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Okun S, Peek A, Igdoura SA. Neuraminidase 4 (NEU4): new biological and physiological player. Glycobiology 2023; 33:182-187. [PMID: 36728702 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwad008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Sialidases are found in viruses, bacteria, fungi, avians, and mammals. Mammalian sialidases differ in their specificity, optimum pH, subcellular localization, and tissue expression. To date, four genes encoding mammalian sialidases (NEU1-4) have been cloned. This review examines the functional impact of NEU4 sialidase on complex physiological and cellular processes. The intracellular localization and trafficking of NEU4 and its potential target molecules are discussed along with its impact on cancer, lysosomal storage disease, and cellular differentiation. Modulation of NEU4 expression may be essential not only for the breakdown of sialylated glycoconjugates, but also in the activation or inactivation of functionally important cellular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Okun
- Department of Biology , McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Allyson Peek
- Department of Biology , McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Suleiman A Igdoura
- Department of Biology , McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
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2
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Weng IC, Chen HL, Lin WH, Liu FT. Sialylation of cell surface glycoconjugates modulates cytosolic galectin-mediated responses upon organelle damage : Minireview. Glycoconj J 2023; 40:295-303. [PMID: 37052731 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-023-10112-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Sialylation is an important terminal modification of glycoconjugates that mediate diverse functions in physiology and disease. In this review we focus on how altered cell surface sialylation status is sensed by cytosolic galectins when the integrity of intracellular vesicles or organelles is compromised to expose luminal glycans to the cytosolic milieu, and how this impacts galectin-mediated cellular responses. In addition, we discuss the roles of mammalian sialidases on the cell surface, in the organelle lumen and cytosol, and raise the possibility that intracellular glycan processing may be critical in controlling various galectin-mediated responses when cells encounter stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Chun Weng
- Biomedical Translation Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Lin Chen
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Han Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Tong Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
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3
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P63 and P73 Activation in Cancers with p53 Mutation. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10071490. [PMID: 35884795 PMCID: PMC9313412 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10071490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The members of the p53 family comprise p53, p63, and p73, and full-length isoforms of the p53 family have a tumor suppressor function. However, p53, but not p63 or p73, has a high mutation rate in cancers causing it to lose its tumor suppressor function. The top and second-most prevalent p53 mutations are missense and nonsense mutations, respectively. In this review, we discuss possible drug therapies for nonsense mutation and a missense mutation in p53. p63 and p73 activators may be able to replace mutant p53 and act as anti-cancer drugs. Herein, these p63 and p73 activators are summarized and how to improve these activator responses, particularly focusing on p53 gain-of-function mutants, is discussed.
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Zhao M, He W, Tao C, Zhang B, Wang S, Sun Z, Xiong Z, Zhang N. Transcriptomics and transmission ultrastructural examination reveals the nephrotoxicity of cadmium in laying hens. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:39041-39051. [PMID: 35098466 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-18405-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to reveal the effects of cadmium (Cd) on ultrastructural changes, oxidative stress, and transcriptome expression in the kidneys of laying hens. Seventy-two healthy Hy-Line brown laying hens at 41 weeks old were randomly allocated to four treatment groups with six replicates. The control group received a basal diet without additional Cd incorporation, and the other three treatment groups received diets supplemented with 15, 30, or 60 mg Cd /kg of feed. After 6 weeks of exposure, the results show that administration of 60 mg/kg Cd significantly reduced (P < 0.05) eggshell thickness. With an increase in the Cd concentration in feed, the concentrations of renal Zn and Fe also had changed. Renal histopathology and ultrastructure also showed aggravated damage to glomeruli and renal tubules and the deformation of nuclei and mitochondria in all Cd treatment groups. With an increase in Cd in feed, the activity of glutathione peroxide (GPX) and catalase (CAT) was significantly reduced (P < 0.05), while the activity of total antioxidant capacity (T -AOC) was decreased (P < 0.05) only in the 60 mg/kg Cd group. RNA-seq analysis revealed that 410 genes displayed differential expression (≥ 1.5-fold) in the 60 mg/kg supplementation group, compared to the control group. GO and KEGG pathway analysis results showed that Cd affected many genes involved in mitochondria and ion transport. In conclusion, this study elaborates the mechanisms underlying renal toxicity caused by Cd, which might provide target candidate genes for alleviating Cd poisoning in laying hens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Zhao
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Wenbo He
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Animal Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Can Tao
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Beiyu Zhang
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhangjian Sun
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhifeng Xiong
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Niya Zhang
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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Cai BH, Bai ZY, Lien CF, Yu SJ, Lu RY, Wu MH, Wu WC, Chen CC, Hsu YC. NAMPT Inhibitor and P73 Activator Represses P53 R175H Mutated HNSCC Cell Proliferation in a Synergistic Manner. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12030438. [PMID: 35327630 PMCID: PMC8946684 DOI: 10.3390/biom12030438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The p53 family has the following three members: p53, p63 and p73. p53 is a tumor suppressor gene that frequently exhibits mutation in head and neck cancer. Most p53 mutants are loss-of-function (LoF) mutants, but some acquire some oncogenic function, such as gain of function (GoF). It is known that the aggregation of mutant p53 can induce p53 GoF. The p73 activators RETRA and NSC59984 have an anti-cancer effect in p53 mutation cells, but we found that p73 activators were not effective in all head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cell lines, with different p53 mutants. A comparison of the gene expression profiles of several regulator(s) in mutant HNSCC cells with or without aggregation of p53 revealed that nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) is a key regulator of mutant p53 aggregation. An NAMPT inhibitor, to reduce abnormal aggregation of mutant p53, used in combination with a p73 activator, was able to effectively repress growth in HNSCC cells with p53 GoF mutants. This study, therefore, suggests a potential combination therapy approach for HNSCC with a p53 GoF mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bi-He Cai
- School of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan; (C.-F.L.); (M.-H.W.)
- Correspondence: (B.-H.C.); (C.-C.C.); (Y.-C.H.)
| | - Zhi-Yu Bai
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan; (Z.-Y.B.); (S.-J.Y.); (R.-Y.L.)
| | - Ching-Feng Lien
- School of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan; (C.-F.L.); (M.-H.W.)
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, E-DA Hospital, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan
| | - Si-Jie Yu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan; (Z.-Y.B.); (S.-J.Y.); (R.-Y.L.)
| | - Rui-Yu Lu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan; (Z.-Y.B.); (S.-J.Y.); (R.-Y.L.)
| | - Ming-Han Wu
- School of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan; (C.-F.L.); (M.-H.W.)
| | - Wei-Chen Wu
- Department of Physical Therapy, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan;
| | - Chia-Chi Chen
- Department of Pathology, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (B.-H.C.); (C.-C.C.); (Y.-C.H.)
| | - Yi-Chiang Hsu
- School of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan; (C.-F.L.); (M.-H.W.)
- Correspondence: (B.-H.C.); (C.-C.C.); (Y.-C.H.)
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Yue J, Jin W, Yang H, Faulkner J, Song X, Qiu H, Teng M, Azadi P, Zhang F, Linhardt RJ, Wang L. Heparan Sulfate Facilitates Spike Protein-Mediated SARS-CoV-2 Host Cell Invasion and Contributes to Increased Infection of SARS-CoV-2 G614 Mutant and in Lung Cancer. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:649575. [PMID: 34179075 PMCID: PMC8231436 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.649575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-like coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is caused by SARS-CoV-2 and has been a serious threat to global public health with limited treatment. Cellular heparan sulfate (HS) has been found to bind SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (SV2-S) and co-operate with cell surface receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) to mediate SARS-CoV-2 infection of host cells. In this study, we determined that host cell surface SV2-S binding depends on and correlates with host cell surface HS expression. This binding is required for SARS-Cov-2 virus to infect host cells and can be blocked by heparin lyase, HS antagonist surfen, heparin, and heparin derivatives. The binding of heparin/HS to SV2-S is mainly determined by its overall sulfation with potential, minor contribution of specific SV2-S binding motifs. The higher binding affinity of SV2-S G614 mutant to heparin and upregulated HS expression may be one of the mechanisms underlying the higher infectivity of the SARS-CoV-2 G614 variant and the high vulnerability of lung cancer patients to SARS-CoV-2 infection, respectively. The higher host cell infection by SARS-CoV-2 G614 variant pseudovirus and the increased infection caused by upregulated HS expression both can be effectively blocked by heparin lyase and heparin, and possibly surfen and heparin derivatives too. Our findings support blocking HS-SV2-S interaction may provide one addition to achieve effective prevention and/treatment of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Yue
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida Health, Tampa, FL, United States
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Weihua Jin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, United States
| | - Hua Yang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida Health, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - John Faulkner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida Health, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Xuehong Song
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida Health, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Hong Qiu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Michael Teng
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Parastoo Azadi
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Fuming Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, United States
| | - Robert J. Linhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, United States
| | - Lianchun Wang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida Health, Tampa, FL, United States
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Kołat D, Kałuzińska Ż, Bednarek AK, Płuciennik E. Fragile Gene WWOX Guides TFAP2A/ TFAP2C-Dependent Actions Against Tumor Progression in Grade II Bladder Cancer. Front Oncol 2021; 11:621060. [PMID: 33718178 PMCID: PMC7947623 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.621060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The presence of common fragile sites is associated with no-accidental chromosomal instability which occurs prior to carcinogenesis. The WWOX gene spans the second most active fragile site: FRA16D. Chromosomal breakage at this site is more common in bladder cancer patients who are tobacco smokers which suggests the importance of WWOX gene loss regarding bladder carcinogenesis. Tryptophan domains of WWOX are known to recognize motifs of other proteins such as AP-2α and AP-2γ allowing protein-protein interactions. While the roles of both AP-2 transcription factors are important for bladder carcinogenesis, their nature is different. Based on the literature, AP-2γ appears to be oncogenic, whereas AP-2α mainly exhibits tumor suppressor character. Presumably, the interaction between WWOX and both transcription factors regulates thousands of genes, hence the aim of the present study was to determine WWOX, AP-2α, and AP-2γ function in modulating biological processes of bladder cancer. METHODS RT-112 cell line (grade II bladder cancer) was subjected to two stable lentiviral transductions. Overall, this resulted in six variants to investigate distinct WWOX, AP-2α, or AP-2γ function as well as WWOX in collaboration with a particular transcription factor. Cellular models were examined with immunocytochemical staining and in terms of differences in biological processes using assays investigating cell viability, proliferation, apoptosis, adhesion, clonogenicity, migration, activity of metalloproteinases and 3D culture growth. RESULTS WWOX overexpression increased apoptosis but decreased cell viability, migration and large spatial colonies. AP-2α overexpression decreased tumor cell viability, migratory potential, matrix metalloproteinase-2 activity and clonogenicity. AP-2γ overexpression decreased matrix metalloproteinase-2 activity but increased wound healing, adhesion, clonogenicity and spatial colony formation. WWOX and AP-2α overexpression induced apoptosis but decreased cell viability, adhesion, matrix metalloproteinase-2 activity, overall number of cultured colonies and migration rate. WWOX and AP-2γ overexpression decreased tumor cell viability, proliferation potential, adhesion, clonogenicity and the ability to create spatial structures, but also increased apoptosis or migration rate. CONCLUSION Co-overexpression of WWOX with AP-2α or WWOX with AP-2γ resulted in a net anti-tumor effect. However, considering this research findings and the difference between AP-2α and AP-2γ, we suggest that this similarity is due to a divergent behavior of WWOX.
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Cai BH, Chao CF, Huang HC, Lee HY, Kannagi R, Chen JY. Roles of p53 Family Structure and Function in Non-Canonical Response Element Binding and Activation. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20153681. [PMID: 31357595 PMCID: PMC6696488 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The p53 canonical consensus sequence is a 10-bp repeat of PuPuPuC(A/T)(A/T)GPyPyPy, separated by a spacer with up to 13 bases. C(A/T)(A/T)G is the core sequence and purine (Pu) and pyrimidine (Py) bases comprise the flanking sequence. However, in the p53 noncanonical sequences, there are many variations, such as length of consensus sequence, variance of core sequence or flanking sequence, and variance in number of bases making up the spacer or AT gap composition. In comparison to p53, the p53 family members p63 and p73 have been found to have more tolerance to bind and activate several of these noncanonical sequences. The p53 protein forms monomers, dimers, and tetramers, and its nonspecific binding domain is well-defined; however, those for p63 or p73 are still not fully understood. Study of p63 and p73 structure to determine the monomers, dimers or tetramers to bind and regulate noncanonical sequence is a new challenge which is crucial to obtaining a complete picture of structure and function in order to understand how p63 and p73 regulate genes differently from p53. In this review, we will summarize the rules of p53 family non-canonical sequences, especially focusing on the structure of p53 family members in the regulation of specific target genes. In addition, we will compare different software programs for prediction of p53 family responsive elements containing parameters with canonical or non-canonical sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bi-He Cai
- Department of Biology and Anatomy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Faye Chao
- Department of Biology and Anatomy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Chi Huang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Hsueh-Yi Lee
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Reiji Kannagi
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
| | - Jang-Yi Chen
- Department of Biology and Anatomy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan.
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Tang Z, Kang B, Li C, Chen T, Zhang Z. GEPIA2: an enhanced web server for large-scale expression profiling and interactive analysis. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 47:W556-W560. [PMID: 31114875 PMCID: PMC6602440 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2237] [Impact Index Per Article: 447.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduced in 2017, the GEPIA (Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis) web server has been a valuable and highly cited resource for gene expression analysis based on tumor and normal samples from the TCGA and the GTEx databases. Here, we present GEPIA2, an updated and enhanced version to provide insights with higher resolution and more functionalities. Featuring 198 619 isoforms and 84 cancer subtypes, GEPIA2 has extended gene expression quantification from the gene level to the transcript level, and supports analysis of a specific cancer subtype, and comparison between subtypes. In addition, GEPIA2 has adopted new analysis techniques of gene signature quantification inspired by single-cell sequencing studies, and provides customized analysis where users can upload their own RNA-seq data and compare them with TCGA and GTEx samples. We also offer an API for batch process and easy retrieval of the analysis results. The updated web server is publicly accessible at http://gepia2.cancer-pku.cn/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zefang Tang
- School of Life Sciences and BIOPIC, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Boxi Kang
- School of Life Sciences and BIOPIC, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Chenwei Li
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Tianxiang Chen
- School of Life Sciences and BIOPIC, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zemin Zhang
- School of Life Sciences and BIOPIC, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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