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Liu F, Neubert T, Chanrion O, Lu G, Wu T, Lyu F, Lyu W, Köhn C, Li D, Zhu B, Lei J. Polarity transitions of narrow bipolar events in thundercloud tops reaching the lower stratosphere. Nat Commun 2024; 15:7344. [PMID: 39187500 PMCID: PMC11347600 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51705-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Blue corona discharges are often generated in thunderclouds penetrating into the stratosphere and are the optical manifestation of narrow bipolar events (NBEs) observed in radio signals. While their production appears to depend on convection, the cause and nature of such discharges are not well known. Here we show the observations by a lightning detection array of unusual amounts of 982 NBEs during a tropical storm on the coastline of China. NBEs of negative polarity are predominantly observed at the cloud top reaching the stratosphere, and positive NBEs are primarily at lower altitudes. We find that the dominant polarity changes with the typical time of development of thunderstorm cells, suggesting that the polarity depends on the phase of the storm cells. Furthermore, we find that the lightning jump of negative NBEs is associated with above-anvil cirrus plumes of ice crystals and water vapor in the lower stratosphere. We propose that variations in updrafts induce changes in the altitude and charge concentrations of the cloud layers, which lead to the polarity transition. Our results have implications for studies of the chemical perturbations of greenhouse gas concentrations by corona discharges at the tropopause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifan Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Geospace Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- CMA-USTC Laboratory of Fengyun Remote Sensing, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Department of Space and Earth Science and Technology, Technical University of Denmark (DTU Space), Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Torsten Neubert
- Department of Space and Earth Science and Technology, Technical University of Denmark (DTU Space), Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Olivier Chanrion
- Department of Space and Earth Science and Technology, Technical University of Denmark (DTU Space), Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Gaopeng Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Geospace Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Ting Wu
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Fanchao Lyu
- Nanjing Joint Institute for Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Weitao Lyu
- Nanjing Joint Institute for Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Christoph Köhn
- Department of Space and Earth Science and Technology, Technical University of Denmark (DTU Space), Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Dongshuai Li
- Department of Space and Earth Science and Technology, Technical University of Denmark (DTU Space), Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Baoyou Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Geospace Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
| | - Jiuhou Lei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Geospace Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
- Mengcheng National Geophysical Observatory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Comparative Planetology, Hefei, China.
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Boggs LD, Mach D, Bruning E, Liu N, van der Velde OA, Montanyá J, Cummer S, Palivec K, Chmielewski V, MacGorman D, Peterson M. Upward propagation of gigantic jets revealed by 3D radio and optical mapping. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabl8731. [PMID: 35921419 PMCID: PMC9348794 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abl8731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Occasionally, lightning will exit the top of a thunderstorm and connect to the lower edge of space, forming a gigantic jet. Here, we report on observations of a negative gigantic jet that transferred an extraordinary amount of charge between the troposphere and ionosphere (∼300 C). It occurred in unusual circumstances, emerging from an area of weak convection. As the discharge ascended from the cloud top, tens of very high frequency (VHF) radio sources were detected from 22 to 45 km altitude, while simultaneous optical emissions (777.4 nm OI emitted from lightning leaders) remained near cloud top (15 to 20 km altitude). This implies that the high-altitude VHF sources were produced by streamers and the streamer discharge activity can extend all the way from near cloud top to the ionosphere. The simultaneous three-dimensional radio and optical data indicate that VHF lightning networks detect emissions from streamer corona rather than the leader channel, which has broad implications to lightning physics beyond that of gigantic jets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levi D. Boggs
- Severe Storms Research Center, Sensors and Electromagnetic Applications Lab, Georgia Tech Research Institute, Smyrna, GA, USA
| | - Doug Mach
- Science and Technology Institute, Universities Space Research Association, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | - Eric Bruning
- Department of Geosciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Ningyu Liu
- Department of Physics and Space Science Center, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
| | - Oscar A. van der Velde
- Lightning Research Group, Electrical Engineering Department, Politécnica de Catalunya, Terrassa, Spain
| | - Joan Montanyá
- Lightning Research Group, Electrical Engineering Department, Politécnica de Catalunya, Terrassa, Spain
| | - Steve Cummer
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Vanna Chmielewski
- Cooperative Institute for Severe and High-Impact Weather Research Operations, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
- NOAA/OAR National Severe Storms Laboratory, Norman, OK, USA
| | - Don MacGorman
- Cooperative Institute for Severe and High-Impact Weather Research Operations, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
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Automated estimation of cancer cell deformability with machine learning and acoustic trapping. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6891. [PMID: 35477742 PMCID: PMC9046201 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10882-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell deformability is a useful feature for diagnosing various diseases (e.g., the invasiveness of cancer cells). Existing methods commonly inflict pressure on cells and observe changes in cell areas, diameters, or thickness according to the degree of pressure. Then, the Young’s moduli (i.e., a measure of deformability) of cells are estimated based on the assumption that the degrees of the changes are inversely proportional to Young’s moduli. However, manual measurements of the physical changes in cells are labor-intensive, and the subjectivity of the operators can intervene during this step, thereby causing considerable uncertainty. Further, because the shapes of cells are nonuniform, we cannot ensure the assumption for linear correlations of physical changes in cells with their deformability. Therefore, this study aims at measuring non-linear elastic moduli of live cells (degrees of cell deformability) automatically by employing conventional neural networks (CNN) and multilayer perceptrons (MLP) while preserving (or enhancing) the accuracy of the manual methods. First, we obtain photomicrographs of cells on multiple pressure levels using single-beam acoustic tweezers, and then, we suggest an image preprocessing method for emphasizing changes in cell areas on the photomicrographs. The CNN model is trained to measure the ratios of the cell area change at each pressure level. Then, we apply the multilayer perceptron (MLP) to learn the correlations of the cell area change ratios according to the pressure levels with cell deformability. The accuracy of the CNN was evaluated using two types of breast cancer cells: MDA-MB-231 (invasive) and MCF-7 (noninvasive). The MLP was assessed using five different beads (Young’s moduli from 0.214 to 9.235 kPa), which provides standardized reference data of the non-linear elastic moduli of live cells. Finally, we validated the practicality of the proposed system by examining whether the non-linear elastic moduli estimated by the proposed system can distinguish invasive breast cancer cells from noninvasive ones.
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Outbreak of Negative Narrow Bipolar Events in Two Mid-Latitude Thunderstorms Featuring Overshooting Tops. REMOTE SENSING 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/rs13245130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Lightning discharges are the electrical production in thunderclouds. They radiate the bulk of radio signals in the very low-frequency and low-frequency (VLF/LF) that can be detected by ground-based receivers. One kind of special intra-cloud lightning discharges known as narrow bipolar events (NBEs) have been shown to be rare but closely linked to the convective activity that leads to hazardous weather. However, there is still lack of understanding on the meteorological conditions for thunderstorm-producing NBEs, especially for those of negative polarity, due to their rare occurrence. In this work, we aim to investigate what meteorological and electrical conditions of thunderclouds favor the production of negative NBEs. Combining with the VLF/LF radio signal measured by Jianghuai Area Sferic Array (JASA), S-band Doppler radar observation and balloon sounding data, two mid-latitude thunderstorms with outbreaks of negative NBEs at midnight in East China were analyzed. The comparison with the vertical radar profile shows that the bursts of negative NBEs occurred near thunderclouds with overshooting tops higher than 18 km. Manifestation of negative NBEs is observed with a relatively low spectrum width near thundercloud tops. Our findings suggest that the detection of negative NBEs would provide a unique electrical means to remotely probe overshooting tops with implications for the exchange of troposphere and stratosphere.
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Adhesion G protein-coupled receptor L3 gene variants: Statistically significant association observed in the male Indo-caucasoid Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder probands. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:3213-3222. [PMID: 33914279 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06365-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Primary symptoms of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) are age inappropriate inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity. Caucasoid individuals showed increased susceptibility to ADHD and disruptive behaviour in presence of Adhesion G-protein-coupled receptor L3 (ADGRL3) gene variants. We investigated ADGRL3 rs1868790, rs6551665, rs2345039 in Indo-Caucasoid families with ADHD probands (N = 249) and controls (N = 350). Behavioural traits, executive function, and IQ of probands were measured through Conner's Parent Rating Scale-Revised, Parental Account of Children's Symptoms, Barkley Deficit in Executive Functioning-Child & Adolescent Scale, and Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-III respectively. After obtaining informed written consent, peripheral blood was collected for genomic DNA isolation and target sites were analyzed by PCR based methods or TaqMan assay. Case-control analysis showed higher frequency of rs2345039 'C' allele, 'CC' genotype and A-A-C haplotype in the ADHD probands, principally due to higher occurrence of the 'C' allele and A-A-C haplotype in the male probands (P < 0.05). Mother of the probands also showed higher occurrence of the 'C' allele and "CC" genotype (P < 0.01). Executive function was better in presence of rs2345039 "GG" (P = 0.04) while IQ score was higher in presence of rs6551665 "AA" (P = 0.06). Linkage disequilibrium between rs6551665 and rs2345039 was stronger in the ADHD cases, chiefly in the male probands. Multifactor dimensionality reduction analysis showed strong interaction between rs6551665 and rs2345039 in the male probands while in the female probands rs1868790 and rs6551665 revealed non-linear interaction. Based on these observations, we infer that ADGRL3 may have a role in the aetiology of ADHD in this population warranting further in depth investigation.
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Renau-Morata B, Carrillo L, Cebolla-Cornejo J, Molina RV, Martí R, Domínguez-Figueroa J, Vicente-Carbajosa J, Medina J, Nebauer SG. The targeted overexpression of SlCDF4 in the fruit enhances tomato size and yield involving gibberellin signalling. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10645. [PMID: 32606421 PMCID: PMC7326986 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67537-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tomato is one of the most widely cultivated vegetable crops and a model for studying fruit biology. Although several genes involved in the traits of fruit quality, development and size have been identified, little is known about the regulatory genes controlling its growth. In this study, we characterized the role of the tomato SlCDF4 gene in fruit development, a cycling DOF-type transcription factor highly expressed in fruits. The targeted overexpression of SlCDF4 gene in the fruit induced an increased yield based on a higher amount of both water and dry matter accumulated in the fruits. Accordingly, transcript levels of genes involved in water transport and cell division and expansion during the fruit enlargement phase also increased. Furthermore, the larger amount of biomass partitioned to the fruit relied on the greater sink strength of the fruits induced by the increased activity of sucrose-metabolising enzymes. Additionally, our results suggest a positive role of SlCDF4 in the gibberellin-signalling pathway through the modulation of GA4 biosynthesis. Finally, the overexpression of SlCDF4 also promoted changes in the profile of carbon and nitrogen compounds related to fruit quality. Overall, our results unveil SlCDF4 as a new key factor controlling tomato size and composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begoña Renau-Morata
- Plant Physiology Area, Department of Plant Production, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Laura Carrillo
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, INIA-Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jaime Cebolla-Cornejo
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación Mejora de la Calidad Agroalimentaria UJI-UPV, COMAV, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Rosa V Molina
- Plant Physiology Area, Department of Plant Production, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Raúl Martí
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación Mejora de la Calidad Agroalimentaria UJI-UPV, COMAV, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - José Domínguez-Figueroa
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, INIA-Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Vicente-Carbajosa
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, INIA-Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Joaquín Medina
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, INIA-Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Sergio G Nebauer
- Plant Physiology Area, Department of Plant Production, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain.
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The intensification of metallic layered phenomena above thunderstorms through the modulation of atmospheric tides. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17907. [PMID: 31784684 PMCID: PMC6884582 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54450-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a multi-instrument experiment to study the effects of tropospheric thunderstorms on the mesopause region and the lower ionosphere. Sodium (Na) lidar and ionospheric observations by two digital ionospheric sounders are used to study the variation in the neutral metal atoms and metallic ions above thunderstorms. An enhanced ionospheric sporadic E layer with a downward tidal phase is observed followed by a subsequent intensification of neutral Na number density with an increase of 600 cm-3 in the mesosphere. In addition, the Na neutral chemistry and ion-molecule chemistry are considered in a Na chemistry model to simulate the dynamical and chemical coupling processes in the mesosphere and ionosphere above thunderstorms. The enhanced Na layer in the simulation obtained by using the ionospheric observation as input is in agreement with the Na lidar observation. We find that the intensification of metallic layered phenomena above thunderstorms is associated with the atmospheric tides, as a result of the troposphere-mesosphere-ionosphere coupling.
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van der Velde OA, Montanyà J, López JA, Cummer SA. Gigantic jet discharges evolve stepwise through the middle atmosphere. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4350. [PMID: 31554792 PMCID: PMC6761152 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12261-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2002 it was discovered that a lightning discharge can rise out of the top of tropical thunderstorms and branch out spectacularly to the base of the ionosphere at 90 km altitude. Several dozens of such gigantic jets have been recorded or photographed since, but eluded capture by high-speed video cameras. Here we report on 4 gigantic jets recorded in Colombia at a temporal resolution of 200 µs to 1 ms. During the rising stage, one or more luminous steps are revealed at 32-40 km, before a continuous final jump of negative streamers to the ionosphere, starting in a bidirectional (bipolar) fashion. The subsequent trailing jet extends upward from the jump onset, with a current density well below that of lightning leaders. Magnetic field signals tracking the charge transfer and optical Geostationary Lightning Mapper data are now matched unambiguously to the precisely timed final jump process in a gigantic jet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar A van der Velde
- Lightning Research Group, Electrical Engineering Department, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya - BarcelonaTech, Colon 1, Terrassa, 08222, Spain.
| | - Joan Montanyà
- Lightning Research Group, Electrical Engineering Department, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya - BarcelonaTech, Colon 1, Terrassa, 08222, Spain
| | - Jesús A López
- Lightning Research Group, Electrical Engineering Department, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya - BarcelonaTech, Colon 1, Terrassa, 08222, Spain
| | - Steven A Cummer
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Duke University, PO Box 90291, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
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