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Omori NE, Bobitan AD, Vamvakeros A, Beale AM, Jacques SDM. Recent developments in X-ray diffraction/scattering computed tomography for materials science. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2023; 381:20220350. [PMID: 37691470 PMCID: PMC10493554 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2022.0350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
X-ray diffraction/scattering computed tomography (XDS-CT) methods are a non-destructive class of chemical imaging techniques that have the capacity to provide reconstructions of sample cross-sections with spatially resolved chemical information. While X-ray diffraction CT (XRD-CT) is the most well-established method, recent advances in instrumentation and data reconstruction have seen greater use of related techniques like small angle X-ray scattering CT and pair distribution function CT. Additionally, the adoption of machine learning techniques for tomographic reconstruction and data analysis are fundamentally disrupting how XDS-CT data is processed. The following narrative review highlights recent developments and applications of XDS-CT with a focus on studies in the last five years. This article is part of the theme issue 'Exploring the length scales, timescales and chemistry of challenging materials (Part 2)'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi E. Omori
- Finden Limited, Merchant House, 5 East St Helens Street,Abingdon OX14 5EG, UK
| | - Antonia D. Bobitan
- Finden Limited, Merchant House, 5 East St Helens Street,Abingdon OX14 5EG, UK
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, UK
- Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxon OX11 0FA, UK
| | - Antonis Vamvakeros
- Finden Limited, Merchant House, 5 East St Helens Street,Abingdon OX14 5EG, UK
- Dyson School of Design Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2DB, UK
| | - Andrew M. Beale
- Finden Limited, Merchant House, 5 East St Helens Street,Abingdon OX14 5EG, UK
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, UK
- Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxon OX11 0FA, UK
| | - Simon D. M. Jacques
- Finden Limited, Merchant House, 5 East St Helens Street,Abingdon OX14 5EG, UK
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Resolving hidden pixels beyond the resolution limit of projection imaging by square aperture. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3449. [PMID: 36859466 PMCID: PMC9977726 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30516-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Projection imaging has been employed widely in many areas, such as x-ray radiography, due to its penetration power and ballistic geometry of their paths. However, its resolution limit remains a major challenge, caused by the conflict of source intensity and source size associated with image blurriness. A simple yet robust scheme has been proposed here to solve the problem. An unconventional square aperture, rather than the usual circular beam, is constructed, which allows for the straightforward deciphering of a blurred spot, to unravel hundreds originally hidden pixels. With numerical verification and experimental demonstration, our proposal is expected to benefit multiple disciplines, not limited to x-ray imaging.
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Planinc I, Ilic I, Dejea H, Garcia-Canadilla P, Gasparovic H, Jurin H, Milicic D, Skoric B, Stampanoni M, Bijnens B, Bonnin A, Cikes M. A Novel Three-Dimensional Approach Towards Evaluating Endomyocardial Biopsies for Follow-Up After Heart Transplantation: X-Ray Phase Contrast Imaging and Its Agreement With Classical Histopathology. Transpl Int 2023; 36:11046. [PMID: 36762268 PMCID: PMC9904361 DOI: 10.3389/ti.2023.11046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Endomyocardial biopsies are the gold standard for surveillance of graft rejection following heart transplantation, and are assessed by classical histopathology using a limited number of previously stained slices from several biopsies. Synchrotron propagation-based X-ray phase contrast imaging is a non-destructive method to image biological samples without tissue preparation, enabling virtual 2D and 3D histopathology. We aimed to show the feasibility of this method to assess acute cellular rejection and its agreement to classical histopathology. Right ventricular biopsies were sampled from 23 heart transplantation recipients (20 males, mean age 54±14 years) as part of standard follow-up. The clinical diagnosis of potential rejection was made using classical histopathology. One additional study sample was harvested and imaged by X-ray phase contrast imaging, producing 3D datasets with 0.65 μm pixel size, and up to 4,320 images per sample. An experienced pathologist graded both histopathological and X-ray phase contrast images in a blinded fashion. The agreement between methods was assessed by weighted kappa, showing substantial agreement (kappa up to 0.80, p < 0.01) between X-ray phase contrast imaging and classical histopathology. X-ray phase contrast imaging does not require tissue processing, allows thorough analysis of a full myocardial sample and allows identification of acute cellular rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo Planinc
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivana Ilic
- Department of Pathology and Cytology, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Hector Dejea
- Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Villigen, Switzerland,Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Patricia Garcia-Canadilla
- Institut de Recerca Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain,BCNatal-Barcelona Center for Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu and Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain,Cardiovascular Diseases and Child Development, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Hrvoje Gasparovic
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Hrvoje Jurin
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Davor Milicic
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Bosko Skoric
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marco Stampanoni
- Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Villigen, Switzerland,Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bart Bijnens
- Institut de Recerca Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain,Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anne Bonnin
- Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Maja Cikes
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia,*Correspondence: Maja Cikes,
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Roche i Morgó O, Aleksejev J, Astolfo A, Savvidis S, Gerli MFM, Cipiccia S, Olivo A, Hagen CK. Utility of knife-edge position tracking in cycloidal computed tomography. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:43209-43222. [PMID: 36523024 PMCID: PMC9765405 DOI: 10.1364/oe.470798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Cycloidal computed tomography provides high-resolution images within relatively short scan times by combining beam modulation with dedicated under-sampling. However, implementing the technique relies on accurate knowledge of the sample's motion, particularly in the case of continuous scans, which is often unavailable due to hardware or software limitations. We have developed an easy-to-implement position tracking technique using a sharp edge, which can provide reliable information about the trajectory of the sample and thus improve the reconstruction process. Furthermore, this approach also enables the development of other innovative sampling schemes, which may otherwise be difficult to implement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oriol Roche i Morgó
- Dept. of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Jure Aleksejev
- Dept. of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Alberto Astolfo
- Dept. of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Savvas Savvidis
- Dept. of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Mattia FM Gerli
- UCL Divison of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2P, UK
| | - Silvia Cipiccia
- Dept. of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Alessandro Olivo
- Dept. of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Charlotte K. Hagen
- Dept. of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, WC1E 6BT, UK
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Kunishima N, Hirose R, Takeda Y, Ito K, Furuichi K, Omote K. Nondestructive cellular-level 3D observation of mouse kidney using laboratory-based X-ray microscopy with paraffin-mediated contrast enhancement. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9436. [PMID: 35676517 PMCID: PMC9177607 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13394-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
For three-dimensional observation of unstained bio-specimens using X-ray microscopy with computed tomography (CT), one main problem has been low contrast in X-ray absorption. Here we introduce paraffin-mediated contrast enhancement to visualize biopsy samples of mouse kidney using a laboratory-based X-tray microscope. Unlike conventional heavy-atom staining, paraffin-mediated contrast enhancement uses solid paraffin as a negative contrast medium to replace water in the sample. The medium replacement from water to paraffin effectively lowers the absorption of low-energy X-rays by the medium, which eventually enhances the absorption contrast between the medium and tissue. In this work, paraffin-mediated contrast enhancement with 8 keV laboratory X-rays was used to visualize cylindrical renal biopsies with diameters of about 0.5 mm. As a result, reconstructed CT images from 19.4 h of data collection achieved cellular-level resolutions in all directions, which provided 3D structures of renal corpuscles from a normal mouse and from a disease model mouse. These two structures with and without disease allowed a volumetric analysis showing substantial volume differences in glomerular subregions. Notably, this nondestructive method presents CT opacities reflecting elemental composition and density of unstained tissues, thereby allowing more unbiased interpretation on their biological structures.
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Eckermann M, van der Meer F, Cloetens P, Ruhwedel T, Möbius W, Stadelmann C, Salditt T. Three-dimensional virtual histology of the cerebral cortex based on phase-contrast X-ray tomography. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 12:7582-7598. [PMID: 35003854 PMCID: PMC8713656 DOI: 10.1364/boe.434885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we optimize the setups and experimental parameters of X-ray phase-contrast computed-tomography for the three-dimensional imaging of the cyto- and myeloarchitecture of cerebral cortex, including both human and murine tissue. We present examples for different optical configurations using state-of-the art synchrotron instruments for holographic tomography, as well as compact laboratory setups for phase-contrast tomography in the direct contrast (edge-enhancement) regime. Apart from unstained and paraffin-embedded tissue, we tested hydrated tissue, as well as heavy metal stained and resin-embedded tissue using two different protocols. Further, we show that the image quality achieved allows to assess the neuropathology of multiple sclerosis in a biopsy sample collected during surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Eckermann
- Institut für Röntgenphysik, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence "Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells" (MBExC), University of Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Peter Cloetens
- ESRF, the European Synchrotron, 71, avenue des Martyrs, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Torben Ruhwedel
- Max-Planck-Institut für experimentelle Medizin, Hermann-Rein-Straße 3, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wiebke Möbius
- Cluster of Excellence "Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells" (MBExC), University of Göttingen, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institut für experimentelle Medizin, Hermann-Rein-Straße 3, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christine Stadelmann
- Cluster of Excellence "Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells" (MBExC), University of Göttingen, Germany
- Institut für Neuropathologie, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tim Salditt
- Institut für Röntgenphysik, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence "Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells" (MBExC), University of Göttingen, Germany
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Birnbacher L, Braig EM, Pfeiffer D, Pfeiffer F, Herzen J. Quantitative X-ray phase contrast computed tomography with grating interferometry : Biomedical applications of quantitative X-ray grating-based phase contrast computed tomography. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2021; 48:4171-4188. [PMID: 33846846 PMCID: PMC8566444 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-021-05259-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The ability of biomedical imaging data to be of quantitative nature is getting increasingly important with the ongoing developments in data science. In contrast to conventional attenuation-based X-ray imaging, grating-based phase contrast computed tomography (GBPC-CT) is a phase contrast micro-CT imaging technique that can provide high soft tissue contrast at high spatial resolution. While there is a variety of different phase contrast imaging techniques, GBPC-CT can be applied with laboratory X-ray sources and enables quantitative determination of electron density and effective atomic number. In this review article, we present quantitative GBPC-CT with the focus on biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenz Birnbacher
- Physics Department, Munich School of Bioengineering, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Eva-Maria Braig
- Physics Department, Munich School of Bioengineering, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniela Pfeiffer
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Franz Pfeiffer
- Physics Department, Munich School of Bioengineering, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Herzen
- Physics Department, Munich School of Bioengineering, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
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Dreier T, Peruzzi N, Lundström U, Bech M. Improved resolution in x-ray tomography by super-resolution. APPLIED OPTICS 2021; 60:5783-5794. [PMID: 34263797 DOI: 10.1364/ao.427934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, super-resolution imaging is described and evaluated for x-ray tomography and is compared with standard tomography and upscaling during reconstruction. Blurring is minimized due to the negligible point spread of photon counting detectors and an electromagnetically movable micro-focus x-ray spot. Scans are acquired in high and low magnification geometry, where the latter is used to minimize penumbral blurring from the x-ray source. Sharpness and level of detail can be significantly increased in reconstructed slices to the point where the source size becomes the limiting factor. The achieved resolution of the different methods is quantified and compared using biological samples via the edge spread function, modulation transfer function, and Fourier ring correlation.
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Comprehensive assessment of myocardial remodeling in ischemic heart disease by synchrotron propagation based X-ray phase contrast imaging. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14020. [PMID: 34234175 PMCID: PMC8263575 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93054-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular research is in an ongoing quest for a superior imaging method to integrate gross-anatomical information with microanatomy, combined with quantifiable parameters of cardiac structure. In recent years, synchrotron radiation-based X-ray Phase Contrast Imaging (X-PCI) has been extensively used to characterize soft tissue in detail. The objective was to use X-PCI to comprehensively quantify ischemic remodeling of different myocardial structures, from cell to organ level, in a rat model of myocardial infarction. Myocardial infarction-induced remodeling was recreated in a well-established rodent model. Ex vivo rodent hearts were imaged by propagation based X-PCI using two configurations resulting in 5.8 µm and 0.65 µm effective pixel size images. The acquired datasets were used for a comprehensive assessment of macrostructural changes including the whole heart and vascular tree morphology, and quantification of left ventricular myocardial thickness, mass, volume, and organization. On the meso-scale, tissue characteristics were explored and compared with histopathological methods, while microstructural changes were quantified by segmentation of cardiomyocytes and calculation of cross-sectional areas. Propagation based X-PCI provides detailed visualization and quantification of morphological changes on whole organ, tissue, vascular as well as individual cellular level of the ex vivo heart, with a single, non-destructive 3D imaging modality.
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Loncaric F, Garcia-Canadilla P, Garcia-Alvarez A, Sanchis L, Prat S, Doltra A, Quintana E, Pereda D, Dejea H, Bonnin A, Sitges M, Bijnens B. Etiology-Discriminative Multimodal Imaging of Left Ventricular Hypertrophy and Synchrotron-Based Assessment of Microstructural Tissue Remodeling. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:670734. [PMID: 34113664 PMCID: PMC8185228 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.670734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Distinguishing the etiology of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is clinically relevant due to patient outcomes and management. Easily obtained, echocardiography-based myocardial deformation patterns may improve standard non-invasive phenotyping, however, the relationship between deformation phenotypes and etiology-related, microstructural cardiac remodeling has not been reported. Synchrotron radiation-based X-ray phase-contrast imaging (X-PCI) can provide high resolution, three-dimensional (3D) information on myocardial microstructure. The aim of this pilot study is to apply a multiscale, multimodality protocol in LVH patients undergoing septal myectomy to visualize in vivo and ex vivo myocardial tissue and relate non-invasive LVH imaging phenotypes to the underlying synchrotron-assessed microstructure. Methods and findings: Three patients (P1-3) undergoing septal myectomy were comprehensively studied. Medical history was collected, and patients were imaged with echocardiography/cardiac magnetic resonance prior to the procedure. Myocardial tissue samples obtained during the myectomy were imaged with X-PCI generating high spatial resolution images (0.65 μm) to assess myocyte organization, 3D connective tissue distribution and vasculature remodeling. Etiology-centered non-invasive imaging phenotypes, based on findings of hypertrophy and late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) distribution, and enriched by speckle-tracking and tissue Doppler echocardiography deformation patterns, identified a clear phenotype of hypertensive heart disease (HTN) in P1, and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) in P2/P3. X-PCI showed extensive interstitial fibrosis with normal 3D myocyte and collagen organization in P1. In comparison, in P2/P3, X-PCI showed 3D myocyte and collagen disarray, as well as arterial wall hypertrophy with increased perivascular collagen, compatible with sarcomere-mutation HCM in both patients. The results of this pilot study suggest the association of non-invasive deformation phenotypes with etiology-related myocyte and connective tissue matrix disorganization. A larger patient cohort could enable statistical analysis of group characteristics and the assessment of deformation pattern reproducibility. Conclusion: High-resolution, 3D X-PCI provides novel ways to visualize myocardial remodeling in LVH, and illustrates the correspondence of macrostructural and functional non-invasive phenotypes with invasive microstructural phenotypes, suggesting the potential clinical utility of non-invasive myocardial deformation patterns in phenotyping LVH in everyday clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Loncaric
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Ana Garcia-Alvarez
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- Cardiovascular Institute, Hospital Clínic and Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Sanchis
- Cardiovascular Institute, Hospital Clínic and Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana Prat
- Cardiovascular Institute, Hospital Clínic and Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adelina Doltra
- Cardiovascular Institute, Hospital Clínic and Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eduard Quintana
- Cardiovascular Institute, Hospital Clínic and Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Pereda
- Cardiovascular Institute, Hospital Clínic and Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hector Dejea
- Photon Science Department, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland
- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anne Bonnin
- Photon Science Department, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Marta Sitges
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- Cardiovascular Institute, Hospital Clínic and Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CERCA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Bart Bijnens
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain
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Hildebrand T, Nogueira L, Sunde PT, Ørstavik D, Glasmacher B, Haugen HJ. Contrast-enhanced nano-CT reveals soft dental tissues and cellular layers. Int Endod J 2021; 54:1275-1288. [PMID: 33829522 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
AIM To introduce a methodology designed to simultaneously visualize dental ultrastructures, including cellular and soft tissue components, by utilizing phosphotungstic acid (PTA) as a contrast-enhancement agent. METHODOLOGY Sound third molars were collected from healthy human adults and fixed in 4% buffered paraformaldehyde. To evaluate the impact of PTA in concentrations of 0.3%, 0.7% and 1% on dental soft and hard tissues for CT imaging, cementum and dentine-pulp sections were cut, dehydrated and stained with immersion periods of 12, 24 h, 2 days or 5 days. The samples were scanned in a high-resolution nano-CT device using pixel sizes down to 0.5 µm to examine both the cementum and pulpal regions. RESULTS Dental cementum and periodontium as well as odontoblasts and predentine were made visible through PTA staining in high-resolution three-dimensional nano-CT scans. Different segments of the tooth required different staining protocols. The thickness of the cementum could be computed over the length of the tooth once it was made visible by the PTA-enhanced contrast, and the attached soft tissue components of the interior of the tooth could be shown on the dentine-pulp interface in greater detail. Three-dimensional illustrations allowed a histology-like visualization of the sections in all orientations with a single scan and easy sample preparation. The segmentation of the sigmoidal dentinal tubules and the surrounding dentine allowed a three-dimensional investigation and quantitative of the dentine composition, such as the tubular lumen or the ratio of the tubular lumen area to the dentinal surface. CONCLUSION The staining protocol made it possible to visualize hard tissues along with cellular layers and soft tissues in teeth using a laboratory-based nano-CT technique. The protocol depended on both tissue type and size. This methodology offers enhanced possibilities for the concomitant visualization of soft and hard dental tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hildebrand
- Institute for Multiphase Processes, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Department of Biomaterials, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - L Nogueira
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - P T Sunde
- Department of Endodontics, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - D Ørstavik
- Department of Endodontics, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - B Glasmacher
- Institute for Multiphase Processes, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - H J Haugen
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Achouri IE, Rhoden A, Hudon S, Gosselin R, Simard JS, Abatzoglou N. Non-invasive detection technologies of solid foreign matter and their applications to lyophilized pharmaceutical products: A review. Talanta 2021; 224:121885. [PMID: 33379094 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Good Manufacturing Practice Regulations, under the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), stipulate that all pharmaceutical products must be free of any contaminants, including, namely, any foreign solid objects. Lyophilization is a common manufacturing method that consists of several steps where foreign materials may enter the product. The presence of unintended particles in freeze drying, which will herein be referred to under the term 'Lyophilization', is of great concern to the authorities responsible for drug safety and effectiveness. In the pharmaceutical industry, presently, the inspection of lyophilized products for foreign matter particulates relies on visual inspection where only the outer surface of the lyophilized cake is visible. This review is motivated by the need for new control strategies for foreign matter (FM) detection in lyophilized products; more specifically, it assesses the reliability of non-destructive technologies for FM detection in dried samples. Emerging technologies applied in other industries, such as various types of spectroscopies and imaging (e.g. chemical, X-ray, ultrasound, thermal and terahertz), are evaluated based on compatibility with the intended application, with identification of the possible technical challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inès E Achouri
- Département de Génie Chimique et de Génie Biotechnologique, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.
| | - Alan Rhoden
- Pfizer USA, 100 route 206 North, Peapack, NJ, 07977, USA
| | - Sophie Hudon
- Pfizer Canada, 17300 route transcanadienne, Kirkland, QC, H9J 2M5, Canada
| | - Ryan Gosselin
- Département de Génie Chimique et de Génie Biotechnologique, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | | | - Nicolas Abatzoglou
- Département de Génie Chimique et de Génie Biotechnologique, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
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13
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Vila-Comamala J, Romano L, Jefimovs K, Dejea H, Bonnin A, Cook AC, Planinc I, Cikes M, Wang Z, Stampanoni M. High sensitivity X-ray phase contrast imaging by laboratory grating-based interferometry at high Talbot order geometry. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:2049-2064. [PMID: 33726406 DOI: 10.1364/oe.414174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
X-ray phase contrast imaging is a powerful analysis technique for materials science and biomedicine. Here, we report on laboratory grating-based X-ray interferometry employing a microfocus X-ray source and a high Talbot order (35th) asymmetric geometry to achieve high angular sensitivity and high spatial resolution X-ray phase contrast imaging in a compact system (total length <1 m). The detection of very small refractive angles (∼50 nrad) at an interferometer design energy of 19 keV was enabled by combining small period X-ray gratings (1.0, 1.5 and 3.0 µm) and a single-photon counting X-ray detector (75 µm pixel size). The performance of the X-ray interferometer was fully characterized in terms of angular sensitivity and spatial resolution. Finally, the potential of laboratory X-ray phase contrast for biomedical imaging is demonstrated by obtaining high resolution X-ray phase tomographies of a mouse embryo embedded in solid paraffin and a formalin-fixed full-thickness sample of human left ventricle in water with a spatial resolution of 21.5 µm.
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Kimm MA, Willner M, Drecoll E, Herzen J, Noël PB, Rummeny EJ, Pfeiffer F, Fingerle AA. Grating-based phase-contrast CT (PCCT): histopathological correlation of human liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma specimen. J Clin Pathol 2020; 73:483-487. [PMID: 31941652 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2019-206380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To correlate signal intensities in grating-based phase-contrast CT (PCCT) images obtained at a synchrotron light source and a conventional X-ray source with tissue components in human liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) specimen. METHODS Study approval was obtained by the institutional review board. Human specimen of liver cirrhosis and HCC were imaged at experimental grating-based PCCT setups using either a synchrotron radiation source or a conventional X-ray tube. Tissue samples were sectioned and processed for H&E and Elastica van Gieson staining. PCCT and histological images were manually correlated. Depending on morphology and staining characteristics tissue components like fibrosis, HCC, inflammation, connective tissue and necrosis were differentiated and visually correlated with signal intensity in PCCT images using a 5-point Likert scale with normal liver parenchyma as a reference. RESULTS Grating-based PCCT images of human cirrhotic liver and HCC specimen showed high soft-tissue contrast allowing correlation with histopathological sections. Signal intensities were similar in both setups independent of the nature of the radiation source. Connective tissue and areas of haemorrhage displayed the highest signal intensities, fibrotic liver tissue the lowest. CONCLUSIONS Grating-based PCCT provides comparable results for the characterisation of human specimen of liver cirrhosis and HCC using either a synchrotron light source or a conventional X-ray tube. Due to its high soft-tissue contrast and its applicability to conventional X-ray tubes grating-based PCCT holds potential for preclinical research and virtual histology applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie A Kimm
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, School of Medicine & Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Marian Willner
- Chair of Biomedical Physics, Department of Physics and Munich School of Bioengineering, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Enken Drecoll
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine & Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Herzen
- Chair of Biomedical Physics, Department of Physics and Munich School of Bioengineering, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Peter B Noël
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, School of Medicine & Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ernst J Rummeny
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, School of Medicine & Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Franz Pfeiffer
- Chair of Biomedical Physics, Department of Physics and Munich School of Bioengineering, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Alexander A Fingerle
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, School of Medicine & Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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Mamyrbayev T, Ikematsu K, Meyer P, Ershov A, Momose A, Mohr J. Super-Resolution Scanning Transmission X-Ray Imaging Using Single Biconcave Parabolic Refractive Lens Array. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14366. [PMID: 31591435 PMCID: PMC6779765 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50869-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A new super resolution imaging technique which potentially enables sub-µm spatial resolution, using a detector of pixels much larger than the spatial resolution, is proposed. The method utilizes sample scanning through a large number of identical X-ray microprobes periodically spaced (the period corresponds to a multiple of the pixel size), which reduces drastically the scanning time. The information about the sample illuminated by the microprobes is stored by large detector pixels. Using these data and sample position information, a super-resolution image reconstruction is performed. With a one-dimensional (1D) high aspect ratio nickel single lens array designed for theoretically expected sub-µm microprobes at 17 keV and fabricated by deep X-ray lithography and electroforming technique, 2 µm X-ray microprobes with a period of 10 µm were achieved. We performed a first experiment at KARA synchrotron facility, and it was demonstrated that the smallest structure of a test pattern with a size of 1.5 µm could be easily resolved by using images generated from a detector having a pixel size of 10.4 µm. This new approach has a great potential for providing a new microscopic imaging modality with a large field of view and short scan time.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Mamyrbayev
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - K Ikematsu
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - P Meyer
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - A Ershov
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - A Momose
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - J Mohr
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
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X-ray Microcomputed Tomography (µCT) for Mineral Characterization: A Review of Data Analysis Methods. MINERALS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/min9030183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The main advantage of X-ray microcomputed tomography (µCT) as a non-destructive imaging tool lies in its ability to analyze the three-dimensional (3D) interior of a sample, therefore eliminating the stereological error exhibited in conventional two-dimensional (2D) image analysis. Coupled with the correct data analysis methods, µCT allows extraction of textural and mineralogical information from ore samples. This study provides a comprehensive overview on the available and potentially useful data analysis methods for processing 3D datasets acquired with laboratory µCT systems. Our study indicates that there is a rapid development of new techniques and algorithms capable of processing µCT datasets, but application of such techniques is often sample-specific. Several methods that have been successfully implemented for other similar materials (soils, aggregates, rocks) were also found to have the potential to be applied in mineral characterization. The main challenge in establishing a µCT system as a mineral characterization tool lies in the computational expenses of processing the large 3D dataset. Additionally, since most of the µCT dataset is based on the attenuation of the minerals, the presence of minerals with similar attenuations limits the capability of µCT in mineral segmentation. Further development on the data processing workflow is needed to accelerate the breakthrough of µCT as an analytical tool in mineral characterization.
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