1
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Ban E, Kim A. PicoGreen assay for nucleic acid quantification - Applications, challenges, and solutions. Anal Biochem 2024; 692:115577. [PMID: 38789006 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2024.115577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Various analytical methods and reagents have been employed for nucleic acid analysis in cells, biological fluids, and formulations. Standard techniques like gel electrophoresis and qRT-PCR are widely used for qualitative and quantitative nucleic acid analysis. However, these methods can be time-consuming and labor-intensive, with limitations such as inapplicability to small RNA at low concentrations and high costs associated with qRT-PCR reagents and instruments. As an alternative, PicoGreen (PG) has emerged as a valuable method for the quantitative analysis of nucleic acids. PG, a fluorescent dye, enables the quantitation of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) or double-stranded RNA, including miRNA mimic and siRNA, in solution. It is also applicable to DNA and RNA analysis within cells using techniques like FACS and fluorescence microscopy. Despite its advantages, PG's fluorescence intensity is affected by various experimental conditions, such as pH, salts, and chemical reagents. This review explores the recent applications of PG as a rapid, cost-effective, robust, and accurate assay tool for nucleic acid quantification. We also address the limitations of PG and discuss approaches to overcome these challenges, recognizing the expanding range of its applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunmi Ban
- College of Pharmacy, CHA University, Seongnam, 13488, South Korea
| | - Aeri Kim
- College of Pharmacy, CHA University, Seongnam, 13488, South Korea.
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2
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Asiri A, Hazeldine J, Moiemen N, Harrison P. IL-8 Induces Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Formation in Severe Thermal Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7216. [PMID: 39000323 PMCID: PMC11241001 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) have a dual role in the innate immune response to thermal injuries. NETs provide an early line of defence against infection. However, excessive NETosis can mediate the pathogenesis of immunothrombosis, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) and multiple organ failure (MOF) in sepsis. Recent studies suggest that high interleukin-8 (IL-8) levels in intensive care unit (ICU) patients significantly contribute to excessive NET generation. This study aimed to determine whether IL-8 also mediates NET generation in patients with severe thermal injuries. IL-8 levels were measured in serum samples from thermally injured patients with ≥15% of the total body surface area (TBSA) and healthy controls (HC). Ex vivo NET generation was also investigated by treating isolated neutrophils with serum from thermal injured patients or normal serum with and without IL-8 and anti-IL-8 antibodies. IL-8 levels were significantly increased compared to HC on days 3 and 5 (p < 0.05) following thermal injury. IL-8 levels were also significantly increased at day 5 in septic versus non-septic patients (p < 0.001). IL-8 levels were also increased in patients who developed sepsis compared to HC at days 3, 5 and 7 (p < 0.001), day 10 (p < 0.05) and days 12 and 14 (p < 0.01). Serum containing either low, medium or high levels of IL-8 was shown to induce ex vivo NETosis in an IL-8-dependent manner. Furthermore, the inhibition of DNase activity in serum increased the NET-inducing activity of IL-8 in vitro by preventing NET degradation. IL-8 is a major contributor to NET formation in severe thermal injury and is increased in patients who develop sepsis. We confirmed that DNase is an important regulator of NET degradation but also a potential confounder within assays that measure serum-induced ex vivo NETosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Asiri
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (A.A.); (J.H.); (N.M.)
- The Scar Free Foundation Centre for Conflict Wound Research, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2GW, UK
- NIHR Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham Foundation Trust, Mindelsohn Way, Birmingham B15 2WB, UK
| | - Jon Hazeldine
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (A.A.); (J.H.); (N.M.)
- The Scar Free Foundation Centre for Conflict Wound Research, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2GW, UK
- NIHR Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham Foundation Trust, Mindelsohn Way, Birmingham B15 2WB, UK
| | - Naiem Moiemen
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (A.A.); (J.H.); (N.M.)
- The Scar Free Foundation Centre for Conflict Wound Research, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2GW, UK
- NIHR Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham Foundation Trust, Mindelsohn Way, Birmingham B15 2WB, UK
| | - Paul Harrison
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (A.A.); (J.H.); (N.M.)
- The Scar Free Foundation Centre for Conflict Wound Research, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2GW, UK
- NIHR Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham Foundation Trust, Mindelsohn Way, Birmingham B15 2WB, UK
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3
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Yang Q, Langston JC, Prosniak R, Pettigrew S, Zhao H, Perez E, Edelmann H, Mansoor N, Merali C, Merali S, Marchetti N, Prabhakarpandian B, Kiani MF, Kilpatrick LE. Distinct functional neutrophil phenotypes in sepsis patients correlate with disease severity. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1341752. [PMID: 38524125 PMCID: PMC10957777 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1341752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Sepsis is a clinical syndrome defined as life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection. Sepsis is a highly heterogeneous syndrome with distinct phenotypes that impact immune function and response to infection. To develop targeted therapeutics, immunophenotyping is needed to identify distinct functional phenotypes of immune cells. In this study, we utilized our Organ-on-Chip assay to categorize sepsis patients into distinct phenotypes using patient data, neutrophil functional analysis, and proteomics. Methods Following informed consent, neutrophils and plasma were isolated from sepsis patients in the Temple University Hospital ICU (n=45) and healthy control donors (n=7). Human lung microvascular endothelial cells (HLMVEC) were cultured in the Organ-on-Chip and treated with buffer or cytomix ((TNF/IL-1β/IFNγ). Neutrophil adhesion and migration across HLMVEC in the Organ-on-Chip were used to categorize functional neutrophil phenotypes. Quantitative label-free global proteomics was performed on neutrophils to identify differentially expressed proteins. Plasma levels of sepsis biomarkers and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) were determined by ELISA. Results We identified three functional phenotypes in critically ill ICU sepsis patients based on ex vivo neutrophil adhesion and migration patterns. The phenotypes were classified as: Hyperimmune characterized by enhanced neutrophil adhesion and migration, Hypoimmune that was unresponsive to stimulation, and Hybrid with increased adhesion but blunted migration. These functional phenotypes were associated with distinct proteomic signatures and differentiated sepsis patients by important clinical parameters related to disease severity. The Hyperimmune group demonstrated higher oxygen requirements, increased mechanical ventilation, and longer ICU length of stay compared to the Hypoimmune and Hybrid groups. Patients with the Hyperimmune neutrophil phenotype had significantly increased circulating neutrophils and elevated plasma levels NETs. Conclusion Neutrophils and NETs play a critical role in vascular barrier dysfunction in sepsis and elevated NETs may be a key biomarker identifying the Hyperimmune group. Our results establish significant associations between specific neutrophil functional phenotypes and disease severity and identify important functional parameters in sepsis pathophysiology that may provide a new approach to classify sepsis patients for specific therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingliang Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jordan C. Langston
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Roman Prosniak
- Department of Thoracic Medicine and Surgery, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Samantha Pettigrew
- Department of Thoracic Medicine and Surgery, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Huaqing Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Education and Data Science, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Edwin Perez
- Center for Inflammation and Lung Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Hannah Edelmann
- Center for Inflammation and Lung Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Nadia Mansoor
- Center for Inflammation and Lung Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Carmen Merali
- School of Pharmacy, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Salim Merali
- School of Pharmacy, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Nathaniel Marchetti
- Department of Thoracic Medicine and Surgery, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | | | - Mohammad F. Kiani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Laurie E. Kilpatrick
- Department of Thoracic Medicine and Surgery, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Center for Inflammation and Lung Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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4
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Datla US, Vundurthy B, Hook JS, Menon N, Razmi Bagtash H, Shihabeddin T, Schmidtke DW, Moreland JG, Radic MZ, Jones CN. Quantifying neutrophil extracellular trap release in a combined infection-inflammation NET-array device. LAB ON A CHIP 2024; 24:615-628. [PMID: 38189525 PMCID: PMC10826461 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00648d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Excessive release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) has been reported in various human pathologies, including COVID-19 patients. Elevated NET levels serve as a biomarker, indicating increased coagulopathy and immunothrombosis risks in these patients. Traditional immunoassays employed to quantify NET release focus on bulk measurements of released chromatin in simplified microenvironments. In this study, we fabricated a novel NET-array device to quantify NET release from primary human neutrophils with single-cell resolution in the presence of the motile bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 and inflammatory mediators. The device was engineered to have wide chambers and constricted loops to measure NET release in variably confined spaces. Our open NET-array device enabled immunofluorescent labeling of citrullinated histone H3, a NET release marker. We took time-lapse images of primary healthy human neutrophils releasing NETs in clinically relevant infection and inflammation-rich microenvironments. We then developed a computer-vision-based image processing method to automate the quantification of individual NETs. We showed a significant increase in NET release to Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 when challenged with inflammatory mediators tumor necrosis factor-α [20 ng mL-1] and interleukin-6 [50 ng mL-1], but not leukotriene B4 [20 nM], compared to the infection alone. We also quantified the temporal dynamics of NET release and differences in the relative areas of NETs, showing a high percentage of variable size NET release with combined PAO1 - inflammatory mediator treatment, in the device chambers. Importantly, we demonstrated reduced NET release in the confined loops of our combined infection-inflammation microsystem. Ultimately, our NET-array device stands as a valuable tool, facilitating experiments that enhance our comprehension of the spatiotemporal dynamics of NET release in response to infection within a defined microenvironment. In the future, our system can be used for high throughput and cost-effective screening of novel immunotherapies on human neutrophils in view of the importance of fine-tuning NET release in controlling pathological neutrophil-driven inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udaya Sree Datla
- Translational Biology, Medicine and Health, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA.
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | | | - Jessica S Hook
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Nidhi Menon
- Translational Biology, Medicine and Health, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Hossein Razmi Bagtash
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA.
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Tarik Shihabeddin
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA.
| | - David W Schmidtke
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA.
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jessica G Moreland
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Marko Z Radic
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Caroline N Jones
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA.
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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Elrod J, Lenz M, Kiwit A, Armbrust L, Schönfeld L, Reinshagen K, Pagerols Raluy L, Mohr C, Saygi C, Alawi M, Rohde H, Herrmann M, Boettcher M. Murine scald models characterize the role of neutrophils and neutrophil extracellular traps in severe burns. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1113948. [PMID: 36825027 PMCID: PMC9941538 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1113948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Severe burns cause unique pathophysiological alterations especially on the immune system. A murine scald model was optimized as a basis for the understanding of immunological reactions in response to heat induced injury. The understanding of the roles of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and DNases will support the development of new surgical or pharmacological strategies for the therapy of severe burns. Methods We studied C57BL/6 mice (n=30) and employed four scalding protocols with varying exposure times to hot water. An additional scald group with a shorter observational time was generated to reduce mortality and study the very early phase of pathophysiology. At 24h or 72h, blood was drawn and tissue (wound, liver, lung, spleen) was analyzed for the presence of NETs, oxidative stress, apoptosis, bacterial translocation, and extracellular matrix re-organization. In addition, we analyzed the transcriptome from lung and liver tissues. Results Exposure to hot water for 7s led to significant systemic and local effects and caused considerable late mortality. Therefore, we used an observation time of 24h in this groups. To study later phases of burns (72h) an exposure time of 6s is optimal. Both conditions led to significant disorganization of collagen, increased oxidative stress, NET formation (by immunodetection of H3cit, NE, MPO), apoptosis (cC3) and alterations of the levels of DNase1 and DNase1L3. Transcriptome analysis revealed remarkable alterations in genes involved in acute phase signaling, cell cohesion, extracellular matrix organization, and immune response. Conclusion We identified two scald models that allow the analysis of early (24h) or late (72h) severe burn effects, thereby generating reproducible and standardized scald injuries. The study elucidated the important involvement of neutrophil activity and the role of NETs in burns. Extensive transcriptome analysis characterized the acute phase and tissue remodeling pathways involved in the process of healing and may serve as crucial basis for future in-depth studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Elrod
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany,Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany,*Correspondence: Julia Elrod,
| | - Moritz Lenz
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Antonia Kiwit
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lina Armbrust
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lavinia Schönfeld
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Konrad Reinshagen
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Laia Pagerols Raluy
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Mohr
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Ceren Saygi
- Bioinformatics Core, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Malik Alawi
- Bioinformatics Core, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Holger Rohde
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martin Herrmann
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany,Department of Medicine 3, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg and Universitaetsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany,Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie DZI, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg and Universitaetsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Boettcher
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany,Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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6
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Langston JC, Yang Q, Kiani MF, Kilpatrick LE. LEUKOCYTE PHENOTYPING IN SEPSIS USING OMICS, FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS, AND IN SILICO MODELING. Shock 2023; 59:224-231. [PMID: 36377365 PMCID: PMC9957940 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000002047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Sepsis is a major health issue and a leading cause of death in hospitals globally. The treatment of sepsis is largely supportive, and there are no therapeutics available that target the underlying pathophysiology of the disease. The development of therapeutics for the treatment of sepsis is hindered by the heterogeneous nature of the disease. The presence of multiple, distinct immune phenotypes ranging from hyperimmune to immunosuppressed can significantly impact the host response to infection. Recently, omics, biomarkers, cell surface protein expression, and immune cell profiles have been used to classify immune status of sepsis patients. However, there has been limited studies of immune cell function during sepsis and even fewer correlating omics and biomarker alterations to functional consequences. In this review, we will discuss how the heterogeneity of sepsis and associated immune cell phenotypes result from changes in the omic makeup of cells and its correlation with leukocyte dysfunction. We will also discuss how emerging techniques such as in silico modeling and machine learning can help in phenotyping sepsis patients leading to precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan C. Langston
- Department of Bioengineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122
| | - Qingliang Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122
| | - Mohammad F. Kiani
- Department of Bioengineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122
| | - Laurie E. Kilpatrick
- Center for Inflammation and Lung Research, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Inflammation, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140
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7
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Műzes G, Bohusné Barta B, Szabó O, Horgas V, Sipos F. Cell-Free DNA in the Pathogenesis and Therapy of Non-Infectious Inflammations and Tumors. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10112853. [PMID: 36359370 PMCID: PMC9687442 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10112853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The basic function of the immune system is the protection of the host against infections, along with the preservation of the individual antigenic identity. The process of self-tolerance covers the discrimination between self and foreign antigens, including proteins, nucleic acids, and larger molecules. Consequently, a broken immunological self-tolerance results in the development of autoimmune or autoinflammatory disorders. Immunocompetent cells express pattern-recognition receptors on their cell membrane and cytoplasm. The majority of endogenous DNA is located intracellularly within nuclei and mitochondria. However, extracellular, cell-free DNA (cfDNA) can also be detected in a variety of diseases, such as autoimmune disorders and malignancies, which has sparked interest in using cfDNA as a possible biomarker. In recent years, the widespread use of liquid biopsies and the increasing demand for screening, as well as monitoring disease activity and therapy response, have enabled the revival of cfDNA research. The majority of studies have mainly focused on the function of cfDNA as a biomarker. However, research regarding the immunological consequences of cfDNA, such as its potential immunomodulatory or therapeutic benefits, is still in its infancy. This article discusses the involvement of various DNA-sensing receptors (e.g., absent in melanoma-2; Toll-like receptor 9; cyclic GMP-AMP synthase/activator of interferon genes) in identifying host cfDNA as a potent danger-associated molecular pattern. Furthermore, we aim to summarize the results of the experimental studies that we recently performed and highlight the immunomodulatory capacity of cfDNA, and thus, the potential for possible therapeutic consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ferenc Sipos
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +36-20-478-0752; Fax: +36-1-266-0816
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8
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Kalashnikov N, Moraes C. Engineering physical microenvironments to study innate immune cell biophysics. APL Bioeng 2022; 6:031504. [PMID: 36156981 PMCID: PMC9492295 DOI: 10.1063/5.0098578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity forms the core of the human body's defense system against infection, injury, and foreign objects. It aims to maintain homeostasis by promoting inflammation and then initiating tissue repair, but it can also lead to disease when dysregulated. Although innate immune cells respond to their physical microenvironment and carry out intrinsically mechanical actions such as migration and phagocytosis, we still do not have a complete biophysical description of innate immunity. Here, we review how engineering tools can be used to study innate immune cell biophysics. We first provide an overview of innate immunity from a biophysical perspective, review the biophysical factors that affect the innate immune system, and then explore innate immune cell biophysics in the context of migration, phagocytosis, and phenotype polarization. Throughout the review, we highlight how physical microenvironments can be designed to probe the innate immune system, discuss how biophysical insight gained from these studies can be used to generate a more comprehensive description of innate immunity, and briefly comment on how this insight could be used to develop mechanical immune biomarkers and immunomodulatory therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Kalashnikov
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0G4, Canada
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9
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Sakuma M, Wang X, Ellett F, Edd JF, Babatunde KA, Viens A, Mansour MK, Irimia D. Microfluidic capture of chromatin fibres measures neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) released in a drop of human blood. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:936-944. [PMID: 35084421 PMCID: PMC8978531 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc01123e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophils are the largest population of white blood cells in the circulation, and their primary function is to protect the body from microbes. They can release the chromatin in their nucleus, forming characteristic web structures and trap microbes, contributing to antimicrobial defenses. The chromatin webs are known as neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). Importantly, neutrophils can also release NETs in pathological conditions related to rheumatic diseases, atherosclerosis, cancer, and sepsis. Thus, determining the concentration of NETs in the blood is increasingly important for monitoring patients, evaluating treatment efficacy, and understanding the pathology of various diseases. However, traditional methods for measuring NETs require separating cells and plasma from blood, are prone to sample preparation artifacts, and cannot distinguish between intact and degraded NETs. Here, we design a microfluidic analytical tool that captures NETs mechanically from a drop of blood and measures the amount of intact NETs unbiased by the presence of degraded NETs in the sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyuki Sakuma
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Shriners Hospitals for Children, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xiao Wang
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Shriners Hospitals for Children, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Felix Ellett
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Shriners Hospitals for Children, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jon F Edd
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kehinde Adebayo Babatunde
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Adam Viens
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael K Mansour
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniel Irimia
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Shriners Hospitals for Children, Boston, MA, USA
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10
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Babatunde KA, Ayuso JM, Kerr SC, Huttenlocher A, Beebe DJ. Microfluidic Systems to Study Neutrophil Forward and Reverse Migration. Front Immunol 2021; 12:781535. [PMID: 34899746 PMCID: PMC8653704 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.781535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
During infection, neutrophils are the most abundantly recruited innate immune cells at sites of infection, playing critical roles in the elimination of local infection and healing of the injury. Neutrophils are considered to be short-lived effector cells that undergo cell death at infection sites and in damaged tissues. However, recent in vitro and in vivo evidence suggests that neutrophil behavior is more complex and that they can migrate away from the inflammatory site back into the vasculature following the resolution of inflammation. Microfluidic devices have contributed to an improved understanding of the interaction and behavior of neutrophils ex vivo in 2D and 3D microenvironments. The role of reverse migration and its contribution to the resolution of inflammation remains unclear. In this review, we will provide a summary of the current applications of microfluidic devices to investigate neutrophil behavior and interactions with other immune cells with a focus on forward and reverse migration in neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jose M Ayuso
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Sheena C Kerr
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States.,Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Anna Huttenlocher
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - David J Beebe
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States.,Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
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11
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Muldur S, Vadysirisack DD, Ragunathan S, Tang Y, Ricardo A, Sayegh CE, Irimia D. Human Neutrophils Respond to Complement Activation and Inhibition in Microfluidic Devices. Front Immunol 2021; 12:777932. [PMID: 34899737 PMCID: PMC8653703 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.777932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Complement activation is key to anti-microbial defenses by directly acting on microbes and indirectly by triggering cellular immune responses. Complement activation may also contribute to the pathogenesis of numerous inflammatory and immunological diseases. Consequently, intense research focuses on developing therapeutics that block pathology-causing complement activation while preserving anti-microbial complement activities. However, the pace of research is slowed down significantly by the limitations of current tools for evaluating complement-targeting therapeutics. Moreover, the effects of potential therapeutic agents on innate immune cells, like neutrophils, are not fully understood. Here, we employ microfluidic assays and measure chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and swarming changes in human neutrophils ex vivo in response to various complement-targeting agents. We show that whereas complement factor 5 (C5) cleavage inhibitor eculizumab blocks all neutrophil anti-microbial functions, newer compounds like the C5 cleavage inhibitor RA101295 and C5a receptor antagonist avacopan inhibit chemotaxis and swarming while preserving neutrophil phagocytosis. These results highlight the utility of microfluidic neutrophil assays in evaluating potential complement-targeting therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinan Muldur
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Shriners Burns Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | | | - Yalan Tang
- Ra Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States
| | | | | | - Daniel Irimia
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Shriners Burns Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
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12
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Silberman J, Jha A, Ryan H, Abbate T, Moore E. Modeled vascular microenvironments: immune-endothelial cell interactions in vitro. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2021; 11:2482-2495. [PMID: 33797034 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-021-00970-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The advancement of in vitro techniques enables a better understanding of biological processes and improves drug screening platforms. In vitro studies allow for enhanced observation of cell behavior, control over the mimicked microenvironment, and the ability to use human cells. In particular, advances in vascular microenvironment recapitulation are of interest given vasculature influence in cardiovascular vascular diseases and cancer. These investigate alterations in endothelial cell behavior and immune cell interactions with endothelial cells. Specific immune cells such as monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, and T cells influence endothelial cell behavior by promoting or inhibiting vasculogenesis through cell-cell interaction or soluble signaling. Results from these studies showcase cell behavior in vascular diseases and in the context of tumor metastasis. In this review, we discuss examples of in vitro studies modeling immune cell-endothelial cell interactions to present methods and recent findings in the field. Schematic showcasing common methods of in vitro experimentation of endothelial-immune cell interactions, including interactions with flow, static culture, or in-direct contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Silberman
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, FL, Gainesville, USA
| | - Aakanksha Jha
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, FL, Gainesville, USA
| | - Holly Ryan
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, FL, Gainesville, USA
| | - Talia Abbate
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, FL, Gainesville, USA
| | - Erika Moore
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, FL, Gainesville, USA.
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, FL, Gainesville, USA.
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13
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A Novel Microfluidic Device for the Neutrophil Functional Phenotype Analysis: Effects of Glucose and Its Derivatives AGEs. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12080944. [PMID: 34442566 PMCID: PMC8399494 DOI: 10.3390/mi12080944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophil dysfunction is closely related to the pathophysiology of patients with diabetes mellitus, but existing immunoassays are difficult to implement in clinical applications, and neutrophil’s chemotaxis as a functional biomarker for diabetes mellitus prognostic remains largely unexplored. Herein, a novel microfluidic device consisted of four independent test units with four cell docking structures was developed to study the neutrophil chemotaxis, which allowed multiple cell migration observations under a single field of view (FOV) and guaranteed more reliable results. In vitro studies, the chemotaxis of healthy neutrophils to N-Formyl-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLP) gradient (0, 10, 100, and 1000 nM) was concentration-dependent. The distinct promotion or suppression in the chemotaxis of metformin or pravastatin pretreated cells were observed after exposure to 100 nM fMLP gradient, indicating the feasibility and efficiency of this novel microfluidic device for clinically relevant evaluation of neutrophil functional phenotype. Further, the chemotaxis of neutrophils pretreated with 25, 50, or 70 mM of glucose was quantitatively lower than that of the control groups (i.e., 5 mM normal serum level). Neutrophils exposed to highly concentrated advanced glycation end products (AGEs) (0.2, 0.5, or 1.0 μM; 0.13 μM normal serum AGEs level), a product of prolonged hyperglycemia, showed that the higher the AGEs concentration was, the weaker the migration speed became. Specifically, neutrophils exposed to high concentrations of glucose or AGEs also showed a stronger drifting along with the flow, further demonstrating the change of neutrophil chemotaxis. Interestingly, adding the N-benzyl-4-chloro-N-cyclohexylbenzamide (FPS-ZM1) (i.e., high-affinity RAGE inhibitor) into the migration medium with AGEs could hinder the binding between AGEs and AGE receptor (RAGE) located on the neutrophil, thereby keeping the normal chemotaxis of neutrophils than the ones incubated with AGEs alone. These results revealed the negative effects of high concentrations of glucose and AGEs on the neutrophil chemotaxis, suggesting that patients with diabetes should manage serum AGEs and also pay attention to blood glucose indexes. Overall, this novel microfluidic device could significantly characterize the chemotaxis of neutrophils and have the potential to be further improved into a tool for risk stratification of diabetes mellitus.
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14
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Kinoshita M, Ogawa Y, Hama N, Ujiie I, Hasegawa A, Nakajima S, Nomura T, Adachi J, Sato T, Koizumi S, Shimada S, Fujita Y, Takahashi H, Mizukawa Y, Tomonaga T, Nagao K, Abe R, Kawamura T. Neutrophils initiate and exacerbate Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:13/600/eaax2398. [PMID: 34193610 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aax2398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) are life-threatening mucocutaneous adverse drug reactions characterized by massive epidermal detachment. Cytotoxic T cells and associated effector molecules are known to drive SJS/TEN pathophysiology, but the contribution of innate immune responses is not well understood. We describe a mechanism by which neutrophils triggered inflammation during early phases of SJS/TEN. Skin-infiltrating CD8+ T cells produced lipocalin-2 in a drug-specific manner, which triggered the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in early lesional skin. Neutrophils undergoing NETosis released LL-37, an antimicrobial peptide, which induced formyl peptide receptor 1 (FPR1) expression by keratinocytes. FPR1 expression caused keratinocytes to be vulnerable to necroptosis that caused further release of LL-37 by necroptotic keratinocytes and induced FPR1 expression on surrounding keratinocytes, which likely amplified the necroptotic response. The NETs-necroptosis axis was not observed in less severe cutaneous adverse drug reactions, autoimmune diseases, or neutrophil-associated disorders, suggesting that this was a process specific to SJS/TEN. Initiation and progression of SJS/TEN keratinocyte necroptosis appear to involve a cascade of events mediated by innate and adaptive immune responses, and understanding these responses may contribute to the identification of diagnostic markers or therapeutic targets for these adverse drug reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manao Kinoshita
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Youichi Ogawa
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan.
| | - Natsumi Hama
- Division of Dermatology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Inkin Ujiie
- Department of Dermatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Akito Hasegawa
- Division of Dermatology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Saeko Nakajima
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takashi Nomura
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Jun Adachi
- Laboratory of Proteome Research, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan.,Laboratory of Proteomics for Drug Discovery, Center for Drug Design Research, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takuya Sato
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Schuichi Koizumi
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Shinji Shimada
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Fujita
- Department of Dermatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hayato Takahashi
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Mizukawa
- Department of Dermatology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Tomonaga
- Laboratory of Proteome Research, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan.,Laboratory of Proteomics for Drug Discovery, Center for Drug Design Research, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan
| | - Keisuke Nagao
- Cutaneous Leukocyte Biology Section, Dermatology Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Riichiro Abe
- Division of Dermatology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Tatsuyoshi Kawamura
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
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15
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Richardson IM, Calo CJ, Hind LE. Microphysiological Systems for Studying Cellular Crosstalk During the Neutrophil Response to Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:661537. [PMID: 33986752 PMCID: PMC8111168 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.661537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are the primary responders to infection, rapidly migrating to sites of inflammation and clearing pathogens through a variety of antimicrobial functions. This response is controlled by a complex network of signals produced by vascular cells, tissue resident cells, other immune cells, and the pathogen itself. Despite significant efforts to understand how these signals are integrated into the neutrophil response, we still do not have a complete picture of the mechanisms regulating this process. This is in part due to the inherent disadvantages of the most-used experimental systems: in vitro systems lack the complexity of the tissue microenvironment and animal models do not accurately capture the human immune response. Advanced microfluidic devices incorporating relevant tissue architectures, cell-cell interactions, and live pathogen sources have been developed to overcome these challenges. In this review, we will discuss the in vitro models currently being used to study the neutrophil response to infection, specifically in the context of cell-cell interactions, and provide an overview of their findings. We will also provide recommendations for the future direction of the field and what important aspects of the infectious microenvironment are missing from the current models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Laurel E. Hind
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado – Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
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16
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Yonker LM, Marand A, Muldur S, Hopke A, Leung HM, De La Flor D, Park G, Pinsky H, Guthrie LB, Tearney GJ, Irimia D, Hurley BP. Neutrophil dysfunction in cystic fibrosis. J Cyst Fibros 2021; 20:1062-1071. [PMID: 33589340 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2021.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excessive neutrophil inflammation is the hallmark of cystic fibrosis (CF) airway disease. Novel technologies for characterizing neutrophil dysfunction may provide insight into the nature of these abnormalities, revealing a greater mechanistic understanding and new avenues for CF therapies that target these mechanisms. METHODS Blood was collected from individuals with CF in the outpatient clinic, CF individuals hospitalized for a pulmonary exacerbation, and non-CF controls. Using microfluidic assays and advanced imaging technologies, we characterized 1) spontaneous neutrophil migration using microfluidic motility mazes, 2) neutrophil migration to and phagocytosis of Staphylococcal aureus particles in a microfluidic arena, 3) neutrophil swarming on Candida albicans clusters, and 4) Pseudomonas aeruginosa-induced neutrophil transepithelial migration using micro-optical coherence technology (µOCT). RESULTS Participants included 44 individuals: 16 Outpatient CF, 13 Hospitalized CF, and 15 Non-CF individuals. While no differences were seen with spontaneous migration, CF neutrophils migrated towards S. aureus particles more quickly than non-CF neutrophils (p < 0.05). CF neutrophils, especially Hospitalized CF neutrophils, generated significantly larger aggregates around S. aureus particles over time. Hospitalized CF neutrophils were more likely to have dysfunctional swarming (p < 0.01) and less efficient clearing of C. albicans (p < 0.0001). When comparing trans-epithelial migration towards Pseudomonas aeruginosa epithelial infection, Outpatient CF neutrophils displayed an increase in the magnitude of transmigration and adherence to the epithelium (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Advanced technologies for characterizing CF neutrophil function reveal significantly altered migratory responses, cell-to-cell clustering, and microbe containment. Future investigations will probe mechanistic basis for abnormal responses in CF to identify potential avenues for novel anti-inflammatory therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lael M Yonker
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Pulmonary Division, Boston, MA, United States; Massachusetts General Hospital, Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Boston, MA, United States; Harvard Medical School, Department of Pediatrics, Boston, MA, United States.
| | - Anika Marand
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Center for Engineering in Medicine, Boston, MA, United States; Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sinan Muldur
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Center for Engineering in Medicine, Boston, MA, United States; Harvard Medical School, Department of Surgery, Boston, MA, United States; Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Alex Hopke
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Center for Engineering in Medicine, Boston, MA, United States; Harvard Medical School, Department of Surgery, Boston, MA, United States; Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Hui Min Leung
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Boston, MA, United States; Harvard Medical School, Department of Dermatology, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Denis De La Flor
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Grace Park
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Pulmonary Division, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Hanna Pinsky
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Pulmonary Division, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Lauren B Guthrie
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Pulmonary Division, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Guillermo J Tearney
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Boston, MA, United States; Harvard Medical School, Department of Pathology, Boston, MA, United States; Harvard Medical School, Department of Dermatology, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Daniel Irimia
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Center for Engineering in Medicine, Boston, MA, United States; Harvard Medical School, Department of Surgery, Boston, MA, United States; Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Bryan P Hurley
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Boston, MA, United States; Harvard Medical School, Department of Pediatrics, Boston, MA, United States
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17
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Wong SL, Goverman J, Staudinger C, Wagner DD. Recombinant human ADAMTS13 treatment and anti-NET strategies enhance skin allograft survival in mice. Am J Transplant 2020; 20:1162-1169. [PMID: 31730284 PMCID: PMC7103495 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.15703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Enhancing skin allograft longevity lessens the need for new allografts before optimal intervention is available. Reduced activity of ADAMTS13 (an enzyme that cleaves the pro-thrombotic and proinflammatory von Willebrand factor) and presence of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) have been implicated in liver and lung allograft failures. The effect of ADAMTS13 treatment and the impact of NETs on skin allografts, however, remain unexplored. Here, we adopted a murine model of complete mismatch full-thickness skin transplant by grafting dorsal skin from BALB/c mice to C57BL/6J background mice. Recombinant human ADAMTS13 (rhADAMTS13) treatment of graft recipients increased allograft survival. Western blot and immunofluorescence microscopy revealed the presence of NETs in allografts of vehicle, but surprisingly, not in rhADAMTS13-treated mice, 3 days after surgery. Recapitulating the observations in mice, NETs were also observed in all the examined allografts from burn patients. Intriguingly, knocking out peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PAD4, a key enzyme for NET formation) or DNase 1 treatment (which cleaves NETs) also prolonged allograft survival. In summary, rhADAMTS13 lessens inflammation in allografts by reducing NET burden, resulting in enhanced allograft survival. RhADAMTS13 and anti-NET treatments could be new therapeutic strategies to promote skin allograft longevity and, hence, the survival of patients with severe burns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siu Ling Wong
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, Current institution: Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Jeremy Goverman
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Caleb Staudinger
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Denisa D. Wagner
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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18
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Amiral J. Measurement of blood activation markers applied to the early diagnosis of cardiovascular alterations. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2019; 20:85-98. [DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2020.1704258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean Amiral
- Scientific-Hemostasis-Consulting, Scientific Director and Consultant in Thrombosis-Hemostasis, Andrésy, France
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19
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Dinsdale RJ, Hazeldine J, Al Tarrah K, Hampson P, Devi A, Ermogenous C, Bamford AL, Bishop J, Watts S, Kirkman E, Dalle Lucca JJ, Midwinter M, Woolley T, Foster M, Lord JM, Moiemen N, Harrison P. Dysregulation of the actin scavenging system and inhibition of DNase activity following severe thermal injury. Br J Surg 2019; 107:391-401. [PMID: 31502663 PMCID: PMC7079039 DOI: 10.1002/bjs.11310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Background Circulating cell‐free DNA (cfDNA) is not found in healthy subjects, but is readily detected after thermal injury and may contribute to the risk of multiple organ failure. The hypothesis was that a postburn reduction in DNase protein/enzyme activity could contribute to the increase in cfDNA following thermal injury. Methods Patients with severe burns covering at least 15 per cent of total body surface area were recruited to a prospective cohort study within 24 h of injury. Blood samples were collected from the day of injury for 12 months. Results Analysis of blood samples from 64 patients revealed a significant reduction in DNase activity on days 1–28 after injury, compared with healthy controls. DNase protein levels were not affected, suggesting the presence of an enzyme inhibitor. Further analysis revealed that actin (an inhibitor of DNase) was present in serum samples from patients but not those from controls, and concentrations of the actin scavenging proteins gelsolin and vitamin D‐binding protein were significantly reduced after burn injury. In a pilot study of ten military patients with polytrauma, administration of blood products resulted in an increase in DNase activity and gelsolin levels. Conclusion The results of this study suggest a novel biological mechanism for the accumulation of cfDNA following thermal injury by which high levels of actin released by damaged tissue cause a reduction in DNase activity. Restoration of the actin scavenging system could therefore restore DNase activity, and reduce the risk of cfDNA‐induced host tissue damage and thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Dinsdale
- Scar Free Foundation, Birmingham Centre for Burns Research, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK.,Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - J Hazeldine
- National Institute for Health Research Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK.,Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - K Al Tarrah
- Scar Free Foundation, Birmingham Centre for Burns Research, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK.,Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - P Hampson
- Scar Free Foundation, Birmingham Centre for Burns Research, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK.,Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - A Devi
- Scar Free Foundation, Birmingham Centre for Burns Research, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK.,Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - C Ermogenous
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - A L Bamford
- Scar Free Foundation, Birmingham Centre for Burns Research, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - J Bishop
- National Institute for Health Research Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - S Watts
- Chemical, Biological and Radiological (CBR) Division, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - E Kirkman
- Chemical, Biological and Radiological (CBR) Division, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - J J Dalle Lucca
- Translational Medical Division, Department of Chemical and Biological Technologies, Defense Threat Reduction Agency, Fort Belvoir, Virginia, USA
| | - M Midwinter
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - T Woolley
- ICT Centre, Birmingham Research Park, Birmingham, UK.,Chemical, Biological and Radiological (CBR) Division, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - M Foster
- National Institute for Health Research Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK.,Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - J M Lord
- Scar Free Foundation, Birmingham Centre for Burns Research, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK.,National Institute for Health Research Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK.,Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - N Moiemen
- Scar Free Foundation, Birmingham Centre for Burns Research, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK.,Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - P Harrison
- Scar Free Foundation, Birmingham Centre for Burns Research, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK.,Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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