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Wu J, Duan C, Lan L, Chen W, Mao X. Sex Differences in Cochlear Transcriptomes in Horseshoe Bats. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1177. [PMID: 38672325 PMCID: PMC11047584 DOI: 10.3390/ani14081177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Sexual dimorphism of calls is common in animals, whereas studies on the molecular basis underlying this phenotypic variation are still scarce. In this study, we used comparative transcriptomics of cochlea to investigate the sex-related difference in gene expression and alternative splicing in four Rhinolophus taxa. Based on 31 cochlear transcriptomes, we performed differential gene expression (DGE) and alternative splicing (AS) analyses between the sexes in each taxon. Consistent with the degree of difference in the echolocation pulse frequency between the sexes across the four taxa, we identified the largest number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and alternatively spliced genes (ASGs) in R. sinicus. However, we also detected multiple DEGs and ASGs in taxa without sexual differences in echolocation pulse frequency, suggesting that these genes might be related to other parameters of echolocation pulse rather than the frequency component. Some DEGs and ASGs are related to hearing loss or deafness genes in human or mice and they can be considered to be candidates associated with the sexual differences of echolocation pulse in bats. We also detected more than the expected overlap of DEGs and ASGs in two taxa. Overall, our current study supports the important roles of both DGE and AS in generating or maintaining sexual differences in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Xiuguang Mao
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China; (J.W.); (C.D.); (L.L.); (W.C.)
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Li X, Wang H, Wang X, Bao M, Sun R, Dai W, Sun K, Feng J. Molecular adaptations underlying high-frequency hearing in the brain of CF bats species. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:279. [PMID: 38493092 PMCID: PMC10943862 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10212-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The majority of bat species have developed remarkable echolocation ability, especially for the laryngeally echolocating bats along with high-frequency hearing. Adaptive evolution has been widely detected for the cochleae in the laryngeally echolocating bats, however, limited understanding for the brain which is the central to echolocation signal processing in the auditory perception system, the laryngeally echolocating bats brain may also undergo adaptive changes. RESULT In order to uncover the molecular adaptations related with high-frequency hearing in the brain of laryngeally echolocating bats, the genes expressed in the brain of Rhinolophus ferrumequinum (CF bat) and Myotis pilosus (FM bat) were both detected and also compared. A total of 346,891 genes were detected and the signal transduction mechanisms were annotated by the most abundant genes, followed by the transcription. In hence, there were 3,088 DEGs were found between the two bat brains, with 1,426 highly expressed in the brain of R. ferrumequinum, which were significantly enriched in the neuron and neurodevelopmental processes. Moreover, we found a key candidate hearing gene, ADCY1, playing an important role in the R. ferrumequinum brain and undergoing adaptive evolution in CF bats. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides a new insight to the molecular bases of high-frequency hearing in two laryngeally echolocating bats brain and revealed different nervous system activities during auditory perception in the brain of CF bats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xintong Li
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Hui Wang
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China.
| | - Xue Wang
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Mingyue Bao
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Ruyi Sun
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Wentao Dai
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Keping Sun
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Jiang Feng
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China.
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130117, China.
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Bao M, Wang X, Sun R, Wang Z, Li J, Jiang T, Lin A, Wang H, Feng J. Full-Length Transcriptome of the Great Himalayan Leaf-Nosed Bats ( Hipposideros armiger) Optimized Genome Annotation and Revealed the Expression of Novel Genes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054937. [PMID: 36902366 PMCID: PMC10003721 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The Great Himalayan Leaf-nosed bat (Hipposideros armiger) is one of the most representative species of all echolocating bats and is an ideal model for studying the echolocation system of bats. An incomplete reference genome and limited availability of full-length cDNAs have hindered the identification of alternatively spliced transcripts, which slowed down related basic studies on bats' echolocation and evolution. In this study, we analyzed five organs from H. armiger for the first time using PacBio single-molecule real-time sequencing (SMRT). There were 120 GB of subreads generated, including 1,472,058 full-length non-chimeric (FLNC) sequences. A total of 34,611 alternative splicing (AS) events and 66,010 Alternative Polyadenylation (APA) sites were detected by transcriptome structural analysis. Moreover, a total of 110,611 isoforms were identified, consisting of 52% new isoforms of known genes and 5% of novel gene loci, as well as 2112 novel genes that have not been annotated before in the current reference genome of H. armiger. Furthermore, several key novel genes, including Pol, RAS, NFKB1, and CAMK4, were identified as being associated with nervous, signal transduction, and immune system processes, which may be involved in regulating the auditory nervous perception and immune system that helps bats to regulate in echolocation. In conclusion, the full-length transcriptome results optimized and replenished existing H. armiger genome annotation in multiple ways and offer advantages for newly discovered or previously unrecognized protein-coding genes and isoforms, which can be used as a reference resource.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyue Bao
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Xue Wang
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Ruyi Sun
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Zhiqiang Wang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Jiqian Li
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Tinglei Jiang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Aiqing Lin
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Hui Wang
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- Correspondence: (H.W.); (J.F.)
| | - Jiang Feng
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China
- Correspondence: (H.W.); (J.F.)
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Wang H, Sun R, Xu N, Wang X, Bao M, Li X, Li J, Lin A, Feng J. Untargeted metabolomics of the cochleae from two laryngeally echolocating bats. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1171366. [PMID: 37152899 PMCID: PMC10154556 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1171366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
High-frequency hearing is regarded as one of the most functionally important traits in laryngeally echolocating bats. Abundant candidate hearing-related genes have been identified to be the important genetic bases underlying high-frequency hearing for laryngeally echolocating bats, however, extensive metabolites presented in the cochleae have not been studied. In this study, we identified 4,717 annotated metabolites in the cochleae of two typical laryngeally echolocating bats using the liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy technology, metabolites classified as amino acids, peptides, and fatty acid esters were identified as the most abundant in the cochleae of these two echolocating bat species, Rhinolophus sinicus and Vespertilio sinensis. Furthermore, 357 metabolites were identified as significant differentially accumulated (adjusted p-value <0.05) in the cochleae of these two bat species with distinct echolocating dominant frequencies. Downstream KEGG enrichment analyses indicated that multiple biological processes, including signaling pathways, nervous system, and metabolic process, were putatively different in the cochleae of R. sinicus and V. sinensis. For the first time, this study investigated the extensive metabolites and associated biological pathways in the cochleae of two laryngeal echolocating bats and expanded our knowledge of the metabolic molecular bases underlying high-frequency hearing in the cochleae of echolocating bats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Hui Wang, ; Jiang Feng,
| | - Ruyi Sun
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Ningning Xu
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Xue Wang
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Mingyue Bao
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Xin Li
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiqian Li
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Aiqing Lin
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiang Feng
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Hui Wang, ; Jiang Feng,
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Wang X, Bao M, Xu N, Sun R, Dai W, Sun K, Wang H, Feng J. Full-Length Transcriptome of Myotis pilosus as a Reference Resource and Mining of Auditory and Immune Related Genes. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010062. [PMID: 36613506 PMCID: PMC9820712 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rickett's big-footed bat, Myotis pilosus, which belongs to the family Vespertilionida, is the only known piscivorous bat in East Asia. Accurate whole genome and transcriptome annotations are essential for the study of bat biological evolution. The lack of a whole genome for M. pilosus has limited our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the species' evolution, echolocation, and immune response. In the present work, we sequenced the entire transcriptome using error-corrected PacBio single-molecule real-time (SMRT) data. Then, a total of 40 GB of subreads were generated, including 29,991 full-length non-chimeric (FLNC) sequences. After correction by Illumina short reads and de-redundancy, we obtained 26,717 error-corrected isoforms with an average length of 3018.91 bp and an N50 length of 3447 bp. A total of 1528 alternative splicing (AS) events were detected by transcriptome structural analysis. Furthermore, 1032 putative transcription factors (TFs) were identified, with additional identification of several long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) with high confidence. Moreover, several key genes, including PRL-2, DPP4, Glul, and ND1 were also identified as being associated with metabolism, immunity, nervous system processes, and auditory perception. A multitude of pattern recognition receptors was identified, including NLR, RLR, SRCR, the antiviral molecule IRF3, and the IFN receptor subunit IFNAR1. High-quality reference genomes at the transcriptome level may be used to quantify gene or transcript expression, evaluate alternative splicing levels, identify novel transcripts, and enhance genome annotation in bats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Wang
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Mingyue Bao
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Ningning Xu
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Ruyi Sun
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Wentao Dai
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Keping Sun
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Hui Wang
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- Correspondence: (H.W.); (J.F.)
| | - Jiang Feng
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China
- Correspondence: (H.W.); (J.F.)
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Ma L, Sun H, Mao X. Transcriptome sequencing of cochleae from constant-frequency and frequency-modulated echolocating bats. Sci Data 2020; 7:341. [PMID: 33051458 PMCID: PMC7554033 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-020-00686-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Echolocating bats are fascinating for their ability to ‘see’ the world in the darkness. Ultrahigh frequency hearing is essential for echolocation. In this study we collected cochlear tissues from constant-frequency (CF) bats (two subspecies of Rhinolophus affinis, Rhinolophidae) and frequency-modulated (FM) bats (Myotis ricketti, Vespertilionidae) and applied PacBio single-molecule real-time isoform sequencing (Iso-seq) technology to generate the full-length (FL) transcriptomes for the three taxa. In total of 10103, 9676 and 10504 non-redundant FL transcripts for R. a. hainanus, R. a. himalayanus and Myotis ricketti were obtained respectively. These data present a comprehensive list of transcripts involved in ultrahigh frequency hearing of echolocating bats including 26342 FL transcripts, 24833 of which are annotated by public databases. No further comparative analyses were performed on the current data in this study. This data can be reused to quantify gene or transcript expression, assess the level of alternative splicing, identify novel transcripts and improve genome annotation of bat species. Measurement(s) | cochlea • transcriptome • sequence feature annotation | Technology Type(s) | isoform sequencing • sequence annotation | Factor Type(s) | species | Sample Characteristic - Organism | Rhinolophus affinis • Myotis ricketti |
Machine-accessible metadata file describing the reported data: 10.6084/m9.figshare.12999614
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Ma
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China.,Changsha Central Hospital, University of South China, Changsha, 410011, China
| | - Haijian Sun
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Xiuguang Mao
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China. .,Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China.
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Sun H, Chen W, Wang J, Zhang L, Rossiter SJ, Mao X. Echolocation call frequency variation in horseshoe bats: molecular basis revealed by comparative transcriptomics. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20200875. [PMID: 32900318 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.0875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently diverged taxa with contrasting phenotypes offer opportunities for unravelling the genetic basis of phenotypic variation in nature. Horseshoe bats are a speciose group that exhibit a derived form of high-duty cycle echolocation in which the inner ear is finely tuned to echoes of the narrowband call frequency. Here, by focusing on three recently diverged subspecies of the intermediate horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus affinis) that display divergent echolocation call frequencies, we aim to identify candidate loci putatively involved in hearing frequency variation. We used de novo transcriptome sequencing of two mainland taxa (himalayanus and macrurus) and one island taxon (hainanus) to compare expression profiles of thousands of genes. By comparing taxa with divergent call frequencies (around 15 kHz difference), we identified 252 differentially expressed genes, of which six have been shown to be involved in hearing or deafness in human/mouse. To obtain further validation of these results, we applied quantitative reverse transcription-PCR to the candidate gene FBXL15 and found a broad association between the level of expression and call frequency across taxa. The genes identified here represent strong candidate loci associated with hearing frequency variation in bats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijian Sun
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenli Chen
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaying Wang
- Institute of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, People's Republic of China
| | - Libiao Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources, Guangzhou 510260, People's Republic of China
| | - Stephen J Rossiter
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Xiuguang Mao
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, People's Republic of China
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Burton JA, Valero MD, Hackett TA, Ramachandran R. The use of nonhuman primates in studies of noise injury and treatment. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2019; 146:3770. [PMID: 31795680 PMCID: PMC6881191 DOI: 10.1121/1.5132709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to prolonged or high intensity noise increases the risk for permanent hearing impairment. Over several decades, researchers characterized the nature of harmful noise exposures and worked to establish guidelines for effective protection. Recent laboratory studies, primarily conducted in rodent models, indicate that the auditory system may be more vulnerable to noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) than previously thought, driving renewed inquiries into the harmful effects of noise in humans. To bridge the translational gaps between rodents and humans, nonhuman primates (NHPs) may serve as key animal models. The phylogenetic proximity of NHPs to humans underlies tremendous similarity in many features of the auditory system (genomic, anatomical, physiological, behavioral), all of which are important considerations in the assessment and treatment of NIHL. This review summarizes the literature pertaining to NHPs as models of hearing and noise-induced hearing loss, discusses factors relevant to the translation of diagnostics and therapeutics from animals to humans, and concludes with some of the practical considerations involved in conducting NHP research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane A Burton
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37212, USA
| | - Michelle D Valero
- Eaton Peabody Laboratories at Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Troy A Hackett
- Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
| | - Ramnarayan Ramachandran
- Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
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Zhao H, Wang H, Liu T, Liu S, Jin L, Huang X, Dai W, Sun K, Feng J. Gene expression vs. sequence divergence: comparative transcriptome sequencing among natural Rhinolophus ferrumequinum populations with different acoustic phenotypes. Front Zool 2019; 16:37. [PMID: 31528181 PMCID: PMC6743130 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-019-0336-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the sensory drive hypothesis can explain the geographic variation in echolocation frequencies of some bat species, the molecular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon are still unclear. The three lineages of greater horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum) in China (northeast, central-east, and southwest) have significant geographic variation in resting frequencies (RF) of echolocation calls. Because their cochleae have an acoustic fovea that is highly sensitive to a narrow range of frequencies, we reported the transcriptomes of cochleae collected from three genetic lineages of R. ferrumequinum, which is an ideal organism for studying geographic variation in echolocation signals, and tried to understand the mechanisms behind this bat phenomenon by analyzing gene expression and sequence variation. RESULTS A total of 8190 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. We identified five modules from all DEGs that were significantly related to RF or forearm length (FL). DEGs in the RF-related modules were significantly enriched in the gene categories involved in neural activity, learning, and response to sound. DEGs in the FL-related modules were significantly enriched in the pathways related to muscle and actin functions. Using 21,945 single nucleotide polymorphisms, we identified 18 candidate unigenes associated with hearing, five of which were differentially expressed among the three populations. Additionally, the gene ERBB4, which regulates diverse cellular processes in the inner ear such as cell proliferation and differentiation, was in the largest module. We also found 49 unigenes that were under positive selection from 4105 one-to-one orthologous gene pairs between the three R. ferrumequinum lineages and three other Chiroptera species. CONCLUSIONS The variability of gene expression and sequence divergence at the molecular level might provide evidence that can help elucidate the genetic basis of geographic variation in echolocation signals of greater horseshoe bats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanbo Zhao
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130117 China
| | - Hui Wang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130117 China
| | - Tong Liu
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130117 China
| | - Sen Liu
- Institute of Resources & Environment, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, 454000 China
| | - Longru Jin
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130117 China
| | - Xiaobin Huang
- Vector Laboratory, Institute of Pathogens and Vectors, Branch of Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Control and Prevention, Dali University, Dali, 671003 China
| | - Wentao Dai
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130117 China
| | - Keping Sun
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130117 China
| | - Jiang Feng
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130117 China
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118 China
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