miR-148a regulates expression of the transferrin receptor 1 in hepatocellular carcinoma

Critical role of non-coding RNA-mediated ferroptosis in urologic malignancies

Urologic malignancies, characterized by their high aggressiveness and metastatic potential, pose a significant public health challenge globally. Ferroptosis, a novel mode of cell death, typically arises from intracellular iron ion overload and the accumulation of lipid peroxides. This process has been shown to play a crucial regulatory role in various pathological conditions, particularly in cancer, including urologic cancers. However, the comprehensive regulatory mechanisms underlying ferroptosis remain poorly understood, which somewhat limits its broader application in cancer therapy. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), which encompass microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs), are non-coding transcripts that play pivotal roles in various physiological processes, such as proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and cell cycle regulation, by modulating the expression of target genes. The biological functions and potential regulatory mechanisms of ncRNAs in the context of cancer-related ferroptosis have been partially elucidated. Research indicates that ncRNAs can influence the progression of urologic cancers by affecting cell proliferation, migration, and drug resistance through the regulation of ferroptosis. Consequently, this review aims to clarify the functions and mechanisms of the ncRNA-ferroptosis axis in urologic cancers and to evaluate the clinical significance of ferroptosis-related ncRNAs, thereby providing new insights into cancer biology and therapeutic strategies that may ultimately benefit a diverse range of cancer patients.

Circulating microRNAs as promising diagnostic biomarkers for hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Introduction: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the most common type of liver cancer, is a major global health problem, ranking as the third leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Early identification and diagnosis of HCC requires the discovery of reliable biomarkers. Therefore, the study aimed to assess the diagnostic accuracy of miRNAs for HCC. The protocol was registered on PROSPERO website with the registration number CRD42023417494. Method: A literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Wiley Online Library, and Science Direct databases to identify pertinent articles published between 2018 and 30 July 2023. Stata 17.0 software was employed to determine the pooled sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio (PLR), negative likelihood ratio (NLR), diagnostic ratio (DOR), and area under the curve (AUC) for evaluating the accuracy of miRNAs in diagnosing HCC. The assessment of heterogeneity among studies involved the use of the Cochran-Q test and I2 statistic tests. Due to the observed significant heterogeneity, the random-effect model was chosen. Subgroup analysis and meta-regression analysis were also undertaken to explore potential sources contributing to heterogeneity. Deeks' funnel plot was used to assess publication bias. In addition, Fagan's nomogram and likelihood ratio scattergram were utilized to assess the clinical validity of miRNAs for HCC. Result: Twenty-four articles were included, involving 1,668 individuals diagnosed with HCC and 1,236 healthy individuals. The findings revealed pooled sensitivity of 0.84 (95% CI: 0.80-0.88), specificity of 0.81 (95% CI: 0.77-0.84), PLR of 4.36 (95% CI: 3.59-5.30), NLR of 0.19 (95% CI: 0.15-0.25), DOR of 22.47 (95% CI: 14.47-32.64), and an AUC of 0.89 (95% CI: 0.86-0.91) for the diagnosis of HCC using miRNAs. Furthermore, results from the subgroup analysis demonstrated that superior diagnostic performance was observed when utilizing plasma miRNAs, a large sample size (≥100), and miRNA panels. Conclusion: Hence, circulating miRNAs demonstrate substantial diagnostic utility for HCC and can serve as effective non-invasive biomarkers for the condition. Additionally, miRNA panels, miRNAs derived from plasma, and miRNAs evaluated in larger sample sizes (≥100) demonstrate enhanced diagnostic efficacy for HCC diagnosis. Nevertheless, a large pool of prospective studies and multi-center research will be required to confirm our findings in the near future.

Potential therapies for HCC involving targeting the ferroptosis pathway

Liver cancer ranks as the third leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, predominantly in the form of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Conventional detection and treatment approaches have proven inadequate for addressing the elevated incidence and mortality rates associated with HCC. However, a significant body of research suggests that combating HCC through the induction of ferroptosis is possible. Ferroptosis is a regulated cell death process characterized by elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxide accumulation, both of which are dependent on iron levels. In recent years, there has been an increasing focus on investigating ferroptosis, revealing its potential as an inhibitory mechanism against various diseases, including tumors. Therefore, ferroptosis induction holds great promise for treating multiple types of cancers, including HCC. This article provides a review of the key mechanisms involved in ferroptosis and explores the potential application of multiple targets and pathways associated with ferroptosis in HCC treatment to improve therapeutic outcomes.

MiR-760 exerts a critical regulatory role in glioma proliferation, migration, and invasion by modulating MMP2 expression

Background: Glioma represents the predominant subtype of brain tumor, characterized by an unfavorable prognosis. Current evidence indicates the involvement of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the initiation and progression of glioma malignancies. While miR-760 has been recognized in the context of tumorigenesis, its precise role in gliomas remains insufficiently explored. Methods: In this investigation, we harnessed the GSE25631 database to scrutinize the aberrant expression profiles of microRNAs, whereby the diminished expression of miR-760 in glioblastoma was validated. Our aim was to delineate the expression patterns of microRNA-760 (miR-760) and probe its prognostic significance within the realm of glioma. Employing quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, we ascertained the relative expression levels of miR-760 and MMP2 in glioma cell lines. The impact of miR-760 on cell proliferation, migration, and invasion was assessed through Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8), 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU), and Transwell assays. Bioinformatics analysis corroborated the downstream target gene of miR-760. Furthermore, a luciferase reporter experiment was conducted to pinpoint MMP2 as the direct target gene of miR-760. The assessment of MMP2 protein levels was accomplished through Western blotting and immunofluorescence techniques. Result: Our data unequivocally revealed a substantial reduction in miR-760 expression within glioma tissues and cell lines. Heightened miR-760 levels exerted a restraining influence on the proliferation, migration, and invasion capabilities of glioma cell lines. The outcomes of our bioinformatics analysis unveiled the ability of miR-760 to engage with and curtail MMP2 expression. Collectively, these findings posit that miR-760 exerts a restraining influence on glioma growth by orchestrating the upregulation of miR-760 along the miR-760/MMP2 axis. Conclusion: The delineation of the miR-760/MMP2 axis promises to broaden our comprehension of the intricate molecular mechanisms underpinning glioma proliferation and may unveil prospective therapeutic avenues for the management of glioma.

Modulation of ferroptosis by non‑coding RNAs in cancers: Potential biomarkers for cancer diagnose and therapy

Ferroptosis is a recently discovered cell programmed death. Extensive researches have indicated that ferroptosis plays an essential role in tumorigenesis, development, migration and chemotherapy drugs resistance, which makes it become a new target for tumor therapy. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are considered to control a wide range of cellular processes by modulating gene expression. Recent studies have indicated that ncRNAs regulate the process of ferroptosis via various pathway to affect the development of cancer. However, the regulation network remains ambiguous. In this review, we outlined the major metabolic processes of ferroptosis and concluded the relationship between ferroptosis-related ncRNAs and cancer progression. In addition, the prospect of ncRNAs being new therapeutic targets and early diagnosis biomarkers for cancer by regulating ferroptosis were presented, and the possible obstacles were also predicted. This could help in discovering novel cancer early diagnostic methods and therapeutic approaches.

The Potential Role of Non-coding RNAs in Regulating Ferroptosis in Cancer: Mechanisms and Application Prospects

Cancer is the second leading cause of death globally. Despite some successes, conventional cancer treatments are insufficient to address the growing problem of drug resistance in tumors and to achieve efficient treatment outcomes. Therefore, there is an urgent need to explore new therapeutic options. Ferroptosis, a type of iron- and reactive oxygen species-dependent regulated cell death, has been closely associated with cancer development and progression. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are a class of RNAs that do not code for proteins, and studies have demonstrated their involvement in the regulation of ferroptosis in cancer. This review aims to explore the molecular regulatory mechanisms of ncRNAs involved in ferroptosis in cancer and to emphasize the feasibility of ferroptosis and ncRNAs as novel therapeutic strategies for cancer. We conducted a systematic and extensive literature review using PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and various other sources to identify relevant studies on ferroptosis, ncRNAs, and cancer. A deeper understanding of ferroptosis and ncRNAs could facilitate the development of new cancer treatment strategies.

Research Progress of Chitosan-based Multifunctional Nanoparticles in Cancer Targeted Therapy

Conventional tumor therapeutic modalities, such as radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and surgery, involve low tumor inhibition efficiency, non-targeted drug delivery, and side effects. The development of novel and practical nano-drug delivery systems (DDSs) for targeted tumor therapy has become particularly important. Among various bioactive nanoparticles, chitosan is considered a suitable candidate for drug delivery due to its nontoxicity, good biocompatibility, and biodegradability. The amino and hydroxyl groups of chitosan endow it with the diverse function of chemical modification, thereby improving its physical and biological properties to meet the requirements of advanced biomedical applications. Therefore, it is necessary to review the property and applications of chitosan- based materials in biomedicine. In this review, the characteristics of chitosan related to its applications are first introduced, and then the preparation and modification of chitosan-based nanoparticles, including the function tailoring of chitosan-modified nanoparticles, are demonstrated and discussed. Finally, the opportunities and challenges of chitosan- based nanomaterials in this emerging field are proposed from the perspective of the rational and systematic design for the biomedicine field.

Noncoding RNAs in cancer ferroptosis: From biology to clinical opportunity

Ferroptosis is a recently discovered pattern of programmed cell death that is nonapoptotic and irondependent. It is involved in lipid peroxidation dependent on reactive oxygen species. Ferroptosis has been verified to play a crucial regulatory role in a variety of pathological courses of disease, in particularly cancer. Emerging research has highlighted the potential of ferroptosis in tumorigenesis, cancer development and resistance to chemotherapy. However, the regulatory mechanism of ferroptosis remains unclear, which limits the application of ferroptosis in cancer treatment. Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) are noncoding transcripts that regulate gene expression in various ways to affect the malignant phenotypes of cancer cells. At present, the biological function and underlying regulatory mechanism of ncRNAs in cancer ferroptosis have been partially elucidated. Herein, we summarize the current knowledge of the central regulatory network of ferroptosis, with a focus on the regulatory functions of ncRNAs in cancer ferroptosis. The clinical application and prospects of ferroptosis-related ncRNAs in cancer diagnosis, prognosis and anticancer therapies are also discussed. Elucidating the function and mechanism of ncRNAs in ferroptosis, along with assessing the clinical significance of ferroptosis-related ncRNAs, provides new perspectives for understanding cancer biology and treatment approaches, which may benefit numerous cancer patients in the future.

A temporal difference in the stabilization of two mRNAs with a 3' iron-responsive element during iron deficiency

The interactions of iron regulatory proteins (IRPs) with mRNAs containing an iron-responsive element (IRE) maintain cellular iron homeostasis and coordinate it with metabolism and possibly cellular behavior. The mRNA encoding transferrin receptor-1 (TFRC, TfR1), which is a major means of iron importation, has five IREs within its 3' UTR, and IRP interactions help maintain cytosolic iron through the protection of the TfR1 mRNA from degradation. An IRE within the 3' UTR of an mRNA splice variant encoding human cell division cycle 14A (CDC14A) has the potential to coordinate the cellular iron status with cellular behavior through a similar IRP-mediated mechanism. However, the stability of the CDC14A splice variant was reported earlier to be unaffected by the cellular iron status, which suggested that the IRE is not functional. We labeled newly synthesized mRNA in HEK293 cells with 5-ethynyl uridine and found that the stability of the CDC14A variant is responsive to iron deprivation, but there are two major differences from the regulation of TfR1 mRNA stability. First, the decay of the CDC14A mRNA does not utilize the Roquin-mediated reaction that acts on the TfR1 mRNA, indicating that there is flexibility in the degradative machinery antagonized by the IRE-IRP interactions. Second, the stabilization of the CDC14A mRNA is delayed relative to the TfR1 mRNA and does not occur until IRP binding activity has been induced. The result is consistent with a hierarchy of IRP interactions in which the maintenance of cellular iron through the stabilization of the TfR1 mRNA is initially prioritized.

Micronutrients/miRs/ATP networking in mitochondria: Clinical intervention with ferroptosis, cuproptosis, and calcium burden

The mitochondrial electron transport chain (mtETC) requires mainly coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), copper (Cu2+), calcium (Ca2+), and iron (Fe2+) ions for efficient ATP production. According to cross-sectional research, up to 50% of patients with micronutrient imbalances have been linked to oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, reduced ATP production, and the prognosis of various diseases. The condition of ferroptosis, which is caused by the downregulation of CoQ10 and the activation of non-coding micro RNAs (miRs), is strongly linked to free radical accumulation, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases. The entry of micronutrients into the mitochondrial matrix depends upon the higher threshold level of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), and high cytosolic micronutrients. The elevated micronutrient in the mitochondrial matrix causes the utilization of all ATP, leading to a drop in ATP levels. Mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU) and Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX) play a major role in Ca2+ influx in the mitochondrial matrix. The mitochondrial Ca2+ overload is regulated by specific miRs such as miR1, miR7, miR25, miR145, miR138, and miR214, thereby reducing apoptosis and improving ATP production. Cuproptosis is primarily brought on by increased Cu+ build-up and mitochondrial proteotoxic stress, mediated by ferredoxin-1 (FDX1) and long non-coding RNAs. Cu importers (SLC31A1) and exporters (ATP7B) influence intracellular Cu2+ levels to control cuproptosis. According to literature reviews, very few randomized micronutrient interventions have been carried out, despite the identification of a high prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies. In this review, we concentrated on essential micronutrients and specific miRs associated with ATP production that balance oxidative stress in mitochondria.

Emerging roles of ferroptosis-related miRNAs in tumor metastasis

Ferroptosis, a novel mode of cell death dependent on iron and reactive oxygen species, has been extensively explored during malignant tumors metastasis. Ferroptosis can interact with multiple components of the tumor microenvironment to regulate metastasis. These interactions generally include the following aspects: (1) Epithelial-mesenchymal transformation, which can help cancer cells increase their sensitivity to ferroptosis while they have multiple mechanisms to fight against it; (2) Disorder of iron metabolism in cancer stem cells which maintains their stem characteristics; (3) Polarization of M0 macrophages to M2. (4) The paradoxical effects of iron metabolism and CD8 + T cells induced by ferroptosis (5) Regulation of angiogenesis. In addition, ferroptosis can be regulated by miRNAs through the reprogramming of various intracellular metabolism processes, including the regulation of the glutathione- glutathione peroxidase 4 pathway, glutamic acid/cystine transport, iron metabolism, lipid metabolism, and oxidative stress. Therefore, there are many potential interactions between ferroptosis-related miRNAs and tumor metastasis, including interaction with cancer cells and immune cells, regulating cytokines, and angiogenesis. This review focuses on the role of ferroptosis-related miRNA in tumor metastasis, aiming to help readers understand their relationship and provide a new perspective on the potential treatment strategies of malignant tumors.

Exercise Protects Against Cognitive Injury and Inflammation in Alzheimer's Disease Through Elevating miR-148a-3p

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic neurological disorder with high morbidity. Exercise is one of the effective ways to ameliorate AD. In this study, we assessed the effects of exercise on cognition and inflammation and studied the role of miR-148a-3p in AD. In 88 patients with AD, the expression of miR-148a-3p was studied using qRT-PCR. ROC curve and Pearson analysis were utilized to evaluate the roles of miR-148a-3p in AD. MWM test was conducted to investigate the effects of miR-148a-3p and exercise on cognition and memory. Moreover, inflammatory indicators were identified using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Relative luciferase levels reflected whether miR-148a-3p targeted SYNJ1. miR-148a-3p levels declined in patients with AD, indicating its potential as a biomarker. Interestingly, miR-148a-3p levels were elevated in patients with AD after exercise. MiR-148a-3p levels correlated with cognitive scores and proinflammatory levels. The cognitive situation and pro-inflammatory state were partly recovered in the mice after exercise. MiR-148a-3p silencing reversed these abovementioned tendencies. Patients with AD exhibited a low level of miR-148a-3p, which was increased after exercise. Therefore, exercise might improve the cognitive function and memory of mice with AD by upregulating miR-148a-3p.

ncRNA-Regulated LAYN Serves as a Prognostic Biomarker and Correlates with Immune Cell Infiltration in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Bioinformatics Analysis

Liver hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC) remains a lethal disease for humans. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) targeting PD1/PD-L1 and CTLA4 offered new hopes for advanced-stage patients. Novel immune biomarkers and therapeutic targets are urgently needed. For the first time, we evaluated the expression and prognostic value of Layilin (LAYN) using in silico analyses and uncovered the carcinogenic role of LAYN in LIHC. The HCG18/hsa-mir-148a/LAYN axis was predicted as the upstream mechanism. Moreover, gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) revealed that LAYN and its coexpressed genes primarily participated in immune response pathways, and LAYN expression was found significantly correlated with tumor immune cell infiltration in LIHC tissues. In general, our data provided evidence that HCG18/hsa-mir-148a-regulated high expression of LAYN is associated with immune cell infiltration and unfavorable prognosis of LIHC patients.

Non-coding RNAs in ferroptotic cancer cell death pathway: meet the new masters

Despite the recent advances in cancer therapy, cancer chemoresistance looms large along with radioresistance, a major challenge in dire need of thorough and minute investigation. Not long ago, cancer cells were reported to have proven refractory to the ferroptotic cell death, a newly discovered form of regulated cell death (RCD), conspicuous enough to draw attention from scholars in terms of targeting ferroptosis as a prospective therapeutic strategy. However, our knowledge concerning the underlying molecular mechanisms through which cancer cells gain immunity against ferroptosis is still in its infancy. Of late, the implication of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), including circular RNAs (circRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs), and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in ferroptosis has been disclosed. Nevertheless, precisely explaining the molecular mechanisms behind the contribution of ncRNAs to cancer radio/chemotherapy resistance remains a challenge, requiring further clarification. In this review, we have presented the latest available information on the ways and means of regulating ferroptosis by ncRNAs. Moreover, we have provided important insights about targeting ncRNAs implicated in ferroptosis with the hope of opening up new horizons for overcoming cancer treatment modalities. Though a long path awaits until we make this ambitious dream come true, recent progress in gene therapy, including gene-editing technology will aid us to be optimistic that ncRNAs-based ferroptosis targeting would soon be on stream as a novel therapeutic strategy for treating cancer.

Regulation of Ferroptosis by Non-Coding RNAs in Head and Neck Cancers

Ferroptosis is a newly identified mode of programmed cell death characterized by iron-associated accumulation of lipid peroxides. Emerging research on ferroptosis has suggested its implication in tumorigenesis and stemness of cancer. On the other hand, non-coding RNAs have been shown to play a pivotal role in the modulation of various genes that affect the progression of cancer cells and ferroptosis. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the theoretical modeling of ferroptosis and its relationship between non-coding RNAs and head and neck cancers. Aside from the significance of ferroptosis-related non-coding RNAs in prognostic relevance, we also review how these non-coding RNAs participate in the regulation of iron, lipid metabolism, and reactive oxygen species accumulation. We aim to provide a thorough grounding in the function of ferroptosis-related non-coding RNAs based on current knowledge in an effort to develop effective therapeutic strategies for head and neck cancers.

MicroRNA-148a Inhibits Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cell Growth via Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition and PI3K/AKT Signaling Pathways by Targeting Death Receptor-5

The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of microRNA-148a (miR-148a) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) metastasis and explore its potential mechanism in HCC cells. Expression levels of miR-148a were measured using qRT-PCR in 120 HCC tissue samples and two HCC cell lines. Migration and invasion assays were used to determine the role of miR-148a in HCC cells. Flow cytometry was used to access the effect of miR-148a on cell cycle of HCC cells. Western blot was performed to analyze the effect of miR-148a on epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways in HCC cells. Luciferase reporter assay was conducted to explore the downstream targets and biological function of miR-148a in HCC cells. The results showed that level of miR-148a was significantly downregulated in both HCC tissue and plasma samples in HCC patients. A higher level of miR-148a was positively correlated with better survival time and prognosis of HCC patients. Transfection of miR-148a inhibited the proliferation, migration and invasion of HCC cell lines. Transfection of miR-148a arrested HCC cells at S phase and promoted apoptosis of HCC cells. Death receptor-5 (DR-5) was identified as a direct target of miR-148a in HCC cell lines. Western blot and qRT-PCR analyses showed that miR-148a upregulated EMT and downregulated PI3K/AKT signaling pathways in HCC cell lines. In conclusion, data in the current study indicate that miR-148a inhibits HCC cells growth via downregulation of EMT and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways by targeting death receptor. These data suggest that miR-148a may serve as a therapeutic target for HCC cancer therapy in the future.

The Predictive Efficacy of Serum Exosomal microRNA-122 and microRNA-148a for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Based on Smart Healthcare

Objective

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains a devastating tumor globally. Serum exosomes are reliable biomarkers for tumors, including HCC. Hence, this study explored the efficacy and mechanism of serum exosomes in HCC.

Methods

microRNA (miR)-122 and miR-148a expressions in serum exosomes from HCC patients and healthy subjects and their predictive efficacy for HCC were detected. Correlation between serum exosomal miR-122/148a expressions with survival rate, clinical stage, lymph node metastasis, and tumor differentiation level and levels of HCC-related serum markers (CA199, FucAFP, ALD-A, and AFu) were detected. PAX2 staining intensity and expression in HCC were measured. PAX2 predictive efficacy for HCC and its correlation with clinical stage, lymph node metastasis, tumor differentiation level, and HCC-related serum marker levels were analyzed. The targeted binding relationship between miR-122 and miR-148a and PAX2 was predicted and verified.

Results

Serum exosomal miR-122 and miR-148a expressions were downregulated in HCC, showing potent predictive efficacy for HCC, which was negatively related to clinical stage and lymph node metastasis and positively related to tumor differentiation level, patient survival rate, and HCC-related serum marker levels. PAX2 showed increased staining intensity and expression in HCC, together with high predictive efficacy for HCC. PAX2 expression showed a positive correlation with clinical stage and lymph node metastasis and a negative correlation with tumor differentiation level and HCC-related serum marker levels. miR-122 and miR-148a conjointly targeted PAX2 in HCC.

Conclusion

We demonstrated that serum exosomal miR-122 and miR-148a played a predictive role and were linked to prognosis in HCC via interactions with PAX2.

Application of decellularized bone matrix as a bioscaffold in bone tissue engineering

Autologous bone grafts are commonly used as the gold standard to repair and regenerate diseased bones. However, they are strongly associated with postoperative complications, especially at the donor site, and increased surgical costs. In an effort to overcome these limitations, tissue engineering (TE) has been proposed as an alternative to promote bone repair. The successful outcome of tissue engineering depends on the microstructure and composition of the materials used as scaffold. Decellularized bone matrix-based biomaterials have been applied as bioscaffolds in bone tissue engineering. These biomaterials play an important role in providing the mechanical and physical microenvironment needed by cells to proliferate and survive. Decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) can be used as a powder, hydrogel and electrospun scaffolds. These bioscaffolds mimic the native microenvironment due to their structure similar to the original tissue. The aim of this review is to highlight the bone decellularization techniques. Herein we discuss: (1) bone structure; (2) properties of an ideal scaffold; (3) the potential of decellularized bone as bioscaffolds; (4) terminal sterilization of decellularized bone; (5) cell removing confirmation in decellularized tissues; and (6) post decellularization procedures. Finally, the improvement of bone formation by dECM and the immunogenicity aspect of using the decellularized bone matrix are presented, to illustrate how novel dECM-based materials can be used as bioscaffold in tissue engineering. A comprehensive understanding of tissue engineering may allow for better incorporation of therapeutic approaches in bone defects allowing for bone repair and regeneration.

The Role of Iron in Cancer Progression

Iron is an essential trace element for the human body, and its deficiency or excess can induce a variety of biological processes. Plenty of evidences have shown that iron metabolism is closely related to the occurrence and development of tumors. In addition, iron plays an important role in cell death, which is very important for the development of potential strategies for tumor treatment. Here, we reviewed the latest research about iron metabolism disorders in various types of tumors, the functions and properties of iron in ferroptosis and ferritinophagy, and new opportunities for iron-based on treatment methods for tumors, providing more information regarding the prevention and treatment of tumors.

Iron homeostasis and organismal aging

Iron is indispensable for normal body functions across species because of its critical roles in red blood cell function and many essential proteins and enzymes required for numerous physiological processes. Regulation of iron homeostasis is an intricate process involving multiple modulators at the systemic, cellular, and molecular levels. Interestingly, emerging evidence has demonstrated that many modulators of iron homeostasis contribute to organismal aging and longevity. On the other hand, the age-related dysregulation of iron homeostasis is often associated with multiple age-related pathologies including bone resorption and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. Thus, a thorough understanding on the interconnections between systemic and cellular iron balance and organismal aging may help decipher the etiologies of multiple age-related diseases, which could ultimately lead to developing therapeutic strategies to delay aging and treat various age-related diseases. Here we present the current understanding on the mechanisms of iron homeostasis. We also discuss the impacts of aging on iron homeostatic processes and how dysregulated iron metabolism may affect aging and organismal longevity.

Chromosome identification in oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) using in situ hybridization with massive pools of single copy oligonucleotides and transferability across Arecaceae species

Chromosome identification is essential for linking sequence and chromosomal maps, verifying sequence assemblies, showing structural variations and tracking inheritance or recombination of chromosomes and chromosomal segments during evolution and breeding programs. Unfortunately, identification of individual chromosomes and chromosome arms has been a major challenge for some economically important crop species with a near-continuous chromosome size range and similar morphology. Here, we developed oligonucleotide-based chromosome-specific probes that enabled us to establish a reference chromosome identification system for oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq., 2n = 32). Massive oligonucleotide sequence pools were anchored to individual chromosome arms using dual and triple fluorescent in situ hybridization (EgOligoFISH). Three fluorescently tagged probe libraries were developed to contain, in total 52,506 gene-rich single-copy 47-mer oligonucleotides spanning each 0.2-0.5 Mb across strategically placed chromosome regions. They generated 19 distinct FISH signals and together with rDNA probes enabled identification of all 32 E. guineensis chromosome arms. The probes were able to identify individual homoeologous chromosome regions in the related Arecaceae palm species: American oil palm (Elaeis oleifera), date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) and coconut (Cocos nucifera) showing the comparative organization and concerted evolution of genomes in the Arecaceae. The oligonucleotide probes developed here provide a valuable approach to chromosome arm identification and allow tracking chromosome transfer in hybridization and breeding programs in oil palm, as well as comparative studies within Arecaceae.

Genome-wide development and application of miRNA-SSR markers in Melilotus genus

Genetic diversity of plants is the brace of biodiversity and diversity within species, between species, and of ecosystems. SSR markers are the most preferable molecular marker tool that has been successfully used to study the genetic diversity of plant species. Development of miRNA-SSR markers has been deed in animals but is still limited in plants. In this study, 365 precursors miRNA were extracted from Melilotus albus (Ma) genome and used to design Ma miRNA-SSR primers. 137 Ma primer pairs (79 from known and 58 from novel pre-miRNAs) were obtained. 66 pairs of Ma miRNA-SSR primers were selected with polymorphisms and expected fragment size. The polymorphisms of primers were evaluated in 60 individuals of 15 Ma accessions. A total of 66 primer pairs showed high polymorphism, with average polymorphic information content of 0.49 among 15 Ma accessions and 0.63 among 18 Melilotus species, indicating that these primers have high polymorphisms. The number of alleles produced per primer ranged from 2 to 6 with an average of 3.6 alleles per locus in Ma accessions, and 2 to 10 numbers of alleles with a mean of 5.24 alleles per locus in Melilotus spp. For further studies, the genetic relationship was examined and the cluster analysis showed that 15 Ma accessions were grouped in three groups, on the other hand, 18 Melilotus species clustered into two groups. The analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed that 64.82% of the variation was found within the species and 35.18% between the species. The population structure analysis showed similar results with PCA analysis in that 18 species were grouped in two groups. In addition, 16,450 miRNA target genes were identified and used for GO and KEGG analysis. This is the first study to develop miRNA-SSR molecular markers in Melilotus spp., which has a great potential for marker-assisted, genetic improvement, genotyping applications, QTL analysis, and molecular-assisted selection studies for plant breeders and other researchers.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-021-01086-z.

LncRNA RP1-86C11.7 exacerbates the glioma progression and oncogenicity by hsa-miR-144-3p/TFRC signaling

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High level of TFRC promotes the glioma development.

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Hsa-miR-144-3p inhibitor glioma growth by targeting TFRC.

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LncRNA RP1-86C11.7 exacerbates glioma progression through sponging to hsa-miR-144-3p, resulting in TFRC upregulation.

Glioblastoma (GBM) remains the most common and malignant tumor of the human central nervous system. Increasing evidence has highlighted that tumor cells with high transferrin receptor (TFRC) expression show advantages in growth. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are related to glioma progression by mediating microRNAs (miRNAs). However, the underlying mechanism among TFRC, miRNA and lncRNA in GBM is limited. In the current study, we identified a new lncRNA-induced signaling mechanism that regulates the TFRC levels in GBM. The TFRC level was higher in glioma cell lines, and elevated TFRC expression promoted the proliferation and survival of glioma cells. Further study showed that hsa-miR-144a-3p bound to the 3′-UTR of TFRC mRNA and inhibited its expression, preventing the malignant properties of glioma cells, such as proliferation and survival. We also found that the lncRNA RP1-86C11.7 sponges hsa-miR-144-3p to suppress its protective role in glioma. RP1-86C11.7 overexpression in glioma cells elevated TFRC expression, increased the intracellular free iron level, and deteriorated oncogenicity, with a significant reduction in hsa-miR-144-3p. By contrast, silencing RP1-86C11.7 upregulated the hsa-miR-144-3p level, resulting in decreased TFRC expression and repressed glioma progression. However, the effect of silencing RP1-86C11.7 was reversed with simultaneous hsa-miR-144-3p inhibitor treatment: the TFRC level, intracellular iron level and proliferation in glioma cells increased. Mechanistically, our data indicated that RP1-86C11.7 exacerbates the malignant behavior of glioma through the hsa-miR-144-3p/TFRC axis. RP1-86C11.7 may be a potential biomarker or target to treat glioma in the future.

MicroRNA -148 alleviates cardiac dysfunction, immune disorders and myocardial apoptosis in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (MI/R) injury by targeting pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK4)

Ischemic heart disease in children may be induced by varied factors, and there is no corresponding systematic treatment up to now. This study aims to investigate the effects of microRNA (miR)-148 on myocardial injury in immature rats with myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (MI/R) injury. In this study, MI/R model was established by ligating the coronary artery of heart. The results showed that miR-148 alleviated myocardial injury and rescued relevant parameters (mean ventricular systolic blood pressure (MAP), left ventricular systolic blood pressure (LVSP), heart rate (HR), creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB), cTn1 and Mb in immature rats with MI/R injury. Besides, miR-148 improved the immune dysfunction induced by MI/R through increasing the number of interleukin (IL)-10⁺ cells and reducing the number of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)⁺ cells. In addition, miR-148 relieved the apoptosis of cardiomyocytes induced by MI/R through inhibiting the expression of Bax and elevating the expression of Bcl-2. Further molecular mechanism indicated that pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (PDK4) was the downstream target of miR-148, which was further confirmed by dual luciferase reporter assay and related expression detection. Accordingly, silenced PDK4 attenuated cardiac dysfunction, immune disorder and myocardial apoptosis in immature rats and enhanced the ability of antioxidant enzymes. What is more, activated SMAD pathway induced by MI/R injury was then blocked by silenced PDK4. Taken together, our study demonstrated that overexpressed miR-148 relieved cardiac dysfunction, immune disorder and cardiomyocyte apoptosis in immature MI/R rats by PDK4 inhibition, which provided novel targets for MI/R injury treatment.

Integrated analysis identifies TfR1 as a prognostic biomarker which correlates with immune infiltration in breast cancer

Breast cancer (BC) is the most common malignancy with high morbidity and mortality in females worldwide. Emerging evidence indicates that transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) plays vital roles in regulating cellular iron import. However, the distinct role of TfR1 in BC remains elusive. TfR1 expression was investigated using the TCGA, GEO, TIMER, UALCAN and Oncomine databases. The prognostic potential of TfR1 was evaluated by Kaplan-Meier (KM) plotter and univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses. Moreover, Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) were used to explore the molecular mechanism of TfR1. The potential link between TfR1 expression and infiltrating abundances of immune cells was examined through the TIMER and CIBERSORT algorithm. The expression of TfR1 was dramatically upregulated in BC tissues. Increased TfR1 expression and decreased methylation levels of TfR1 were strongly correlated with multiple clinicopathological parameters. Elevated TfR1 expression was associated with a poor survival rate in BC patients. The nomogram model further confirmed that TfR1 could act as an independent prognostic biomarker in BC. The results of GO, KEGG and GSEA revealed that TfR1 was closely correlated with multiple signaling pathways and immune responses. Additionally, TfR1 was positively associated with the infiltration abundances of six major immune cells, including CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, B cells, neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells in BC. Interestingly, TfR1 influenced prognosis partially through immune infiltration. These comprehensive bioinformatics analyses suggest that TfR1 is a new independent prognostic biomarker and a potential target for immunotherapy in BC.

Chronic Variable Stress Induces Hepatic Fe(II) Deposition by Up-Regulating ZIP14 Expression via miR-181 Family Pathway in Rats

Simple Summary

Modern intensive production methods attract accusations of poor animal welfare due to long-term exposure to stressors including high temperature, persistent humidity and overcrowding. Stress can be defined as any condition that threatens the physiological homoeostasis and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis responses that tend to restore the prior stable status of the organism. Uncontrollable and unpredictable sources of stress can cause various forms of damage to the liver, which is the central mediator of systemic iron balance. Iron, notably, is an essential element for maintaining health in virtually all organisms. We found that chronic variable stress can cause weight loss and disorders of the liver iron metabolism in rats, thereby triggering liver oxidative damage. Our results also suggest that the miR-181 family is a potential target for treating iron overload-associated diseases.

Abstract

It is well-known that hepatic iron dysregulation, which is harmful to health, can be caused by stress. The aim of the study was to evaluate chronic variable stress (CVS) on liver damage, hepatic ferrous iron deposition and its molecular regulatory mechanism in rats. Sprague Dawley rats at seven weeks of age were randomly divided into two groups: a control group (Con) and a CVS group. CVS reduces body weight, but increases the liver-to-body weight ratio. The exposure of rats to CVS increased plasma aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, but decreased glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity, resulting in liver damage. CVS lowered the total amount of hepatic iron content, but induced hepatic Fe(II) accumulation. CVS up-regulated the expression of transferrin receptor 1 (TFR1) and ZRT/IRT-like protein 14 (ZIP14), but down-regulated ferritin and miR-181 family members. In addition, miR-181 family expression was found to regulate ZIP14 expression in HEK-293T cells by the dual-luciferase reporter system. These results indicate that CVS results in liver damage and induces hepatic Fe(II) accumulation, which is closely associated with the up-regulation of ZIP14 expression via the miR-181 family pathway.

Roquin is a major mediator of iron-regulated changes to transferrin receptor-1 mRNA stability

Transferrin receptor-1 (TfR1) has essential iron transport and proposed signal transduction functions. Proper TfR1 regulation is a requirement for hematopoiesis, neurological development, and the homeostasis of tissues including the intestine and muscle, while dysregulation is associated with cancers and immunodeficiency. TfR1 mRNA degradation is highly regulated, but the identity of the degradation activity remains uncertain. Here, we show with gene knockouts and siRNA knockdowns that two Roquin paralogs are major mediators of iron-regulated changes to the steady-state TfR1 mRNA level within four different cell types (HAP1, HUVEC, L-M, and MEF). Roquin is demonstrated to destabilize the TfR1 mRNA, and its activity is fully dependent on three hairpin loops within the TfR1 mRNA 3′-UTR that are essential for iron-regulated instability. We further show in L-M cells that TfR1 mRNA degradation does not require ongoing translation, consistent with Roquin-mediated instability. We conclude that Roquin is a major effector of TfR1 mRNA abundance.

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Roquin is a major mediator of iron-regulated TfR1 mRNA instability

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Roquin-mediated instability requires three stem loops within the TfR1 3′-UTR

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Iron-regulated TfR1 mRNA instability can occur in the absence of Regnase-1

Antibodies Targeting the Transferrin Receptor 1 (TfR1) as Direct Anti-cancer Agents

The transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1), also known as cluster of differentiation 71 (CD71), is a type II transmembrane glycoprotein that binds transferrin (Tf) and performs a critical role in cellular iron uptake through the interaction with iron-bound Tf. Iron is required for multiple cellular processes and is essential for DNA synthesis and, thus, cellular proliferation. Due to its central role in cancer cell pathology, malignant cells often overexpress TfR1 and this increased expression can be associated with poor prognosis in different types of cancer. The elevated levels of TfR1 expression on malignant cells, together with its extracellular accessibility, ability to internalize, and central role in cancer cell pathology make this receptor an attractive target for antibody-mediated therapy. The TfR1 can be targeted by antibodies for cancer therapy in two distinct ways: (1) indirectly through the use of antibodies conjugated to anti-cancer agents that are internalized by receptor-mediated endocytosis or (2) directly through the use of antibodies that disrupt the function of the receptor and/or induce Fc effector functions, such as antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), antibody-dependent cell-mediated phagocytosis (ADCP), or complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC). Although TfR1 has been used extensively as a target for antibody-mediated cancer therapy over the years, interest continues to increase for both targeting the receptor for delivery purposes and for its use as direct anti-cancer agents. This review focuses on the developments in the use of antibodies targeting TfR1 as direct anti-tumor agents.

MicroRNA signature in liver cancer

Liver cancer is the 7^th utmost frequent neoplasm and the 4^th principal source of cancer deaths. This malignancy is linked with several environmental and lifestyle-related factors emphasizing the role of epigenetics in its pathogenesis. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been regarded as potent epigenetic mechanisms partaking in the pathogenesis of liver cancer. Dysregulation of miRNAs has been related with poor outcome of patients with liver cancer. In the current manuscript, we provide a concise review of the results of recent studies about the role of miRNAs in the progression of liver cancer and their diagnostic and prognostic utility.

Hepigenetics: A Review of Epigenetic Modulators and Potential Therapies in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma is the fifth most common cancer worldwide and the second most lethal, following lung cancer. Currently applied therapeutic practices rely on surgical resection, chemotherapy and radiotherapy, or a combination thereof. These treatment options are associated with extreme adversities, and risk/benefit ratios do not always work in patients' favor. Anomalies of the epigenome lie at the epicenter of aberrant molecular mechanisms by which the disease develops and progresses. Modulation of these anomalous events poses a promising prospect for alternative treatment options, with an abundance of felicitous results reported in recent years. Herein, the most recent epigenetic modulators in hepatocellular carcinoma are recapitulated on.

Estrogen-induced epigenetic silencing of FTH1 and TFRC genes reduces liver cancer cell growth and survival

Estrogen (E2) regulates hundreds of genes involved in cell metabolism and disrupts iron homoeostasis in various cell types. Herein, we addressed whether E2-induced epigenetic modifications are involved in modulating the expression of iron-regulatory genes. Epigenetic status of FTH1 and TFRC genes was assessed in E2-treated cancer cells. E2-induced DNA methylation was associated with decreased FTH1 and TFRC expression in Hep-G2 and Huh7 cells, but not in AGS or MCF7 cells. Demethylation with 5-Aza-2-deoxycytidine upregulated the expression of both these genes in Hep-G2 cells. The expression of DNMT3B, PRMT5, and H4R3me2s increased in E2-treated cells. Chromatin immunoprecipitation showed that E2 treatment recruited PRMT5 and H4R3me2s on FTH1 but not on TFRC. Knockdown of PRMT5, DNMT3B, and Estrogen-receptor alpha rescued FTH1 from E2-induced silencing. However, knockdown of DNMT3B alone blocked the inhibitory effects of E2 on TFRC. Analysis of human liver tissues in publicly available datasets showed that FTH1 and TFRC are highly expressed in primary liver tumours, but a lower expression is associated with better survival. Interestingly, we showed that the silencing of FTH1 and/or TFRC inhibited carcinogenesis in Hep-G2 cells. For the first time, our findings uncovered the novel signalling pathway involved in the protective effects of E2 against liver cancer.

Iron Dysregulation in Human Cancer: Altered Metabolism, Biomarkers for Diagnosis, Prognosis, Monitoring and Rationale for Therapy

Simple Summary

Iron is the more abundant metal ion in humans. It is essential for life as it has a role in various cellular processes involved, for instance, in cell metabolism and DNA synthesis. These functions are crucial for cell proliferation, and it is therefore not surprising that iron is accumulated in tumors. In this review, we describe normal and altered iron homeostasis mechanisms. We also provide a vision of iron-related proteins with altered expression in cancers and discuss their potential as diagnostic and/or prognostic biomarkers. Finally, we give an overview of therapeutic strategies acting on iron metabolism to fight against cancers.

Abstract

Iron (Fe) is a trace element that plays essential roles in various biological processes such as DNA synthesis and repair, as well as cellular energy production and oxygen transport, and it is currently widely recognized that iron homeostasis is dysregulated in many cancers. Indeed, several iron homeostasis proteins may be responsible for malignant tumor initiation, proliferation, and for the metastatic spread of tumors. A large number of studies demonstrated the potential clinical value of utilizing these deregulated proteins as prognostic and/or predictive biomarkers of malignancy and/or response to anticancer treatments. Additionally, the iron present in cancer cells and the importance of iron in ferroptosis cell death signaling pathways prompted the development of therapeutic strategies against advanced stage or resistant cancers. In this review, we select relevant and promising studies in the field of iron metabolism in cancer research and clinical oncology. Besides this, we discuss some co-existing discrepant findings. We also present and discuss the latest lines of research related to targeting iron, or its regulatory pathways, as potential promising anticancer strategies for human therapy. Iron chelators, such as deferoxamine or iron-oxide-based nanoparticles, which are already tested in clinical trials, alone or in combination with chemotherapy, are also reported.

Liver Cancer Cells Uptake Labile Iron via L-type Calcium Channel to Facilitate the Cancer Cell Proliferation

Herein, we studied the effect of labile iron (ferric chloride) on the progression of liver cancer cells (HepG2.2.15). The iron was found to induce cell proliferation, growth, and migration in both traditional two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional cell (3D) culture models. Biophysical and cell cycle determinations also showed the change in functional cellular biophysical features (cell morphology) and cell cycle kinetic during cancer cell growth induced by the labile iron. According to immunofluorescence and the iron uptake inhibition studies, L-type calcium channel was found to plays a role in the iron uptake in the liver cancer cells. This report gives new insights into iron-mediated cancer cell growth and will pave the new way to diagnosis and treatment of liver cancer.

Identification of an 8-miRNA signature as a potential prognostic biomarker for glioma

Background

Glioma is the most common form of primary malignant intracranial tumor.

Methods

In the current study, miRNA matrix were obtained from the Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA), and then univariate Cox regression analysis and Lasso regression analysis were utilized to select candidate miRNAs and multivariate Cox regression analysis was applied to establish a miRNA signature for predicting overall survival (OS) of glioma. The signature was assessed with the area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) and validated by data from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO).

Results

Eight miRNAs (miR-1246, miR-148a, miR-150, miR-196a, miR-338-3p, miR-342-5p, miR-548h and miR-645) were included in the miRNA signature. The AUC of ROC analysis for 1- and 3-year OS in the CGGA dataset was 0.747 and 0.905, respectively. In the GEO dataset, The AUC for 1- and 3-year was 0.736 and 0.809, respectively. The AUC in both the CGGA and GEO datasets was similar to that based on WHO 2007 classification (0.736 and 0.799) and WHO 2016 classification (0.663 and 0.807). Additionally, Kaplan–Meier plot revealed that high-risk score patients had a poorer clinical outcome. Multivariate Cox regression analysis suggested that the miRNA signature was an independent prognosis-related factor [HR: 6.579, 95% CI [1.227−35.268], p = 0.028].

Conclusion

On the whole, in the present study, based on eight miRNAs, a novel prognostic signature was developed for predicting the 1- and 3- year survival rate in glioma. The results may be conducive to predict the precise prognosis of glioma and to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms. However, further experimental researches of miRNAs are needed to validate the findings of this study.

The landscape of microsatellites in the enset (Ensete ventricosum) genome and web-based marker resource development

Ensete ventricosum (Musaceae, enset) is an Ethiopian food security crop. To realize the potential of enset for rural livelihoods, further knowledge of enset diversity, genetics and genomics is required to support breeding programs and conservation. This study was conducted to explore the enset genome to develop molecular markers, genomics resources, and characterize enset landraces while giving insight into the organization of the genome. We identified 233 microsatellites (simple sequence repeats, SSRs) per Mbp in the enset genome, representing 0.28% of the genome. Mono- and di-nucleotide repeats motifs were found in a higher proportion than other classes of SSR-motifs. In total, 154,586 non-redundant enset microsatellite markers (EMM) were identified and 40 selected for primer development. Marker validation by PCR and low-cost agarose gel electrophoresis revealed that 92.5% were polymorphic, showing a high PIC (Polymorphism Information Content; 0.87) and expected heterozygosity (He = 0.79-0.82). In silico analysis of genomes of closely related species showed 46.86% of the markers were transferable among enset species and 1.90% were transferable to Musa. The SSRs are robust (with basic PCR methods and agarose gel electrophoresis), informative, and applicable in measuring enset diversity, genotyping, selection and potentially breeding. Enset SSRs are available in a web-based database at https://enset-project.org/EnMom@base.html (or https://enset.aau.edu.et/index.html , downloadable from Figshare).

Development of SSR markers based on transcriptome data and association mapping analysis for fruit shell thickness associated traits in oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.)

Present study mainly aimed to ascertain the distribution characteristics of gene-based microsatellite loci and to develop polymorphic SSR markers from the already available transcriptome data of Elaeis guineensis Jacq, an important oil crop. From this study, we identified the sum of 5791 SSRs across 51,425 unigenes from the transcripts of oil palm. We were able to evaluate 331primer pairs and characterized 183 polymorphic gene-based SSR markers. We identified a total of 506 alleles from the 183 polymorphic SSR loci, with an average of 2.77 alleles per locus. The characterized gene-based SSR markers from the transcriptome data of oil palm exhibited moderate levels of polymorphism with a significant level of heterozygosity ranges from 0.096 to 0.594 (mean = 0.336 ± 0.11). Among the identified SSR markers, sixty polymorphic markers were used to analyze genotypes of 55 oil palm accessions selected from three different provinces of China. Association mapping analysis provided the information of four markers that are associated with fruit shell thickness trait of oil palm. Among the four markers identified from association analysis, one SSR marker obtained from Unigene17150 is strictly associated with the oil palm fruit shell thickness trait.

The Emerging Role of MicroRNAs in NAFLD: Highlight of MicroRNA-29a in Modulating Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Beyond

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common cause of chronic liver disease and ranges from steatosis to steatohepatitis and to liver fibrosis. Lipotoxicity in hepatocytes, elevated oxidative stress and the activation of proinflammatory mediators of Kupffer cells, and fibrogenic pathways of activated hepatic stellate cells can contribute to the development of NAFLD. MicroRNAs (miRs) play a crucial role in the dysregulated metabolism and inflammatory signaling connected with NAFLD and its progression towards more severe stages. Of note, the protective effect of non-coding miR-29a on liver damage and its versatile action on epigenetic activity, mitochondrial homeostasis and immunomodulation may improve our perception of the pathogenesis of NAFLD. Herein, we review the biological functions of critical miRs in NAFLD, as well as highlight the emerging role of miR-29a in therapeutic application and the recent advances in molecular mechanisms underlying its liver protective effect.

Altered Iron Metabolism and Impact in Cancer Biology, Metastasis, and Immunology

Iron is an essential nutrient that plays a complex role in cancer biology. Iron metabolism must be tightly controlled within cells. Whilst fundamental to many cellular processes and required for cell survival, excess labile iron is toxic to cells. Increased iron metabolism is associated with malignant transformation, cancer progression, drug resistance and immune evasion. Depleting intracellular iron stores, either with the use of iron chelating agents or mimicking endogenous regulation mechanisms, such as microRNAs, present attractive therapeutic opportunities, some of which are currently under clinical investigation. Alternatively, iron overload can result in a form of regulated cell death, ferroptosis, which can be activated in cancer cells presenting an alternative anti-cancer strategy. This review focuses on alterations in iron metabolism that enable cancer cells to meet metabolic demands required during different stages of tumorigenesis in relation to metastasis and immune response. The strength of current evidence is considered, gaps in knowledge are highlighted and controversies relating to the role of iron and therapeutic targeting potential are discussed. The key question we address within this review is whether iron modulation represents a useful approach for treating metastatic disease and whether it could be employed in combination with existing targeted drugs and immune-based therapies to enhance their efficacy.

[Progress on epigenetic regulation of iron homeostasis]

Iron homeostasis plays an important role for the maintenance of human health. It is known that iron metabolism is tightly regulated by several key genes, including divalent metal transport-1(DMT1), transferrin receptor 1(TFR1), transferrin receptor 2(TFR2), ferroportin(FPN), hepcidin(HAMP), hemojuvelin(HJV) and Ferritin H. Recently, it is reported that DNA methylation, histone acetylation, and microRNA (miRNA) epigenetically regulated iron homeostasis. Among these epigenetic regulators, DNA hypermethylation of the promoter region of FPN, TFR2, HAMP, HJV and bone morphogenetic protein 6 (BMP6) genes result in inhibitory effect on the expression of these iron-related gene. In addition, histone deacetylase (HADC) suppresses HAMP gene expression. On the contrary, HADC inhibitor upregulates HAMP gene expression. Additional reports showed that miRNA can also modulate iron absorption, transport, storage and utilization via downregulation of DMT1, FPN, TFR1, TFR2, Ferritin H and other genes. It is noteworthy that some key epigenetic regulatory enzymes, such as DNA demethylase TET2 and histone lysine demethylase JmjC KDMs, require iron for the enzymatic activities. In this review, we summarize the recent progress of DNA methylation, histone acetylation and miRNA in regulating iron metabolism and also discuss the future research directions.

Analysis of microRNA expression profiles in porcine PBMCs after LPS stimulation

In the present study, we used microRNA (miRNA) sequencing to discover and explore the expression profiles of known and novel miRNAs in 1000 ng/ml LPS stimulated for 8 h vis-à-vis non-stimulated (i.e. control) PBMCs isolated from the blood of healthy pigs. A total of 291 known miRNAs were bio-computationally identified in porcine PBMCs, and 228 novel miRNAs (not enlisted in the swine mirBase) were identified. Among these miRNAs, ssc-miR-148a-3p, ssc-let-7g, ssc-let-7f, 3_8760, ssc-miR-26a, ssc-miR-451, ssc-miR-21, ssc-miR-30d, ssc-miR-99a and ssc-miR-103 were the top 10 most abundant miRNAs in porcine PBMCs. Through miRNA differential analysis combined with quantitative PCR, we found the expressions of ssc-miR-122, ssc-miR-129b, ssc-miR-17-5p and ssc-miR-152 were significantly changed in porcine PBMCs after LPS stimulation. Furthermore, targets prediction and function analysis indicated a significant enrichment in gene ontology functional categories related to diseases, immunity and inflammation. In conclusion, this study on profiling of miRNAs expressed in LPS-stimulated PBMCs provides an important reference point for future studies on regulatory roles of miRNAs in porcine immune system.

Iron in the Tumor Microenvironment

Cancer metabolism is a well-known target of cancer therapeutics. Classically, cancer metabolism has been studied in terms of the dependence of cancer cells on crucial metabolites, such as glucose and glutamine. But, the accumulating data show that iron metabolism in tumor microenvironment is also an important factor in preserving the survival of cancer cells. Cancer cells have a distinct phenotype of iron metabolism, which secures the much-needed iron for these metabolically active cells. In order to use this iron efficiently, cancer cells need to increase their iron supply and decrease iron loss. As recent research suggests, this is not only done by modifying the expression of iron-related proteins in cancer cells, but also by interaction of cancer cells with other cells from the tumor milieu. Tumor microenvironment is a dynamic environment characterized with intricate relationship between cancer cells, tumor-associated macrophages, fibroblasts, and other cells. Some of the mechanistic aspects of this relationship have been elucidated, while others are yet to be identified. In any case, identifying the details of the iron phenotype of the cells in tumor microenvironment presents with a new therapeutic opportunity to treat this deadly disease.

miR-1249-3p accelerates the malignancy phenotype of hepatocellular carcinoma by directly targeting HNRNPK

Background

microRNAs (miRNAs) have been implicated to play crucial roles in carcinogenesis. miR‐1249‐3p was reported to be abnormally expressed in multiple human cancers. However, its biological role and the associated underlying mechanisms in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain largely unknown.

Methods

miR‐1249‐3p expression level in HCC cell lines and normal cell line was measured by quantitative real‐time PCR. Role of miR‐1249‐3p on HCC cell proliferation, colony formation, and invasion was examined by cell counting kit‐8 assay, colony formation assay, and transwell invasion assay, respectively. Luciferase activity reporter assay and western blot were performed to validate whether heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K (HNRNPK) was a direct target of miR‐1249‐3p. Effect of miR‐1249‐3p on overall survival of HCC patients was analyzed at KM Plotter website.

Results

We found miR‐1249‐3p expression level was increased, while HNRNPK expression level was decreased in HCC cell lines compared with normal cell line. Knockdown miR‐1249‐3p expression inhibits HCC cell proliferation, colony formation, and cell invasion through regulating HNRNPK in vitro. We also showed high miR‐1249‐3p expression was a predictor for poor overall survival of HCC patients.

Conclusions

These findings about miR‐1249‐3p/HNRNPK pair provide a novel therapeutic method for HCC patients.