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Ijichi C, Kondo K, Kobayashi M, Shirasawa A, Shimbo K, Nakata K, Maruyama Y, Ihara Y, Kawato Y, Mannen T, Takeshita R, Kikuchi Y, Saito Y, Yamasoba T. Lipocalin 15 in the olfactory mucus is a biomarker for Bowman's gland activity. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9984. [PMID: 35750866 PMCID: PMC9232505 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13464-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactory mucus contributes to the specific functions of the olfactory mucosa, but the composition and source of mucus proteins have not been fully elucidated. In this study, we used comprehensive proteome analysis and identified lipocalin 15 (LCN15), a human-specific lipocalin family protein, as an abundant component of the olfactory mucus. Western blot analysis and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using a newly generated anti-LCN15 antibody showed that LCN15 was concentrated in olfactory mucus samples, but not in respiratory mucus samples. Immunohistochemical staining using anti-LCN15 antibody revealed that LCN15 localized to the cytokeratin 18-positive Bowman's glands of the olfactory cleft mucosa. Quantitative image analysis revealed that the area of LCN15 immunoreactivity along the olfactory cleft mucosa significantly correlated with the area of neuron-specific Protein-Gene Product 9.5 (PGP9.5) immunoreactivity, suggesting that LCN15 is produced in non-degenerated areas of the olfactory neuroepithelium. ELISA demonstrated that the concentration of LCN15 in the mucus was lower in participants with normal olfaction (≥ 50 years) and also tended to be lower in patients with idiopathic olfactory loss (≥ 50 years) than in participants with normal olfaction (< 50 years). Thus, LCN15 may serve as a biomarker for the activity of the Bowman’s glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiori Ijichi
- Food Products Division, Technology & Solution Development Center, Institute of Food Science and Technologies, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, 210-8681, Japan.
| | - Kenji Kondo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan.
| | - Masayoshi Kobayashi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Ayaka Shirasawa
- Research Institute for Bioscience Products & Fine Chemicals, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Shimbo
- Research Institute for Bioscience Products & Fine Chemicals, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Kunio Nakata
- Research Institute for Bioscience Products & Fine Chemicals, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Yutaka Maruyama
- Food Products Division, Technology & Solution Development Center, Institute of Food Science and Technologies, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, 210-8681, Japan
| | - Yusuke Ihara
- Food Products Division, Technology & Solution Development Center, Institute of Food Science and Technologies, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, 210-8681, Japan
| | - Yayoi Kawato
- Food Products Division, Technology & Solution Development Center, Institute of Food Science and Technologies, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, 210-8681, Japan
| | - Teruhisa Mannen
- Research Institute for Bioscience Products & Fine Chemicals, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Rie Takeshita
- Research Institute for Bioscience Products & Fine Chemicals, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Kikuchi
- Research Institute for Bioscience Products & Fine Chemicals, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Yuki Saito
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Yamasoba
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
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Ijichi C, Wakabayashi H, Sugiyama S, Hayashi K, Ihara Y, Nishijima H, Touhara K, Kondo K. Odorant metabolism of the olfactory cleft mucus in idiopathic olfactory impairment patients and healthy volunteers. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2021; 12:293-301. [PMID: 34637187 DOI: 10.1002/alr.22897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It remains unclear whether the metabolic activity of nasal mucus in the olfactory and respiratory areas is different. Moreover, age- and olfaction-related changes may affect metabolism. METHODS Hexanal, octanal, and 2-methylbutanal were selected for in vitro metabolism analysis and compared between the olfactory cleft and respiratory mucus of participants < 50-year-old with normal olfaction using gas chromatography mass spectrometry. The metabolic activity of hexanal in the olfactory cleft mucus was further compared between three groups, (1) normal olfaction, age < 50 years old, (2) normal olfaction, age ≥50 years old, and (3) idiopathic olfactory impairment. To characterize the enzyme(s) responsible for aldehyde reduction, we also tested if epalr22897estat and 3,5-dichlorosalicylic acid, types of reductase inhibitors, affect metabolism. RESULTS Conversion of aldehydes to their corresponding alcohols was observed in the olfactory cleft and respiratory mucus. The metabolic production of hexanol, octanol, and 2-methybutanol was significantly higher in the olfactory cleft mucus than in the respiratory mucus (p < 0.01). The metabolic conversion of hexanal to hexanol in the mucus of the idiopathic olfactory impairment group was significantly lower than that in the age-matched normal olfaction group. Excluding the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) regenerating system from the reaction mixture inhibited metabolism. The addition of either epalr22897estat or 3,5-dichlorosalicylic acid did not inhibit this metabolic conversion. CONCLUSIONS The enzymatic metabolism of odorants in the olfactory cleft mucus is markedly higher than in the respiratory mucus and decreases in patients with idiopathic olfactory impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiori Ijichi
- Technology and Solution Development Center, Institute of Food Science and Technologies, Food Products Division, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Hidehiko Wakabayashi
- Technology and Solution Development Center, Institute of Food Science and Technologies, Food Products Division, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, Japan.,College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Kameino, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Shingo Sugiyama
- Technology and Solution Development Center, Institute of Food Science and Technologies, Food Products Division, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Hayashi
- Technology and Solution Development Center, Institute of Food Science and Technologies, Food Products Division, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Yusuke Ihara
- Technology and Solution Development Center, Institute of Food Science and Technologies, Food Products Division, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Hironobu Nishijima
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazushige Touhara
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Kondo
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Lee JC, Nallani R, Cass L, Bhalla V, Chiu AG, Villwock JA. A Systematic Review of the Neuropathologic Findings of Post-Viral Olfactory Dysfunction: Implications and Novel Insight for the COVID-19 Pandemic. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2021; 35:323-333. [PMID: 32915650 PMCID: PMC10404900 DOI: 10.1177/1945892420957853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post-viral olfactory dysfunction is a common cause of both short- and long-term smell alteration. The coronavirus pandemic further highlights the importance of post-viral olfactory dysfunction. Currently, a comprehensive review of the neural mechanism underpinning post-viral olfactory dysfunction is lacking. OBJECTIVES To synthesize the existing primary literature related to olfactory dysfunction secondary to viral infection, detail the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms, highlight relevance for the current COVID-19 pandemic, and identify high impact areas of future research. METHODS PubMed and Embase were searched to identify studies reporting primary scientific data on post-viral olfactory dysfunction. Results were supplemented by manual searches. Studies were categorized into animal and human studies for final analysis and summary. RESULTS A total of 38 animal studies and 7 human studies met inclusion criteria and were analyzed. There was significant variability in study design, experimental model, and outcome measured. Viral effects on the olfactory system varies significantly based on viral substrain but generally include damage or alteration in components of the olfactory epithelium and/or the olfactory bulb. CONCLUSIONS The mechanism of post-viral olfactory dysfunction is highly complex, virus-dependent, and involves a combination of insults at multiple levels of the olfactory pathway. This will have important implications for future diagnostic and therapeutic developments for patients infected with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason C. Lee
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Rohit Nallani
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Lauren Cass
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Vidur Bhalla
- Saint Luke’s Hospital of Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Alexander G. Chiu
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Jennifer A. Villwock
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, Kansas
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Neiers F, Jarriault D, Menetrier F, Faure P, Briand L, Heydel JM. The odorant metabolizing enzyme UGT2A1: Immunolocalization and impact of the modulation of its activity on the olfactory response. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249029. [PMID: 33765098 PMCID: PMC7993815 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Odorant metabolizing enzymes (OMEs) are expressed in the olfactory epithelium (OE) where they play a significant role in the peripheral olfactory process by catalyzing the fast biotransformation of odorants leading either to their elimination or to the synthesis of new odorant stimuli. The large family of OMEs gathers different classes which interact with a myriad of odorants alike and complementary to olfactory receptors. Thus, it is necessary to increase our knowledge on OMEs to better understand their function in the physiological process of olfaction. This study focused on a major olfactory UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT): UGT2A1. Immunohistochemistry and immunogold electronic microscopy allowed to localize its expression in the apical part of the sustentacular cells and originally at the plasma membrane of the olfactory cilia of the olfactory sensory neurons, both locations in close vicinity with olfactory receptors. Moreover, using electroolfactogram, we showed that a treatment of the OE with beta-glucuronidase, an enzyme which counterbalance the UGTs activity, increased the response to eugenol which is a strong odorant UGT substrate. Altogether, the results supported the function of the olfactory UGTs in the vertebrate olfactory perireceptor process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Neiers
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - David Jarriault
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Franck Menetrier
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Philippe Faure
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Loïc Briand
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Jean-Marie Heydel
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
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Soler ZM, Schlosser RJ, Mulligan JK, Smith TL, Mace JC, Ramakrishan VR, Norris-Caneda K, Bethard JR, Ball LE. Olfactory cleft mucus proteome in chronic rhinosinusitis: a case-control pilot study. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2020; 11:1162-1176. [PMID: 33275311 DOI: 10.1002/alr.22743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mechanisms of smell loss in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) are still unclear and likely multifactorial. Little attention has been given to olfactory cleft (OC) mucus proteins involved in odorant binding and metabolizing enzymes and their potential role in smell loss. METHODS Mucus from the OC was sampled from patients with CRS (n = 20) and controls (n = 10). Liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry were performed, followed by data processing so that protein groups could be identified, quantified, and compared. Hierarchical clustering and bioinformatic analysis were performed on significantly different proteins to explore for enrichment in known biologic pathways. RESULTS A total of 2514 proteins were found in OC mucus from all 30 subjects. Significant differences in protein abundance were found between CRS and controls, including both CRSsNP (n = 351 proteins; log2 fold change range: -3.88 to 6.71) and CRSwNP (n = 298 proteins; log2 fold change range: -4.00 to -6.13). Significant differences were found between patients with normosmia and those with dysosmia (n = 183; log2 fold change range: -3.62 to -2.16) and across groups of interest for a number of odorant binding proteins and metabolizing enzymes. CONCLUSION OC mucous in CRS displays a rich and abundant array of proteins, many of which have been implicated in odorant transport and metabolization in animal studies. Significant differences in the olfactory mucus proteome were seen between CRS subtypes and controls, as well as between those with normal and abnormal olfaction. Further study should confirm these findings and explore the role individual proteins play in odorant transport and metabolization. ©2020 ARSAAOA, LLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary M Soler
- Division of Rhinology and Sinus Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Rodney J Schlosser
- Division of Rhinology and Sinus Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC.,Department of Surgery, Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC
| | - Jennifer K Mulligan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Timothy L Smith
- Division of Rhinology and Sinus/Skull Base Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Jess C Mace
- Division of Rhinology and Sinus/Skull Base Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Vijay R Ramakrishan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Kim Norris-Caneda
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Jennifer R Bethard
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Lauren E Ball
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
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