterials include label-free and non-invasive detection with high sensitivity. In this review, we first summarize different THz sensing principles modulated by the metamaterial for bio-analyte detection. Then, we compare various resonance modes induced in the THz range for biosensing enhancement. In addition, non-conventional materials used in the THz metamaterial to improve the biosensing performance are evaluated. We categorize and review different types of bio-analyte detection using THz metamaterials. Finally, we discuss the future perspective of THz metamaterial in biosensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Zhang
- School of Physics and Material Science, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (W.Z.); (J.L.); (Z.Y.); (Y.L.)
| | - Jiahan Lin
- School of Physics and Material Science, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (W.Z.); (J.L.); (Z.Y.); (Y.L.)
| | - Zhengxin Yuan
- School of Physics and Material Science, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (W.Z.); (J.L.); (Z.Y.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yanxiao Lin
- School of Physics and Material Science, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (W.Z.); (J.L.); (Z.Y.); (Y.L.)
| | - Wenli Shang
- School of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China;
- Key Laboratory of On-Chip Communication and Sensor Chip of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Lip Ket Chin
- Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- School of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China;
- Key Laboratory of On-Chip Communication and Sensor Chip of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou 510006, China
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3
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Tabassum S, Nayemuzzaman SK, Kala M, Kumar Mishra A, Mishra SK. Metasurfaces for Sensing Applications: Gas, Bio and Chemical. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:s22186896. [PMID: 36146243 PMCID: PMC9504383 DOI: 10.3390/s22186896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Performance of photonic devices critically depends upon their efficiency on controlling the flow of light therein. In the recent past, the implementation of plasmonics, two-dimensional (2D) materials and metamaterials for enhanced light-matter interaction (through concepts such as sub-wavelength light confinement and dynamic wavefront shape manipulation) led to diverse applications belonging to spectroscopy, imaging and optical sensing etc. While 2D materials such as graphene, MoS2 etc., are still being explored in optical sensing in last few years, the application of plasmonics and metamaterials is limited owing to the involvement of noble metals having a constant electron density. The capability of competently controlling the electron density of noble metals is very limited. Further, due to absorption characteristics of metals, the plasmonic and metamaterial devices suffer from large optical loss. Hence, the photonic devices (sensors, in particular) require that an efficient dynamic control of light at nanoscale through field (electric or optical) variation using substitute low-loss materials. One such option may be plasmonic metasurfaces. Metasurfaces are arrays of optical antenna-like anisotropic structures (sub-wavelength size), which are designated to control the amplitude and phase of reflected, scattered and transmitted components of incident light radiation. The present review put forth recent development on metamaterial and metastructure-based various sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawana Tabassum
- Electrical Engineering, The University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, TX 75799, USA
| | - SK Nayemuzzaman
- Electrical Engineering, The University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, TX 75799, USA
| | - Manish Kala
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
| | - Akhilesh Kumar Mishra
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
| | - Satyendra Kumar Mishra
- Centre of Optics and Photonics (COPL), University of Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Correspondence:
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4
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Abstract
The effect of the on-going COVID-19 pandemic on global healthcare systems has underlined the importance of timely and cost-effective point-of-care diagnosis of viruses. The need for ultrasensitive easy-to-use platforms has culminated in an increased interest for rapid response equipment-free alternatives to conventional diagnostic methods such as polymerase chain reaction, western-blot assay, etc. Furthermore, the poor stability and the bleaching behavior of several contemporary fluorescent reporters is a major obstacle in understanding the mechanism of viral infection thus retarding drug screening and development. Owing to their extraordinary surface-to-volume ratio as well as their quantum confinement and charge transfer properties, nanomaterials are desirable additives to sensing and imaging systems to amplify their signal response as well as temporal resolution. Their large surface area promotes biomolecular integration as well as efficacious signal transduction. Due to their hole mobility, photostability, resistance to photobleaching, and intense brightness, nanomaterials have a considerable edge over organic dyes for single virus tracking. This paper reviews the state-of-the-art of combining carbon-allotrope, inorganic and organic-based nanomaterials with virus sensing and tracking methods, starting with the impact of human pathogenic viruses on the society. We address how different nanomaterials can be used in various virus sensing platforms (e.g. lab-on-a-chip, paper, and smartphone-based point-of-care systems) as well as in virus tracking applications. We discuss the enormous potential for the use of nanomaterials as simple, versatile, and affordable tools for detecting and tracing viruses infectious to humans, animals, plants as well as bacteria. We present latest examples in this direction by emphasizing major advantages and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muqsit Pirzada
- Technical University of Berlin, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Maths, Straße des 17. Juni 124, Berlin 10623, Germany. .,Institute of Materials Science, Faculty of Engineering, Kiel University, Kaiserstr 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Zeynep Altintas
- Technical University of Berlin, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Maths, Straße des 17. Juni 124, Berlin 10623, Germany. .,Institute of Materials Science, Faculty of Engineering, Kiel University, Kaiserstr 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany
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5
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Sensitivity Characterization of Multi-Band THz Metamaterial Sensor for Possible Virus Detection. ELECTRONICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/electronics11050699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The recent COVID-19 pandemic has shown that there is a substantial need for high-precision reliable diagnostic tests able to detect extremely low virus concentrations nearly instantaneously. Since conventional methods are fairly limited, there is a need for an alternative method such as THz spectroscopy with the utilization of THz metamaterials. This paper proposes a method for sensitivity characterization, which is demonstrated on two chosen multi-band THz metamaterial sensors and samples of three different subtypes of the influenza A virus. Sensor models have been simulated in WIPL-D software in order to analyze their sensitivity both graphically and numerically around all resonant peaks in the presence of virus samples. The sensor with a sandwiched structure is shown to be more suitable for detecting extremely thin virus layers. The distribution of the electric field for this sensor suggests a possibility of controlling the two resonant modes independently. The sensor with cross-shaped patches achieves significantly better Q-factors and refractive sensitivities for both resonant peaks. The reasoning can be found in the wave–sample interaction enhancement due to the better electromagnetic field confinement. A high Q-factor of around 400 at the second resonant frequency makes the sensor with cross-shaped patches a promising candidate for potential applications in THz sensing.
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Characterization of Silver Nanowire Layers in the Terahertz Frequency Range. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14237399. [PMID: 34885553 PMCID: PMC8658758 DOI: 10.3390/ma14237399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Thin layers of silver nanowires are commonly studied for transparent electronics. However, reports of their terahertz (THz) properties are scarce. Here, we present the electrical and optical properties of thin silver nanowire layers with increasing densities at THz frequencies. We demonstrate that the absorbance, transmittance and reflectance of the metal nanowire layers in the frequency range of 0.2 THz to 1.3 THz is non-monotonic and depends on the nanowire dimensions and filling factor. We also present and validate a theoretical approach describing well the experimental results and allowing the fitting of the THz response of the nanowire layers by a Drude–Smith model of conductivity. Our results pave the way toward the application of silver nanowires as a prospective material for transparent and conductive coatings, and printable antennas operating in the terahertz range—significant for future wireless communication devices.
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Akter N, Hasan MM, Pala N. A Review of THz Technologies for Rapid Sensing and Detection of Viruses including SARS-CoV-2. BIOSENSORS 2021; 11:349. [PMID: 34677305 PMCID: PMC8534088 DOI: 10.3390/bios11100349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Virus epidemics such as Ebola virus, Zika virus, MERS-coronavirus, and others have wreaked havoc on humanity in the last decade. In addition, a coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic and its continuously evolving mutants have become so deadly that they have forced the entire technical advancement of healthcare into peril. Traditional ways of detecting these viruses have been successful to some extent, but they are costly, time-consuming, and require specialized human resources. Terahertz-based biosensors have the potential to lead the way for low-cost, non-invasive, and rapid virus detection. This review explores the latest progresses in terahertz technology-based biosensors for the virus, viral particle, and antigen detection, as well as upcoming research directions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nezih Pala
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33174, USA; (N.A.); (M.M.H.)
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Hassan MM, Sium FS, Islam F, Choudhury SM. A review on plasmonic and metamaterial based biosensing platforms for virus detection. SENSING AND BIO-SENSING RESEARCH 2021; 33:100429. [PMID: 38620669 PMCID: PMC8133828 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbsr.2021.100429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to changes in our climate and constant loss of habitat for animals, new pathogens for humans are constantly erupting. SARS-CoV-2 virus, become so infectious and deadly that they put new challenge to the whole technological advancement of healthcare. Within this very decade, several other deadly virus outbreaks were witnessed by humans such as Zika virus, Ebola virus, MERS-coronavirus etc. and there might be even more infectious and deadlier diseases in the horizon. Though conventional techniques have succeeded in detecting these viruses to some extent, these techniques are time-consuming, costly, and require trained human-resources. Plasmonic metamaterial based biosensors might pave the way to low-cost rapid virus detection. So this review discusses in details, the latest development in plasmonics and metamaterial based biosensors for virus, viral particles and antigen detection and the future direction of research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Muntasir Hassan
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Institute of Information and Communication Technology, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Farhan Sadik Sium
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Fariba Islam
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sajid Muhaimin Choudhury
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Determination of Permittivity of Dielectric Analytes in the Terahertz Frequency Range Using Split Ring Resonator Elements Integrated with On-Chip Waveguide. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20154264. [PMID: 32751737 PMCID: PMC7435713 DOI: 10.3390/s20154264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
We investigate the use of finite-element simulations as a novel method for determining the dielectric property of target materials in the terahertz (THz) frequency range using split-ring resonator (SRR) sensing elements integrated into a planar Goubau line (PGL) waveguide. Five such SRRs were designed to support resonances at specific target frequencies. The origin of resonance modes was identified by investigating the electric field distribution and surface current modes in each SRR. Red-shifts were found in the resonances upon deposition of overlaid test dielectric layers that saturated for thicknesses above 10 µm. We also confirmed that the SRRs can work as independent sensors by depositing the analyte onto each individually. The relation between the permittivity of the target material and the saturated resonant frequency was obtained in each case, and was used to extract the permittivity of a test dielectric layer at six different frequencies in the range of 200–700 GHz as an example application. Our approach enables the permittivity of small volumes of analytes to be determined at a series of discrete frequencies up to ~1 THz.
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Yang K, Yu W, Huang G, Zhou J, Yang X, Fu W. Highly sensitive detection of Staphylococcus aureus by a THz metamaterial biosensor based on gold nanoparticles and rolling circle amplification. RSC Adv 2020; 10:26824-26833. [PMID: 35515811 PMCID: PMC9055468 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra03116j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
A highly sensitive method for detecting Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is urgently needed to reduce the impact and spread of hospital-acquired infections and food-borne illness. For this purpose, this paper presents a THz metamaterial biosensor based on gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and rolling circle amplification (RCA). The RCA process amplified the S. aureus DNA fragments and generated copious yields of long single-strand DNA molecules. These molecules were then conjugated with the AuNPs to form complexes that delivered exceptional increases in the refractive indices of the samples, and resulted in corresponding improvements in the THz response of the metamaterial. Under optimal conditions, the shifts in the metamaterial's resonance frequency displayed a linear relationship with concentrations of synthetic S. aureus DNA in the range from 10 fM to 10 pM, with a limit of detection of 2.77 fM. We also tested the practical application of this biosensor in measurements of genomic DNA in clinical bacterial strains, where the sensor showed a detection limit of 0.08 pg μL−1 and a linear range from 0.1 to 5 pg μL−1. It also exhibited reasonable specificity, resisting interference from three other pathogenic bacteria. These findings indicate that the proposed approach offers a cost-effective THz biosensing strategy that can be easily fabricated and conveniently operated to aid the diagnosis of infectious disease and food safety control. A highly sensitive method for detecting Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is urgently needed to reduce the impact and spread of hospital-acquired infections and food-borne illness.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine
- Southwest Hospital
- Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University)
- Chongqing 400038
- China
| | - Wenjing Yu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine
- Southwest Hospital
- Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University)
- Chongqing 400038
- China
| | - Guorong Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine
- Southwest Hospital
- Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University)
- Chongqing 400038
- China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine
- Southwest Hospital
- Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University)
- Chongqing 400038
- China
| | - Xiang Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine
- Southwest Hospital
- Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University)
- Chongqing 400038
- China
| | - Weiling Fu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine
- Southwest Hospital
- Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University)
- Chongqing 400038
- China
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11
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Labyrinth Metasurface for Biosensing Applications: Numerical Study on the New Paradigm of Metageometries. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19204396. [PMID: 31614489 PMCID: PMC6833032 DOI: 10.3390/s19204396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The use of metasurfaces operating in the terahertz regime as biosensor devices has attracted increased interest in recent years due to their enhanced sensitivity and more accurate detection capability. Typical designs are based on the replica of relatively simple unit cells, usually called metaatoms. In a previous paper, we proposed a new paradigm for ultrasensitive thin-film sensors based on complex unit cells, called generically metageometries or labyrinth metasurfaces. Here, we extend this concept towards biosensing, evaluating the performance of the labyrinth as a fungi detector. The sensing capabilities are numerically evaluated and a comparison with previous works in this field is performed, showing that metageometries improve the performance compared to metaatoms both in sensitivity and figure of merit, by a factor of more than four. In particular, we find that it is able to detect five fungi elements scattered on the unit cell, equivalent to a concentration of only 0.004/µm2.
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Meng K, Park SJ, Burnett AD, Gill T, Wood CD, Rosamond M, Li LH, Chen L, Bacon DR, Freeman JR, Dean P, Ahn YH, Linfield EH, Davies AG, Cunningham JE. Increasing the sensitivity of terahertz split ring resonator metamaterials for dielectric sensing by localized substrate etching. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:23164-23172. [PMID: 31510599 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.023164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a significant enhancement in the sensitivity of split ring resonator terahertz metamaterial dielectric sensors by the introduction of etched trenches into their inductive-capacitive gap area, both through finite element simulations and in experiments performed using terahertz time-domain spectroscopy. The enhanced sensitivity is demonstrated by observation of an increased frequency shift in response to overlaid dielectric material of thicknesses up to 18 µm deposited on to the sensor surface. We show that sensitivity to the dielectric is enhanced by a factor of up to ∼2.7 times by the incorporation of locally etched trenches with a depth of ∼3.4 µm, for example, and discuss the effect of the etching on the electrical properties of the sensors. Our experimental findings are in good agreement with simulations of the sensors obtained using finite element methods.
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